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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the nutritional status and plasma levels of vitamins and minerals in a cohort of Chilean children between 4 and 14 years old from three cities in Chile (Santiago, Antofagasta, and Concepcion). DESIGN: This is a descriptive analysis of micronutrient levels in Chilean children as it relates to obesity and food consumption. SETTING: This study included 1235 children from schools in Santiago (central area), Antofagasta (northern area), and Concepcion (southern area) in Chile. RESULTS: Plasma levels of micronutrients revealed deficiencies in children from all these cities. Copper (26.4%) and calcium (33.0%) deficiencies were found in the children from Antofagasta, whereas iron (26.7%) and zinc (20.8%) deficiencies were found in the children from Concepcion and Santiago, respectively. The percentage of children with vitamin D deficiencies was exceptionally high in all cities (over 78%). The analysis of micronutrients and nutritional status revealed that vitamin D deficiencies were significantly higher (p = 0.02) in overweight children, particularly in Antofagasta. In the analysis of the nutritional status of children and their food consumption habits, the proportion of overweight and obesity was significantly higher (p = 0.001) in children that skipped breakfast compared to children that did not. Finally, children from low socioeconomic levels were significantly more overweight and obese compared to children from high socioeconomic levels (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: this is the first study to describe plasma levels of micronutrients in Chilean children and adolescents. High percentages of obesity, overweight, and vitamin D deficiency were detected in children. These results are of significant relevance to future public health policies in Chile.
Assuntos
Obesidade Infantil , Oligoelementos , Deficiência de Vitamina D , Adolescente , Humanos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Micronutrientes , Chile/epidemiologia , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia , Sobrepeso , Estado Nutricional , Deficiência de Vitamina D/epidemiologia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: During pregnancy, vitamin D requirements are higher due to fetal growth and development. Vitamin D production occurs mainly through sunlight exposure, which is affected by geographic location and lifestyle factors. METHODS: This was a case-control study nested within two cohorts of adult pregnant women (n = 298): urban (Mexico City) and rural (Cuetzalan). To reduce confounding, pairs were selected by age, pregestational body mass index, and pregnancy trimester. Generalized linear models were used to assess the two groups according to their vitamin D status. RESULTS: A total of 298 adult women were studied: 149 from a rural area and 149 from an urban area. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were observed in 28% and 38.2% of women, respectively. A trend for higher 25(OH)D concentrations was observed in women from the rural area (27.5 ng/mL vs. 25.8 ng/mL), probably related to the type of job, where women with partial jobs showing less probability of having vitamin D deficiency (OR = 0.26; CI = 0.06-1.16; p = 0.08) and vitamin D insufficiency (OR = 0.24; CI = 0.06-0.99; p = 0.05). Women whose Last Menstrual Period occurred in spring showed lower vitamin D concentration compared to those whose LMP occurred in winter (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was observed in both rural and urban areas. Women living in rural areas tended to have higher 25(OH)D concentrations, probably related to more sunlight exposure associated with their type of job.
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Deficiência de Vitamina D , Vitamina D , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Gestantes , Prevalência , Estações do Ano , Deficiência de Vitamina D/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with health problems globally, but there is limited information on vitamin D status and associated risk factors among adults in underserved populations. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify risk factors for vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency among Puerto Rican adults from the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (BPRHS). METHODS: A total of 822 adults (45-75 y, at baseline) were included in these analyses. Deficiency was defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] <30 and insufficiency as 30 to <50 nmol/L. Dietary intake was assessed with a validated FFQ. Associations between risk factors, including dietary vitamin D, supplement use, ancestry, skin pigmentation, months in the past year spent in a southern climate, and serum 25(OH)D were assessed with multivariable general linear models. RESULTS: Approximately 13% of participants were deficient in 25(OH)D and another 43% insufficient. Skin pigment was associated with 25(OH)D using 3 measures, greater African ancestry (ß ± SE) (-7.74 ± 2.91, P = 0.01); interviewer assessed dark or medium, compared with white, skin tone, (-5.09 ± 2.19, P = 0.02 and -5.89 ± 1.58, P < 0.001, respectively); and melanin index of the upper inner right arm, assessed using a spectrophotometer (-2.04 ± 0.84, P = 0.02). After adjusting for ancestry, factors associated with lower serum 25(OH)D included smoking (-4.49 ± 1.58, P = 0.01); BMI (-0.21 ± 0.10, P = 0.04); and spring compared with autumn blood draw (-4.66 ± 1.68, P = 0.004). Factors associated with higher serum 25(OH)D included female sex compared with male (4.03 ± 1.58, P = 0.01); dietary vitamin D intake µg/d (0.71 ± 0.25, P < 0.004); vitamin D supplement use (4.50 ± 1.87, P = 0.02); income to poverty ratio (0.01 ± 0.01, P = 0.06), and months in a southern climate during the past year (0.96 ± 0.56, P = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency was prevalent in this Puerto Rican population living in the northeastern USA. Several factors were associated with this, which may assist in identifying those at risk. Interventions are needed to improve serum 25(OH)D concentration, particularly among those with limited exposure to sunlight.
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Deficiência de Vitamina D/epidemiologia , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Idoso , Boston/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Suplementos Nutricionais , Feminino , Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estado Nutricional , Porto Rico/etnologia , Fatores de Risco , