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Introducción. Colombia es un país que ha tenido el conflicto armado como parte de su historia. Durante más de 50 años, diferentes tipos de armas han sido empleados en la guerra interna. Desde el año 1999 hasta 2010, en el Hospital Militar Central, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia, se atendieron más de 15.000 personas heridas en combate. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los abordajes quirúrgicos realizados para el tratamiento de lesiones generadas en combate militar, por el servicio de Cirugía general en el Hospital Militar Central, entre los años 2016 y 2021. Métodos. Se condujo un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal, en donde se recolectó información de la base de datos del grupo de Trauma del Hospital Militar Central, sobre los pacientes con lesiones generadas en combate, atendidos por el servicio de cirugía general. Resultados. En total ingresaron 203 pacientes, 99 % de sexo masculino, 87 % pertenecientes al ejército. El departamento de donde más se recibieron heridos fue Arauca (20,7 %). Las armas de fuego de alta velocidad fueron los artefactos relacionados con las heridas en más de la mitad de los casos. Las intervenciones quirúrgicas más frecuentes fueron extracción de cuerpo extraño (28 %), exploración vascular (25,5 %) y toracostomía o toracoscopia (20,6 %). Conclusión. Los procedimientos quirúrgicos para el manejo del trauma militar siguen siendo variados con respecto a la ubicación y el abordaje, razón por la cual el conocimiento del cirujano general debe ser amplio, para estar capacitado para su manejo.
Introduction. Colombia is a country that has had armed conflict as part of its history. For more than 50 years, different types of weapons have been used in internal warfare. From 1999 to 2010, more than 15,000 people injured in combat were treated at the Central Military Hospital, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. The objective of this study was to describe the surgical approaches carried out for the treatment of injuries generated in military combat, by the General Surgery service at the Central Military Hospital, between 2016 and 2021. Methods. A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was conducted, where information was collected from the database of the Trauma group of the Central Military Hospital on patients with injuries during combat treated by the General Surgery service. Results. A total of 203 patients were admitted, 99% were male, 87% belonged to the Army. The department from which the most wounded were received was Arauca (20.7%). High-velocity firearms were the injury-related weapons in more than half of the cases. The most common surgical interventions performed were foreign body extraction (28%), vascular exploration (25.5%), and thoracostomy or thoracoscopy (20.6%). Conclusion. Surgical procedures for the management of military trauma continue to be varied with respect to location and approach, which is why the general surgeon's knowledge must be extensive to be qualified for its management.
Assuntos
Humanos , Procedimentos Médicos e Cirúrgicos sem Sangue , Lesões Relacionadas à Guerra , Serviços de Saúde Militar , Ferimentos e Lesões , Guerras e Conflitos ArmadosRESUMO
The castor plant (Ricinus communis) is primarily known for its seeds, which contain a unique fatty acid called ricinoleic acid with several industrial and commercial applications. Castor seeds also contain ricin, a toxin considered a chemical and biological warfare agent. Despite years of investigation, there is still no effective antidote or vaccine available. However, some progress has been made, and the development of an effective treatment may be on the horizon. To provide an updated overview of this issue, we have conducted a comprehensive review of the literature on the current state of research in the fight against ricin. This review is based on the reported research and aims to address the challenges faced by researchers, as well as highlight the most successful cases achieved thus far. Our goal is to encourage the scientific community to continue their efforts in this critical search.
Assuntos
Antídotos , Ricina , Ricina/antagonistas & inibidores , Ricina/química , Humanos , Antídotos/química , Antídotos/farmacologia , Substâncias para a Guerra Química/química , AnimaisRESUMO
This study addresses a comprehensive assessment of the interaction between chemical warfare agents (CWA) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) systems, focus on the intriguing pnictogen-bond interaction (PnB). Utilizing the crystallographic data from the Protein Data Bank pertaining to the AChE-CWA complex involving Sarin (GB), Cyclosarin (GF), 2-[fluoro(methyl)phosphoryl]oxy-1,1-dimethylcyclopentane (GP) and venomous agent X (VX) agents, the CWA is systematically displaced by increments of 0.1 Å along the PO bond axis, extending its distance by 4 Å from the original position. The AIM analysis was carried out and consistently revealed the presence of a significant interaction along the PO bond. Investigating the intrinsic nature of the PnB, the NBO and the EDA analysis unearthed the contribution of orbital factors to the overall energy of the system. Strikingly, this observation challenges the conventional σ-hole explanation commonly associated with such interactions. This finding adds a layer of complexity to understanding of PnB, encouraging further exploration into the underlying mechanisms governing these intriguing chemical phenomena.
Assuntos
Acetilcolinesterase , Substâncias para a Guerra Química , Acetilcolinesterase/química , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Inibidores da Colinesterase/química , Compostos Organofosforados/química , Sarina/química , Substâncias para a Guerra Química/químicaRESUMO
Resumen Introducción La terapia ocupacional colombiana ha trabajado fuertemente en investigaciones centradas en la caracterización ocupacional de población en condición de desplazamiento y víctima del conflicto armado y político. Sin embargo, son limitados los estudios acerca de la población excombatiente en el marco del post acuerdo. Objetivo Describir el proceso de habituación de exguerrilleros/as de las Fuerzas Alternativas Revolucionarias de Colombia Ejército del Pueblo (FARC-EP) que han ingresado a una Universidad del sur occidente colombiano. Método Investigación cualitativa, transversal y descriptiva entre agosto 2019 - diciembre 2020. Se hicieron entrevistas a profundidad a dos ex guerrilleros y una ex guerrillera, estudiantes activos de la Universidad. Se realizó un análisis de contenido temático. Resultados Los resultados permitieron identificar diferencias en los roles, hábitos y rutinas de los exguerrilleros durante su participación en la organización guerrillera, el proceso de reincorporación y en la Universidad. Conclusión Dentro de la permanencia en la organización guerrillera, los roles, hábitos y rutinas de los participantes de la investigación se encontraban supeditados al régimen militar y político de las FARC- EP. Se destaca una fuerte cohesión ideológica que construye identidades y fortalece lazos entre los guerrilleros. Mientras que, en el proceso de reincorporación a la vida civil, los exguerrilleros experimentan realidades y perspectivas diferentes a la vividas dentro de la organización, como las que se hallan en el marco de un partido político, la vida familiar, laboral, universitaria, entre otras; en las que pueden elegir aquello que les interesa ser y hacer.
Resumo Introdução A terapia ocupacional colombiana tem trabalhado arduamente em pesquisas focadas na caracterização ocupacional da população deslocada e das vítimas do conflito armado e político. No entanto, os estudos sobre a população ex-combatente no quadro pós-conflito são limitados. Objetivo Descrever o processo de habituação dos ex-combatentes das FARC-EP que entraram na Universidade no sudoeste da Colômbia. Método Pesquisa qualitativa, transversal e descritiva entre agosto de 2019 - dezembro de 2020. Foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com dois ex-guerrilheiros e um ex-guerrilheiro, estudantes ativos da Universidade. Foi realizada uma análise de conteúdo temático. Resultados Os resultados nos permitiram identificar diferenças nos papéis, hábitos e rotinas dos ex-guerrilheiros durante sua participação na organização, durante o processo de reincorporação e na universidade. Conclusão Durante sua permanência na organização guerrilheira,os papéis, hábitos e rotinas dos participantes foram subordinados ao regime militar e político das FARC-EP. Destaca-se uma forte coesão ideológica que constrói identidades e fortalece os laços entre os guerrilheiros. Enquanto isso, no processo de reincorporação na vida civil, os ex-guerrilheiros experimentam realidades e perspectivas diferentes daquelas vividas dentro da organização, tais como aquelas encontradas no âmbito de um partido político, vida familiar, trabalho, universidade, entre outras, nas quais eles podem escolher o que estão interessados em ser e fazer.
Abstract Introduction Colombian occupational therapy has actively engaged in research focused on the occupational characterization of populations affected by displacement and victimization due to armed and political conflict; however, research on the former combatant population within the post-agreement context remains limited. Objective To describe the habituation process of former guerrillas from the FARC-EP who have transitioned to a university setting in southwestern Colombia. Method A qualitative, cross-sectional, and descriptive study spanning from August 2019 to December 2020. In-depth interviews were conducted with three former guerrillas who are currently enrolled at the University. Thematic content analysis was used to analyze the data. Results The study revealed variations in the roles, habits, and routines of the former guerrillas during their time in the guerrilla organization, throughout the reincorporation process, and while attending the University. Conclusion While part of the guerilla organization, the participants' roles, habits, and routines were heavily influenced by the military and political regime of the FARC- EP. Notably, a strong ideological cohesion emerged, fostering identity formation and strengthening ties among the guerrillas. Meanwhile, the reincorporation process into civilian life, exposed the former guerrillas to new realities and perspectives different from those experienced within the organization. These include experiences related to political party activities, family life, employment, university life, among others, in which they have the autonomy to choose their interests and aspirations.
