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Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women globally. Vitamin D has been considered a protective factor; however, its relationship with any aspect of the disease remains controversial. Methods: A cross-sectional, single-center clinical study was conducted between 2015 and 2018, including 141 women diagnosed with BC and 239 women in the control group, with mean ages of 43.1 and 41.7 years, respectively (p = 0.103). Serum levels of vitamin D and lipid profile were measured. Clinical and nutritional data were obtained through interviews and medical records. Results: The vitamin D dosage presented an average value of 25.5 ng/mL and 31.0 ng/mL in the case and control groups, respectively (p < 0.001). The vitamin D cut-off point for discriminating the presence of BC was 27.45 ng/mL. Additionally, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were higher in the case group (121.4 mg/dL) compared to the control group (110.7 mg/dL) (p = 0.002), whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were lower in the case group (47.6 mg/dL) compared to the control group (53.3 mg/dL) (p = 0.001). Alcohol consumption was significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (2.7 vs. 5.3 doses/day; p < 0.001). Conclusion: The results indicate a significant association between lower vitamin D levels and BC, persisting after multivariate analysis (p < 0.001). These findings could inform prevention strategies, highlighting the importance of maintaining adequate vitamin D levels and potentially identifying a risk group.

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Glioblastoma is the most aggressive type of brain tumor, with current therapies failing to significantly improve patient survival. Vitamins have important effects on cellular processes that are relevant for tumor development and progression. AIM: The present study explored the effect of pyridoxine or cobalamin supplementation on the viability and cell cycle progression of human glioblastoma cell line U-87 MG. METHOD: Cell cultures were treated with increasing concentrations of pyridoxine or cobalamin for 24-72 h. After supplementation, cell viability and cell cycle progression were assessed by spectrophotometry and flow cytometry. Analysis of Bcl-2 and active caspase 3 expression in supplemented cells was performed by western blot. RESULT: The results show that pyridoxine supplementation decreases cell viability in a dose and time dependent manner. Loss of viability in pyridoxin-supplemented cells is probably related to less cell cycle progression, higher active caspase 3 expression and apoptosis. In addition, Bcl-2 expression did not appear to be altered by vitamin supplementation, but active caspase 3 expression was significantly increased in pyridoxine-, but not cobalamin-supplemented cells, furthermore, cobalamin inhibited the pyridoxine cytotoxicity in the cell viability assay when combined. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that pyridoxine supplementation promotes apoptosis in human glioblastoma-derived cells and may be useful to enhance the effect of cytotoxic therapies in vivo.

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OBJECTIVE: This study was realized to evaluate the effects of supplementation with blends of water and fat-soluble vitamins on animal performance and carcass traits of young Nellore bulls. METHODS: Forty-three Nellore bulls, with an initial weight of 261±27.3 kg and a mean age of 8±1.0 months, were used. Five animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment (reference group), to determine the initial empty body weight of the bulls that remained in the experiment. The remaining 38 bulls were fed ad libitum and distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2×2 factorial scheme, with or without supplementation of water-soluble (B-blend+ or B-blend-) and fat-soluble (ADE+ or ADE-) vitamin blends. Diets were isonitrogenous (120 g of crude protein/kg dry matter [DM] of total mixed ration) and consisted of a roughage:concentrate rate of 30:70 based on total DM of diet. The experiment lasted 170 days, with 30 days of adaptation and 140 days for data collection. At the beginning and end of the experimental period, the bulls were weighed to determine the average daily gain. To estimate the apparent digestibility of nutrients and microbial efficiency, spot collections of feces and urine were performed for five consecutive days. RESULTS: DM, ashes, organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, neutral detergent fiber corrected for residual ash and residual nitrogenous, and N intake and apparent digestibility were not influenced by vitamin supplementation, but total digestible nutrients intake and non-fibrous carbohydrates digestibility were influenced by B complex vitamin supplementation. Nitrogen balance, microbial efficiency, and performance data were not influenced (p>0.05) by vitamin supplementation. CONCLUSION: Vitamin supplementation (a blend of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins or their combinations) does not influence the animal performance and carcass traits of young Nellore bulls.