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Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial el gobierno de Uruguay intentó prepararse para una eventual defensa militar del territorio y la defensa de la población civil en caso de sufrir ataques aéreos. La Defensa Pasiva, fue la estructura gubernamental que junto a la voluntad en todas las clases sociales, funcionó en todo el territorio nacional con la finalidad de proteger a la población civil de los ataques aéreos y guerra química, generando un espíritu de solidaridad a través de su División Médica de Emergencia.
During the Second World War, the government of Uruguay tried to prepare for an eventual military defense of the territory and the defense of the civilian population in case of air raids. The Passive Defense was the governmental structure that, together with the will of every social class, operated throughout the national territory with the purpose of protecting the civilian population from air raids and chemical weapons, generating a spirit of solidarity through its Emergency Medical Division.
Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o governo uruguaio tentou se preparar para uma eventual defesa militar do território e para a defesa da população civil em caso de ataques aéreos. A Defesa Passiva era a estrutura governamental que, juntamente com a vontade de todas as classes sociais, operava em todo o território nacional com o objetivo de proteger a população civil de ataques aéreos e da guerra química, gerando um espírito de solidariedade por meio de sua Divisão Médica de Emergência.
Assuntos
Humanos , II Guerra Mundial , Desastres/prevenção & controle , Emergências/história , Medicina Militar/história , UruguaiRESUMO
Understanding the influence of climate change and population pressure on human conflict remains a critically important topic in the social sciences. Long-term records that evaluate these dynamics across multiple centuries and outside the range of modern climatic variation are especially capable of elucidating the relative effect ofand the interaction betweenclimate and demography. This is crucial given that climate change may structure population growth and carrying capacity, while both climate and population influence per capita resource availability. This study couples paleoclimatic and demographic data with osteological evaluations of lethal trauma from 149 directly accelerator mass spectrometry 14C-dated individuals from the Nasca highland region of Peru. Multiple local and supraregional precipitation proxies are combined with a summed probability distribution of 149 14C dates to estimate population dynamics during a 700-y study window. Counter to previous findings, our analysis reveals a precipitous increase in violent deaths associated with a period of productive and stable climate, but volatile population dynamics. We conclude that favorable local climate conditions fostered population growth that put pressure on the marginal and highly circumscribed resource base, resulting in violent resource competition that manifested in over 450 y of internecine warfare. These findings help support a general theory of intergroup violence, indicating that relative resource scarcitywhether driven by reduced resource abundance or increased competitioncan lead to violence in subsistence societies when the outcome is lower per capita resource availability.
Assuntos
Mudança Climática , Violência , História Antiga , Homicídio , Humanos , Dinâmica Populacional , América do Sul , GuerraRESUMO
Ricin is a potent cytotoxin with no available antidote. Its catalytic subunit, RTA, damages the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) of eukaryotic cells, preventing protein synthesis and eventually leading to cell death. The combination between easiness of obtention and high toxicity turns ricin into a potential weapon for terrorist attacks, urging the need of discovering effective antidotes. On this context, we used computational techniques, in order to identify potential ricin inhibitors among approved drugs. Two libraries were screened by two different docking algorithms, followed by molecular dynamics simulations and MM-PBSA calculations in order to corroborate the docking results. Three drugs were identified as potential ricin inhibitors: deferoxamine, leucovorin and plazomicin. Our calculations showed that these compounds were able to, simultaneously, form hydrogen bonds with residues of the catalytic site and the secondary binding site of RTA, qualifying as potential antidotes against intoxication by ricin.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Assuntos
Ricina , Antídotos , Reposicionamento de Medicamentos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Ricina/química , Ricina/metabolismo , Ricina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Opossums in the tribe Didelphini are resistant to pit viper venoms and are hypothesized to be coevolving with venomous snakes. Specifically, a protein involved in blood clotting (von Willebrand Factor, which is targeted by snake venom C-type Lectins, or CTLs), has been found to undergo rapid adaptive evolution in Didelphini. Several unique amino acid changes in vWF could explain their resistance; however, experimental evidence that these changes disrupt binding to venom CTLs was lacking. Furthermore, without explicit testing of ancestral phenotypes to reveal the mode of evolution, the assertion that this system represents an example of coevolution rather than non-coevolutionary adaptation remains unsupported. Using expressed vWF proteins and purified venom CTLs, we quantified binding affinity for vWF proteins from all resistant taxa, their venom-sensitive relatives, and their ancestors. We show that CTL resistant vWF is present in opossums outside clade Didelphini and likely across a wider swath of opossums (family Didelphidae) than previously thought. Ancestral reconstruction and in vitro testing of vWF phenotypes in a clade of rapidly evolving opossums reveals a pattern consistent with trench warfare coevolution between opossums and their venomous snake prey.
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Introduction: Armed conflicts affect the mental health of children and adolescents. Their outcomes in these populations have been documented identifying vulnerability and significant biopsychosocial damage as the most common factors. Objective: To identify and synthesize the mental health consequences of armed conflicts in children and adolescents. Materials and methods: We carried out a comprehensive and systematic search of reviews published until July 2019 in the MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and LILACS databases, as well as in additional sources. The information was retrieved and analyzed narratively by describing the characteristics and objectives of the studies and the mental health consequences of armed conflicts in three periods of time: pre-armed conflict, during the armed conflict, and post-conflict. Results. Out of 587 potentially relevant studies, we finally selected 72. In the pre-armed conflict period, we described in detail the psychological experiences and the anticipatory somatic symptoms. During the conflict, we identified regressive, behavioral, and cognitive symptoms such as enuresis, fear, sadness, aggression, hyperactivity, and inattention, among others. Direct mental health consequences such as adjustment disorders, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress were also identified. Finally, in the postconflict period, we referred to the transmission of mental health consequences and resilience processes. On the other hand, we reviewed in depth the potential consequences of armed conflicts on biopsychosocial development, morality, identity, culture, education, and society. Conclusion. The development of mental health consequences due to the exposure to armed conflicts in these populations is a complex process that depends on the stage of the exposure, the length of the conflict, and contextual factors.
Introducción. Los conflictos armados dejan consecuencias evidentes en la salud mental de la población infantil y adolescente. En ese marco, se ha documentado una serie de situaciones que tienen como factor común la vulnerabilidad de esta población y las afectaciones biopsicosociales significativas. Objetivo. Determinar y sintetizar las diferentes consecuencias de los conflictos armados en la salud mental de la población infantil y adolescente. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática exhaustiva de revisiones bibliográficas hasta julio de 2019 en las bases de datos MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, LILACS y otras. Se seleccionaron los artículos y se analizaron de forma narrativa sus características, objetivos y consecuencias en salud mental en tres momentos: antes del conflicto, durante el conflicto y en el posconflicto. Resultados. De un total de 587 artículos potencialmente relevantes, se seleccionaron 72. En los estudios sobre el periodo anterior al conflicto, se detallaron experiencias psicológicas y síntomas somáticos anticipatorios. Durante el conflicto, se evidenciaron síntomas regresivos, conductuales y cognitivos, como enuresis, miedo, tristeza, agresión, hiperactividad e inatención, entre otros. Además, se establecieron consecuencias directas, como trastornos de adaptación, depresión, ansiedad y, en mayor medida, estrés postraumático. Por último, en el posconflicto, se recopiló la información sobre los procesos de transmisión de las consecuencias y la resiliencia. Por otro lado, se profundizó en las consecuencias potenciales en el desarrollo biopsicosocial, la moralidad, la identidad, el contexto, la cultura, la educación y la sociedad. Conclusiones. Las consecuencias de los conflictos armados en la salud mental se inscriben en un proceso complejo que se expresa en función de la etapa evolutiva de la exposición, del tiempo del conflicto armado y de los factores contextuales.
Assuntos
Saúde Mental , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Adolescente , Transtornos de Ansiedade , Conflitos Armados , Humanos , Literatura de Revisão como AssuntoRESUMO
Resumen Introducción. Los conflictos armados dejan consecuencias evidentes en la salud mental de la población infantil y adolescente. En ese marco, se ha documentado una serie de situaciones que tienen como factor común la vulnerabilidad de esta población y las afectaciones biopsicosociales significativas. Objetivo. Determinar y sintetizar las diferentes consecuencias de los conflictos armados en la salud mental de la población infantil y adolescente. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática exhaustiva de revisiones bibliográficas hasta julio de 2019 en las bases de datos MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, LILACS y otras. Se seleccionaron los artículos y se analizaron de forma narrativa sus características, objetivos y consecuencias en salud mental en tres momentos: antes del conflicto, durante el conflicto y en el posconflicto. Resultados. De un total de 587 artículos potencialmente relevantes, se seleccionaron 72. En los estudios sobre el periodo anterior al conflicto, se detallaron experiencias psicológicas y síntomas somáticos anticipatorios. Durante el conflicto, se evidenciaron síntomas regresivos, conductuales y cognitivos, como enuresis, miedo, tristeza, agresión, hiperactividad e inatención, entre otros. Además, se establecieron consecuencias directas, como trastornos de adaptación, depresión, ansiedad y, en mayor medida, estrés postraumático. Por último, en el posconflicto, se recopiló la información sobre los procesos de transmisión de las consecuencias y la resiliencia. Por otro lado, se profundizó en las consecuencias potenciales en el desarrollo biopsicosocial, la moralidad, la identidad, el contexto, la cultura, la educación y la sociedad. Conclusiones. Las consecuencias de los conflictos armados en la salud mental se inscriben en un proceso complejo que se expresa en función de la etapa evolutiva de la exposición, del tiempo del conflicto armado y de los factores contextuales.