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This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of earlier weaning in addition to biocholine supplementation on age at puberty of Brangus heifers. Brangus calves were randomized and divided into three weaning ages groups, at 30 (Hyper-early weaning; HW), 75 (Early weaning; EW) and 180 days (Conventional weaning; CW). Then, calves were supplemented using the additive Biocholine (BIO) or not (CON). Animals were subjected to puberty induction and the presence of estrus was observed for 7 days. In addition, transrectal ultrasonography was performed to assess the ovarian activity and the presence of corpus luteum to determine heifer puberty. We also evaluated the body weight (BW; Kg), hip height (HH; cm), thoracic perimeter (TP; cm) and BW:HH ratio during the experimental period. BIO group showed higher ADG (>226 g/day) when the animals were exposed to ryegrass pasture compared to CON (P < 0.05). We observed an interaction between weaning x biocholine and CW-BIO heifers showed greater HH more compared to CW-CON (P < 0.05). Overall, animals that have reached puberty at day 8 after puberty induction showed 331.0 ± 5.04 kg BW, 122.0 ± 0.56 cm HH and 165.4 ± 0.75 cm TP and 2.7 ± 0.03 BW:HH. At the time of ovulation detection, the heifers from the HW group had 32.1 kg BW, 3.93 cm HH and 0.18 cm BW:HH greater compared to CW (P < 0.05). The BIO supplementation together with ryegrass pasture, led to an increase in ADG weight throughout the evaluated period. We concluded that HW heifers showed an adequate body development throughout the experimental period until puberty appearance at the same age as others weaned groups.

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Avaliou-se o efeito da utilização de níveis crescentes de vitamina A sobre os parâmetros ósseos de codornas de corte de 15 a 35 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 1520 codornas, não sexadas, com peso médio inicial de 85±4,25g, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, totalizando oito tratamentos com cinco repetições e 38 codornas por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de oito níveis de suplementação de vitamina A (0; 4.500; 6.000; 7.500; 9.000; 10.500; 12.000 e 13.500UI/kg da dieta). O período experimental foi de 15 a 35 dias de idade. Os ossos analisados apresentaram uma redução linear para o índice de Seedor, resistência óssea e teor de cinzas do fêmur e da tíbia de acordo com os níveis de suplementação de vitamina A. A suplementação de vitamina A para codornas de corte de 15 a 35 dias de idade mostrou resultados negativos para a qualidade óssea, com a necessidade de mais estudos sobre seu antagonismo com a vitamina D.(AU)

This study evaluated the effect of using increasing levels of vitamin A on bone parameters in meat-type quails from 15 to 35 days old. A total of 1520 unsexed quail with an average initial weight of 85g distributed in a completely randomized design, totaling eight treatments with five replicates and 38 quails per experimental unit were used. The treatments consisted of eight vitamin supplementation levels A (0; 4,500; 6,000; 7,500; 9,000; 10,500; 12,000 and 13,500IU / kg diet). The experimental period was 15 to 35 days of age. The bones analyzed showed a linear reduction to the Seedor index, bone strength and ash content of the femur and tibia according to vitamin supplementation levels Vitamin A supplementation for cutting quails from 15 to 35 days of age showed negative results for bone quality, with the need for more studies on its antagonism to vitamin D.(AU)

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Avaliou-se o efeito da utilização de níveis crescentes de vitamina A sobre os parâmetros ósseos de codornas de corte de 15 a 35 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 1520 codornas, não sexadas, com peso médio inicial de 85±4,25g, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, totalizando oito tratamentos com cinco repetições e 38 codornas por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de oito níveis de suplementação de vitamina A (0; 4.500; 6.000; 7.500; 9.000; 10.500; 12.000 e 13.500UI/kg da dieta). O período experimental foi de 15 a 35 dias de idade. Os ossos analisados apresentaram uma redução linear para o índice de Seedor, resistência óssea e teor de cinzas do fêmur e da tíbia de acordo com os níveis de suplementação de vitamina A. A suplementação de vitamina A para codornas de corte de 15 a 35 dias de idade mostrou resultados negativos para a qualidade óssea, com a necessidade de mais estudos sobre seu antagonismo com a vitamina D.(AU)

This study evaluated the effect of using increasing levels of vitamin A on bone parameters in meat-type quails from 15 to 35 days old. A total of 1520 unsexed quail with an average initial weight of 85g distributed in a completely randomized design, totaling eight treatments with five replicates and 38 quails per experimental unit were used. The treatments consisted of eight vitamin supplementation levels A (0; 4,500; 6,000; 7,500; 9,000; 10,500; 12,000 and 13,500IU / kg diet). The experimental period was 15 to 35 days of age. The bones analyzed showed a linear reduction to the Seedor index, bone strength and ash content of the femur and tibia according to vitamin supplementation levels Vitamin A supplementation for cutting quails from 15 to 35 days of age showed negative results for bone quality, with the need for more studies on its antagonism to vitamin D.(AU)

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Avaliou-se o efeito da adição das vitaminas C e E na ração sobre o desempenho zootécnico, rendimento de carcaça, de cortes nobres, de parâmetros hematológicos e de órgão linfoide (baço) de frangos de corte criados em ambiente de estresse calórico, CMR (cama reutilizada) e temperaturas elevadas. Foram utilizados 300 frangos de corte em lote misto, de linhagem Cobb, no período de um a 64 dias de vida. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos da seguinte forma: T1 CN (cama nova) com vazio sanitário, T2 CMR sem vazio sanitário, T3 CMR sem vazio sanitário + 200mg/kg de vitamina C e E, T4 CMR sem vazio sanitário + 350mg/kg de vitamina C e E, T5 CMR sem vazio sanitário + 500mg/kg de vitamina C e E na proporção 150g/kg de ácido ascórbico e 75g/kg de D-alfa-Tocoferol. A CMR contribuiu para o aparecimento de algum processo infeccioso nas aves, constatado por alteração no parâmetro hematológico, evidenciado pela visualização de heterófilos do tipo bastonete/imaturo no T2, porém sem caracterização clínica. A adição da vitamina C e E melhorou o ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e a eficiência alimentar, por outro lado não influenciou os parâmetros hematológicos nem o peso relativo de baço. Concluiu-se que a suplementação de vitamina C e E amenizou o desafio imposto aos frangos, contribuindo dessa maneira para um melhor desempenho zootécnico.(AU)

Dietary yield, yield of nutritional functions, calorific power, and the zootechnical power (spleen) of broiler chickens in a caloric stress environment, REL (reutilized litter), and high temperatures. A total of 300 broilers were used, ranging from 1 to 64 days of age. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and six replicates. The treatments were: T1 NL (new litter) with sanitary empty space; T2 REL without sanitary empty space; T3 REL without sanitary empty space + 200mg/kg vitamin C and E; T4 REL without sanitary empty space + 350mg/kg vitamin C and E; T5 REL without sanitary empty space + 500mg/kg vitamin C and E in the proportion of 150g/kg ascorbic acid and 75g/kg D-Alpha-Tocopherol. The REL contributed to the onset of some infectious process in the birds, which was verified by alteration in the hematological parameter, evidenced by the visualization of the rod/immature type heterophils in the T2, but with no clinical characterization. The addition of vitamin C and E improved weight gain, feed conversion and feed efficiency. However, it did not influence the hematological parameters nor the relative weight of the spleen. It was concluded that vitamin C and E supplementation ameliorated the challenge imposed on chickens, thus contributing to a better zootechnical performance.(AU)