Abstract Introduction: Armed conflicts affect the mental health of children and adolescents. Their outcomes in these populations have been documented identifying vulnerability and significant biopsychosocial damage as the most common factors. Objective: To identify and synthesize the mental health consequences of armed conflicts in children and adolescents. Materials and methods: We carried out a comprehensive and systematic search of reviews published until July 2019 in the MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and LILACS databases, as well as in additional sources. The information was retrieved and analyzed narratively by describing the characteristics and objectives of the studies and the mental health consequences of armed conflicts in three periods of time: pre-armed conflict, during the armed conflict, and post-conflict. Results. Out of 587 potentially relevant studies, we finally selected 72. In the pre-armed conflict period, we described in detail the psychological experiences and the anticipatory somatic symptoms. During the conflict, we identified regressive, behavioral, and cognitive symptoms such as enuresis, fear, sadness, aggression, hyperactivity, and inattention, among others. Direct mental health consequences such as adjustment disorders, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress were also identified. Finally, in the post-conflict period, we referred to the transmission of mental health consequences and resilience processes. On the other hand, we reviewed in depth the potential consequences of armed conflicts on biopsychosocial development, morality, identity, culture, education, and society. Conclusion. The development of mental health consequences due to the exposure to armed conflicts in these populations is a complex process that depends on the stage of the exposure, the length of the conflict, and contextual factors.
Assuntos
Saúde Mental , Conflitos Armados , Violência , Guerra , Criança , AdolescenteRESUMO
Novichok is one of the most feared and controversial nerve agents, which existence was confirmed only after the Salisbury attack in 2018. A new attack on August 2020, in Russia, was confirmed. After the 2018 attack, the agent was included in the list of the most dangerous chemicals of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). However, information related to its electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI/MS), essential for unambiguous identification, is scarce. Therefore, investigations about Novichok EI/MS are urgent. In this work, we employed Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics through the Quantum Chemistry Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry (QCEIMS) method to simulate and rationalize the EI/MS spectra and fragmentation pathways of 32 Novichok molecules recently incorporated into the CWC. The comparison of additional simulations with the measured EI spectrum of another Novichok analog is very favorable. A general scheme of the fragmentation pathways derived from simulation results was presented. The present results will be useful for elucidation and prediction of the EI spectra and fragmentation pathways of the dangerous Novichok nerve agent.
Assuntos
Agentes Neurotóxicos , Organofosfatos , Elétrons , Espectrometria de Massas , Agentes Neurotóxicos/química , Organofosfatos/químicaRESUMO
Introducción: Es creciente el uso de nuevos agentes hemostáticos para controlar la hemorragia en entornos militares. Objetivos: Sintetizar y analizar la evidencia disponible sobre la eficacia de diferentes agentes hemostáticos utilizados en ambientes tácticos, transportados por los combatientes del ejército. Desarrollo: Se realizó una revisión narrativa de artículos publicados en inglés y español, en las bases de datos Medline (PubMed), Cochrane, Web of Science y en revistas, protocolos, libros y manuales del ámbito de urgencias y emergencias en el campo de batalla, que analizaron el fenómeno de estudio y cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Tras la búsqueda y selección de los estudios, 7 artículos fueron incluidos en la síntesis narrativa. En los estudios se utilizaron los siguientes agentes hemostáticos QuikClot®, HemCon®, Celox® y el ChitoGauze HemCon®; en la mayoría de los estudios, los agentes hemostáticos tuvieron una eficacia superior al 88 por ciento para detener, disminuir y controlar la hemorragia externa en víctimas de combate, sobre todo en zonas de unión (articulaciones) y para reducir la morbilidad y mortalidad. Solo QuikClot® tuvo efectos secundarios negativos, al provocar quemaduras. El correcto manejo de los agentes hemostáticos requiere de formación previa, lo que evita errores de administración. Conclusiones: Los agentes hemostáticos son eficaces para el abordaje de la hemorragia externa y aumentan la supervivencia en víctimas de combate. Es necesario formar a los profesionales para evitar errores en su manejo. Futuros estudios deben indagar cuál de estos agentes es más eficaz(AU)