Se evaluó el efecto de la adición de las vitaminas C y E en la ración sobre el desempeño zootécnico, rendimiento de carcasa, de cortes nobles, de parámetros hematológicos y de órgano linfoide (bazo) de pollos de corte creados en ambiente de estrés calórico, CMR (cama reutilizada) y temperaturas elevadas. Se utilizaron 300 pollos de corte en lote mixto, de linaje Cobb, en el período de 1 a 64 días de vida. El delineamiento experimental utilizado fue el completamente casualizado con cinco tratamientos y seis repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron distribuidos de la siguiente forma: T1 CN (cama nueva) con vacío sanitario, T2 CMR sin vacío sanitario, T3 CMR sin vacío sanitario + 200mg / kg de vitamina C y E, T4 CMR sin vacío sanitario + 350mg / kg de vitamina C y E, T5 CMR sin vacío sanitario + 500mg / kg de vitamina C y E en la proporción 150 g / Kg de ácido ascórbico y 75g / Kg de D-Alfa-Tocoferol. La CMR contribuyó para aparición de algún proceso infeccioso en las aves, constatado por alteración en el parámetro hematológico, evidenciado por la visualización de heterófilos del tipo bastón / inmaduro en el T2, todavía sin caracterización clínica. La adición de la vitamina C y E mejoró la ganancia de peso, la conversión alimenticia y la eficiencia alimentaria, por otro lado no influenció los parámetros hematológicos ni el peso relativo del bazo. Se concluyó que la suplementación de vitamina C y E amenizó el desafío impuesto a los pollos, contribuyendo así a un mejor desempeño zootécnico.(AU)

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Avaliou-se o efeito da adição das vitaminas C e E na ração sobre o desempenho zootécnico, rendimento de carcaça, de cortes nobres, de parâmetros hematológicos e de órgão linfoide (baço) de frangos de corte criados em ambiente de estresse calórico, CMR (cama reutilizada) e temperaturas elevadas. Foram utilizados 300 frangos de corte em lote misto, de linhagem Cobb, no período de um a 64 dias de vida. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos da seguinte forma: T1 CN (cama nova) com vazio sanitário, T2 CMR sem vazio sanitário, T3 CMR sem vazio sanitário + 200mg/kg de vitamina C e E, T4 CMR sem vazio sanitário + 350mg/kg de vitamina C e E, T5 CMR sem vazio sanitário + 500mg/kg de vitamina C e E na proporção 150g/kg de ácido ascórbico e 75g/kg de D-alfa-Tocoferol. A CMR contribuiu para o aparecimento de algum processo infeccioso nas aves, constatado por alteração no parâmetro hematológico, evidenciado pela visualização de heterófilos do tipo bastonete/imaturo no T2, porém sem caracterização clínica. A adição da vitamina C e E melhorou o ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e a eficiência alimentar, por outro lado não influenciou os parâmetros hematológicos nem o peso relativo de baço. Concluiu-se que a suplementação de vitamina C e E amenizou o desafio imposto aos frangos, contribuindo dessa maneira para um melhor desempenho zootécnico.(AU)

Dietary yield, yield of nutritional functions, calorific power, and the zootechnical power (spleen) of broiler chickens in a caloric stress environment, REL (reutilized litter), and high temperatures. A total of 300 broilers were used, ranging from 1 to 64 days of age. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and six replicates. The treatments were: T1 NL (new litter) with sanitary empty space; T2 REL without sanitary empty space; T3 REL without sanitary empty space + 200mg/kg vitamin C and E; T4 REL without sanitary empty space + 350mg/kg vitamin C and E; T5 REL without sanitary empty space + 500mg/kg vitamin C and E in the proportion of 150g/kg ascorbic acid and 75g/kg D-Alpha-Tocopherol. The REL contributed to the onset of some infectious process in the birds, which was verified by alteration in the hematological parameter, evidenced by the visualization of the rod/immature type heterophils in the T2, but with no clinical characterization. The addition of vitamin C and E improved weight gain, feed conversion and feed efficiency. However, it did not influence the hematological parameters nor the relative weight of the spleen. It was concluded that vitamin C and E supplementation ameliorated the challenge imposed on chickens, thus contributing to a better zootechnical performance.(AU)