Introduction: The use of new hemostatic agents to control hemorrhage in military environments is growing. Objectives: To synthesize and analyze the available evidence about the effectiveness of the different hemostatic agents utilized in tactical environments that are transported by army fighters. Development: A narrative review of articles published in English and Spanish, in Medline (PubMed), Cochrane and Web of Science, and magazines, protocols, books, and manuals in the field of emergency and battlefield emergencies, who analyzed the study phenomenon and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After searching and selecting the studies, 7 articles were included in the narrative synthesis. In the studies, the following hemostatic agents were used QuikClot®, HemCon®, Celox®, and ChitoGauze HemCon®, in most studies, hemostatic agents were more than 88 percent effective in stopping, reducing, and controlling external hemorrhage in combat victims, especially in union areas, also decreasing morbidity and mortality. Only QuikClot® had negative side effects causing burns. The correct handling of hemostatic agents requires prior training, which avoids administration mistakes. Conclusions: Hemostatic agents are effective for treating external hemorrhage in combat victims and increasing their survival. It is necessary to train professionals to avoid mistakes in their handling. Future studies should investigate which of these agents is more effective(AU)
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Humanos , Sobrevida , Efetividade , Hemostáticos/uso terapêutico , Emergências , Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no Trauma/métodos , Militares , Guerra , Eficácia , SobrevivênciaRESUMO
A principios del nuevo milenio surgió el concepto del "Trauma urbano moderno", sustentando en la experiencia de varios conflagraciones en zonas densamente pobladas. Fue definido como un conflicto violento, cerrado, con heridas destructivas y de difícil acceso para su evacuación. Su manejo incluyo el cuestionamiento de viejos dogmas y la incorporación de nuevas estrategias. El motín del reten "La Planta", el incremento en las detonaciones por granadas fragmentarias y los graves enfrentamientos entre bandas delictivas o contra cuerpos de seguridad, en diversas zonas de Caracas indican el establecimiento de una modalidad mas agresiva de violencia. Los cirujanos capitalinos se enfrentan con más frecuencia a lesiones severas y múltiples. El personal medico requiere la adecuada comprensión y preparación para afrontar este nuevo tipo de heridas. La reciente enfermedad Covid 19 representa un desafió agregado en el abordaje de los pacientes con traumatismos(AU)
The experience in many combats in densely populated urban areas, determined the new concept of "Modern urban warfare" in the beginning of the new millennium. This definition is a warfare violent, close-quarter, with destructive injuries and the delayed of evacuation. New innovations were incorporate. The revolt in the "La Planta" prison, the increase of grenades explosions and engagement between criminal organized, in many zones of Caracas, illustrated this new definition. The venezuelans surgeons attended many severe and multiple injuries. The surgical personal need understand this new kind of injuries. The new disease Covid 19 represents a challenge in the attention of these patients(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , População Urbana , Ferimentos e Lesões , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Pessoal de Saúde , Violência com Arma de Fogo , Médicos , Prisões , Venezuela , Ferimentos e Lesões/cirurgia , Ferimentos e Lesões/mortalidade , COVID-19RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Neurotoxic chemical warfare agents can be classified as some of the most dangerous chemicals for humanity. The most effective of those agents are the Organophosphates (OPs) capable of restricting the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which in turn, controls the nerve impulse transmission. When AChE is inhibited by OPs, its reactivation can be usually performed through cationic oximes. However, until today, it has not been developed one universal defense agent, with complete effective reactivation activity for AChE inhibited by any of the many types of existing neurotoxic OPs. For this reason, before treating people intoxicated by an OP, it is necessary to determine the neurotoxic compound that was used for contamination, in order to select the most effective oxime. Unfortunately, this task usually requires a relatively long time, raising the possibility of death. Cationic oximes also display a limited capacity of permeating the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). This fact compromises their capacity to reactivating AChE inside the nervous system. METHODS: We performed a comprehensive search on the data about OPs available on the scientific literature today in order to cover all the main drawbacks still faced in the research for the development of effective antidotes against those compounds. RESULTS: Therefore, this review about neurotoxic OPs and the reactivation of AChE, provides insights for the new agents' development. The most expected defense agent is a molecule without toxicity and effective to reactivate AChE inhibited by all neurotoxic OPs. CONCLUSION: To develop these new agents, the application of diverse scientific areas of research, especially theoretical procedures as computational science (computer simulation, docking and dynamics), organic synthesis, spectroscopic methodologies, biology, biochemical and biophysical information, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology, is necessary.
Assuntos
Acetilcolinesterase , Reativadores da Colinesterase , Inibidores da Colinesterase/toxicidade , Reativadores da Colinesterase/farmacologia , Simulação por Computador , Humanos , Compostos Organofosforados/toxicidade , Oximas/farmacologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study uses osteological and radiocarbon datasets combined with formal quantitative analyses to test hypotheses concerning the character of conflict in the Nasca highlands during the Late Intermediate Period (LIP, 950-1450 C.E.). We develop and test osteological expectations regarding what patterns should be observed if violence was characterized by intragroup violence, ritual conflict, intermittent raiding, or internecine warfare. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Crania (n = 267) were examined for antemortem and perimortem, overkill, and critical trauma. All age groups and both sexes are represented in the sample. One hundred twenty-four crania were AMS dated, allowing a detailed analysis of diachronic patterns in violence among various demographic groups. RESULTS: Thirty-eight percent (102/267) of crania exhibit some form of cranial trauma, a significant increase from the preceding Middle Horizon era. There are distinct trauma frequencies within the three subphases of the LIP, but Phase III (1300-1450 C.E.) exhibits the highest frequencies of all trauma types. Males exhibit significantly more antemortem trauma than females, but both exhibit similar perimortem trauma rates. DISCUSSION: There was chronic, internecine warfare throughout the Late Intermediate Period with important variations in violence throughout the three temporal phases. Evidence for heterogeneity in violent mortality shows a pattern consistent with social substitutability, whereby any and all members of the Nasca highland population were appropriate targets for lethal and sublethal violence. We argue that by testing hypotheses regarding the targets and types of conflict we are better able to explain the causes and consequences of human conflict.
Assuntos
Indígenas Sul-Americanos/etnologia , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/história , Violência/etnologia , Violência/história , Adolescente , Adulto , Antropologia Física , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , História do Século XV , História Medieval , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Peru/etnologia , Crânio/lesões , Crânio/patologia , Guerra/etnologia , Guerra/história , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Bacteria commonly live in dense polymicrobial communities and compete for scarce resources. Consequently, they employ a diverse array of mechanisms to harm, inhibit, and kill their competitors. The cell wall is essential for bacterial survival by providing mechanical strength to resist osmotic stress. Because peptidoglycan is the major component of the cell wall and its synthesis is a complex multistep pathway that requires the coordinate action of several enzymes, it provides a target for rival bacteria, which have developed a large arsenal of antibacterial molecules to attack the peptidoglycan of competitors. These molecules include antibiotics, bacteriocins, and contact-dependent effectors that are either secreted into the medium or directly translocated into a target cell. In this minireview, we summarize the diversity of these molecules and highlight distinct mechanisms to disrupt the peptidoglycan, giving special attention to molecules that are known or have the potential to be used during interbacterial competitions.
Assuntos
Bactérias/metabolismo , Parede Celular/metabolismo , Peptidoglicano/metabolismo , Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Guerra Biológica , Parede Celular/genéticaRESUMO
Ricin is a toxin found in the castor seeds and listed as a chemical weapon by the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) due to its high toxicity combined with the easiness of obtention and lack of available antidotes. The relatively frequent episodes of usage or attempting to use ricin in terrorist attacks reinforce the urge to develop an antidote for this toxin. In this sense, we selected in this work the current RTA (ricin catalytic subunit) inhibitor with the best experimental performance, as a reference molecule for virtual screening in the PubChem database. The selected molecules were then evaluated through docking studies, followed by drug-likeness investigation, molecular dynamics simulations and Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA) calculations. In every step, the selection of molecules was mainly based on their ability to occupy both the active and secondary sites of RTA, which are located right next to each other, but are not simultaneously occupied by the current RTA inhibitors. Results show that the three PubChem compounds 18309602, 18498053, and 136023163 presented better overall results than the reference molecule itself, showing up as new hits for the RTA inhibition, and encouraging further experimental evaluation.
Assuntos
Ricina/antagonistas & inibidores , Ricina/química , Algoritmos , Sítios de Ligação , Substâncias para a Guerra Química/química , Descoberta de Drogas , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Ligantes , Conformação Molecular , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
Resumen En este artículo se aborda el tema de la seguridad de la información frente a amenazas cibernéticas en un contexto global, haciendo una revisión de la situación actual en Colombia. Mediante una investigación cualitativa, teórica, documental y descriptiva, se hace un recorrido histórico sobre la ciberseguridad (ciberguerra, ciberdefensa, delitos informáticos), particularmente en el componente de seguridad de la información, y se trabajan diversos aspectos al respecto (contextos, análisis de riesgos, sistemas de gestión y estándares de calidad) mientras se muestran los riesgos para las empresas, la sociedad y los países, evidenciados con la pandemia del coronavirus (COVID-19). Para el caso colombiano se revisaron datos sobre las acciones gubernamentales ante estas amenazas y se indagó sobre sus políticas de seguridad informática y estándares de calidad. Al final del artículo se muestran los retos que tiene Colombia frente a las amenazas cibernéticas, en cuanto a la seguridad de la información.