Se evaluó el efecto de la adición de las vitaminas C y E en la ración sobre el desempeño zootécnico, rendimiento de carcasa, de cortes nobles, de parámetros hematológicos y de órgano linfoide (bazo) de pollos de corte creados en ambiente de estrés calórico, CMR (cama reutilizada) y temperaturas elevadas. Se utilizaron 300 pollos de corte en lote mixto, de linaje Cobb, en el período de 1 a 64 días de vida. El delineamiento experimental utilizado fue el completamente casualizado con cinco tratamientos y seis repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron distribuidos de la siguiente forma: T1 CN (cama nueva) con vacío sanitario, T2 CMR sin vacío sanitario, T3 CMR sin vacío sanitario + 200mg / kg de vitamina C y E, T4 CMR sin vacío sanitario + 350mg / kg de vitamina C y E, T5 CMR sin vacío sanitario + 500mg / kg de vitamina C y E en la proporción 150 g / Kg de ácido ascórbico y 75g / Kg de D-Alfa-Tocoferol. La CMR contribuyó para aparición de algún proceso infeccioso en las aves, constatado por alteración en el parámetro hematológico, evidenciado por la visualización de heterófilos del tipo bastón / inmaduro en el T2, todavía sin caracterización clínica. La adición de la vitamina C y E mejoró la ganancia de peso, la conversión alimenticia y la eficiencia alimentaria, por otro lado no influenció los parámetros hematológicos ni el peso relativo del bazo. Se concluyó que la suplementación de vitamina C y E amenizó el desafío impuesto a los pollos, contribuyendo así a un mejor desempeño zootécnico.(AU)

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Vitamin A (retinol) is involved in signaling pathways regulating gene expression and was postulated to be a major antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound of the diet. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons, involving oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory activation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of retinol oral supplementation against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 12 µg per rat) nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation in Wistar rats. Animals supplemented with retinol (retinyl palmitate, 3000 IU/kg/day) during 28 days exhibited increased retinol content in liver, although circulating retinol levels (serum) were unaltered. Retinol supplementation did not protect against the loss of dopaminergic neurons (assessed through tyrosine hydroxylase immunofluorescence and Western blot). Retinol supplementation prevented the effect of 6-OHDA on Iba-1 levels but had no effect on 6-OHDA-induced GFAP increase. Moreover, GFAP levels were increased by retinol supplementation alone. Rats pre-treated with retinol did not present oxidative damage or thiol redox modifications in liver, and the circulating levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6 and IL-10 were unaltered by retinol supplementation, demonstrating that the protocol used here did not cause systemic toxicity to animals. Our results indicate that oral retinol supplementation is not able to protect against 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic denervation, and it may actually stimulate astrocyte reactivity without altering parameters of systemic toxicity.

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OBJECTIVE: Vitamin K2, which is present in dairy products and has been recommended as a micronutrient supplement in humans, contains anticancer properties. Interferon (IFN)-α-2b administered during development of hepatic preneoplasia decreased both number and volume percentage of altered hepatic foci (AHF) by increasing apoptosis in the foci. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of IFN-α-2b treatment supplemented with vitamin K2 in the early stages of liver cancer development in rats. METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to a two-phase model of hepatocarcinogenesis (initiated-promoted [IP] group). Animals were divided into four groups: untreated (IP), IP treated with IFN-α-2b (6.5 × 105 U/kg), IP treated with vitamin K2 (10 mg/kg), and IP treated with both compounds. RESULTS: The study results demonstrated that vitamin K2 blocked IFN-α-2b-induced reduction in size and volume of the altered hepatic foci and inhibited IFN-α-2b-induced apoptosis. Its inhibition of IFN-α-2b-induced apoptosis was mediated by increased levels of total hepatic Bcl-2 in rat preneoplastic livers. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that supportive vitamin supplements or therapies are not always safe because they could put the life of patients treated with IFN-α-2b at risk.