Abstract This article covers the topic of information security in light of cybersecurity threats in a global context, reviewing the current situation in Colombia. A historical walk-through on cybersecurity was performed through qualitative, theoretical, documentary and descriptive research (cyberwar, cyberdefense, computer crime), particularly in the component of information security. In addition, various aspects in that regard were worked on (contexts, risk analyses, management systems and quality standards), while risks to businesses, society and countries are shown, demonstrated with the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. In the case of Colombia, data on government action in light of these threats were reviewed and its information security policies and quality standards were researched. Colombia's challenges from cybersecurity threats, in terms of information security, are shown at the end of the article.
Resumo Este artigo aborda o tema da segurança da informação contra ameaças cibernéticas em um contexto global, fazendo uma revisão da situação atual na Colômbia. Através de uma pesquisa qualitativa, teórica, documental e descritiva, faz-se um percurso histórico sobre a cibersegurança (ciberguerra, ciberdefesa, crimes informáticos), particularmente no componente de segurança da informação, e trabalham-se vários aspectos a este respeito (contextos, análise de riscos, sistemas de gestão e padrões de qualidade), enquanto mostram-se os riscos para as empresas, a sociedade e os países, evidenciados pela pandemia de coronavirus (COVID-19). No caso colombiano, foram revisados dados sobre as ações do governo diante dessas ameaças e foi feita uma pesquisa sobre as políticas de segurança informática e padrões de qualidade. Os desafios que a Colômbia enfrenta diante das ameaças cibernéticas, em termos de segurança da informação, são mostrados ao final deste artigo.
Assuntos
Humanos , Segurança Computacional , Infecções por Coronavirus , Tecnologia , InternetRESUMO
Tabun (ethyl N,N-dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate), or GA, is a chemical warfare nerve agent produced during the World War II. The synthesis of its analogs is rather simple; thus, it is a significant threat. Furthermore, experiments with tabun and other nerve agents are greatly limited by the involved life risks and the severe restrictions imposed by the Chemical Weapons Convention. For these reasons, accurate theoretical assignment of fragmentation pathways can be especially important. In this work, we employ the Quantum Chemistry Electron Ionization Mass Spectra method, which combines molecular dynamics, quantum chemistry methods, and stochastic approaches, to accurately investigate the electron ionization/mass spectrometry (EI/MS) fragmentation spectrum and pathways of the tabun molecule. We found that different rearrangement reactions occur including a McLafferty involving the nitrile group. An essential and characteristic pathway for identification of tabun and analogs, a two-step fragmentation producing the m/z 70 ion, was confirmed. The present results will be also useful to predict EI/MS spectrum and fragmentation pathways of other members of the tabun family, namely, the O-alkyl/cycloalkyl N,N-dialkyl (methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, or propyl) phosphoramidocyanidates.
RESUMO
In his review article John W. Verano covered trauma, warfare, trophy taking, and human sacrifice, but his discussion mostly focused on the results of studies of museum or private collections and the recent discovery of the mass human sacrifice from Huaca de la Luna. Due to the renewed interest in the paleopathology of South America, a trend which Verano observed, these types of investigations have grown exponentially in the past twenty years since his initial publication. Here we synthesize the published data on the study and interpretation of traumatic injuries across time and space and we tease out some of the themes that have emerged in the twenty odd years since the seminal paper written by Verano. We searched and analyzed publications from 1997 to 2017 that pertained specifically to Andean South America through the review of library databases and then narrowed our search to trauma-related topics. In our literature review and meta-analysis of published studies on traumatic injuries, we found that nearly one-third of publications related to the field of paleopathology in Andean South America dealt with subjects we classified under trauma (Nâ¯=â¯116/378), such as trephination, violence, sacrifice, warfare, etc. Large sample sizes, population-focused research, advances in methods of analysis, and hypothesis driven investigations have led to sophisticated and nuanced interpretations along a wide range of themes so that we understand a great deal more about violence, sacrifice, trephination, warfare and their sociopolitical and environmental contexts in prehistoric and early colonial Andean South America.