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Summary Objective: To consolidate information available on the effect of vitamin B12 on bone mineral density and fracture risk, with emphasis on clinical trials, observational and longitudinal data conducted in humans. Method: A systematic review of the literature of the past decade on the role of vitamin B12 in bone mineral density and fracture risk in subjects of all ages and both sexes was performed by means of a PubMed, Science Direct, Medline and SciELO database search. Articles included in this review were identified using the search terms: B12 Vitamin and Bone Mineral Density and Vitamin B12 and Risk of Fractures. Evidence quality of the included articles was evaluated by GRADE system. Results: A total of 25 original studies were identified. After reviewing the titles and abstracts of articles, only 17 articles met the inclusion criteria. The present review provides evidence that the role of vitamin B12 on bone mineral density or fracture risk should be further elucidated. Controversies are explained by heterogeneity of methodologies used for the diagnosis of vitamin B12 and also by differences among populations investigated on the studies. Conclusion: A real effect of vitamin B12 deficiency in bone health and the mechanisms associated with bone metabolism is not well established yet. It is extremely important to carry out more clarifying studies about this theme, especially with vulnerable groups such as postmenopausal and elderly women, as is well-known that they are greatly affected by deficiency of this vitamin.

Resumo Objetivo: Consolidar as informações disponíveis acerca dos efeitos da vitamina B12 sobre a densidade mineral óssea e o risco de fraturas, com destaque para ensaios clínicos, dados observacionais e longitudinais realizados com humanos. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura dos últimos dez anos sobre o papel da vitamina B12 na densidade mineral óssea e no risco de fraturas em populações de todas as idades e para ambos os sexos, com busca de artigos nos bancos de dados eletrônicos: PubMed, Science Direct, Medline e SciELO. Como estratégia de busca de dados incluíram-se os descritores: B12 Vitamin and Bone Mineral Density e B12 Vitamin and Risk of Fractures. A qualidade das evidências dos artigos incluídos foi avaliada pelo sistema GRADE. Resultados: Após a análise dos títulos e dos resumos dos artigos, a estratégia de busca resultou em 25 referências, das quais 17 artigos preencheram os critérios de elegibilidade. Esta revisão fornece evidências de que o papel da vitamina B12 sobre a densidade mineral óssea ou o risco de fraturas ainda precisa ser mais bem elucidado. As controvérsias encontram respaldo na heterogeneidade das metodologias utilizadas para o diagnóstico da vitamina B12 e também na variedade de populações presentes entre os estudos. Conclusão: Ainda não está bem estabelecido o real impacto da deficiência de vitamina B12 na saúde dos ossos e sobre os mecanismos associados ao metabolismo ósseo. É de suma importância a realização de mais estudos esclarecedores, principalmente em grupos vulneráveis como as mulheres pós-menopausa e os idosos, grupos estes bastante afetados pela deficiência dessa vitamina.

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BACKGROUND: Oxidative damage present in obese/overweight mothers may lead to further oxidative stress conditions or inflammation in maternal and cord blood samples. Thirty-four pregnant women/newborn pairs were included in this study to assess the presence of oxidative stress biomarkers and their relationship with serum cytokine concentrations. Oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes were compared between the mother/offspring pairs. The presence of 27 cytokines was measured in maternal and cord blood samples. Analyses were initially performed between all mothers and newborns and later between normal weight and mothers with overweight and obesity, and diabetic/non-diabetic women. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in biomarker concentrations between mothers and newborns. Additionally, superoxide-dismutase activity was higher in pre-pregnancy overweight mothers compared to those with normal weight. Activity for this enzyme was higher in neonates born from mothers with normal pregestational weight compared with their mothers. Nitrites in overweight/obese mothers were statistically lower than in their offspring. Maternal free fatty acids, nitrites, carbonylated proteins, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase predicted maternal serum concentrations of IL-4, IL-13, IP-10 and MIP-1ß. Arginase activity in maternal plasma was related to decreased concentrations of IL-4 and IL-1ß in cord arterial blood. Increased maternal malondialdehyde plasma was associated with higher levels of IL-6 and IL-7 in the offspring. CONCLUSIONS: Oxidative stress biomarkers differ between mothers and offspring and can predict maternal and newborn cytokine concentrations, indicating a potential role for oxidative stress in foetal metabolic and immunologic programming. Moreover, maternal obesity and diabetes may affect maternal microenvironments, and oxidative stress related to these can have an impact on the placenta and foetal growth.

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Dichlorvos (DDVP), an organophosphorus pesticide is a volatile compound which enters the human body through oral, dermal and inhalational routes and is excreted via the kidney. This study assessed the effects of DDVP on the histology of the kidney. Twenty five male rats (75.05 ± 5.55 g) were divided into 5 groups of 5 rats per group as follows: Unexposed group, exposure to DDVP alone for 5 weeks, and 3 other groups exposed to DDVP for 5 weeks in addition to supplement with Vitamin E, vitamin C, and red palm oil (RPO). Rats were exposed to DDVP in poorly ventilated cardboard cages for 4 hours daily. On completion of exposure, rats were euthanized and tissue processed by routine paraffin wax method and stained with H&E. Morphological alterations monitored by histological and morphometric studies using the graticule and software packages. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and p<0.05 considered as significant. DDVP caused significant reduction (10%) in the maximum glomerular diameter and 18% reduction in the maximum width of the renal corpuscle when compared with unexposed rats. However, VTE, VTC, and RPO significantly elevated the maximum glomerular diameter by 21%, 22%, 23% the respectively. Similarly, VTE, VTC, and RPO significantly elevated the maximum width of the renal corpuscle by 17%, 19%, 20% respectfully. Glomerular tuft cellularity was neither affected by DDVP treatment nor by vitamin augmentation. Inhaled DDVP caused histological alterations in the microscopic anatomy of renal corpuscles of rat which was mitigated by vitamin supplementation. Data suggest involvement of prolonged DDVP use in the aetiology of renal failure.

El diclorvos (DDVP), un pesticidas organofosforado, es un compuesto volátil que entra en el cuerpo humano a través de la vía oral, dérmica y por rutas inhalación, excretándose por vía renal. Este estudio evaluó los efectos histológicos del DDVP sobre el riñón. Veinticinco ratas machos (75,05±5,55 g) se dividieron en 5 grupos de 5 ratas cada uno: grupo no expuesto, expuesto a DDVP durante 5 semanas, y otros 3 grupos expuestos a DDVP durante 5 semanas, suplementados con vitamina E (VTE), vitamina C (VTC) y aceite de palma roja (APR). Las ratas fueron expuestas a DDVP en jaulas de cartón con poca ventilación por 4 horas diarias. Al término de la exposición, las ratas se sacrificaron y el tejido fue procesado para inclusión en parafina y tinción con H&E. Las alteraciones morfológicas se evaluaron mediante estudios histológicos y morfométricos utilizando retículas y software. Los datos se analizaron con la prueba ANOVA considerado un p<0,05 como significativo. El DDVP causó una reducción significativa (10%) en el diámetro máximo glomerular y ancho máximo del copúsculo renal (18%), en comparación con las ratas no expuestas. Sin embargo, el diámetro máximo glomerular fue significativamente elevado con VTE, VTC y APR en 21%, 22% y 23%, respectivamente, así como para el ancho máximo del corpúsculo renal por 17%, 19% y 20%, respectivamente. La celularidad de la red glomerular no fue afectada por el DDVP ni aumentó con el tratamiento de vitamina. El DDVP inhalado provocó alteraciones histológicas en la anatomía microscópica de los corpúsculos renales de rata, las que fueron mitigadas por la suplementación de vitamina. Los datos sugieren relación entre la exposición prolongada a DDVP y la etiología de la insuficiencia renal.

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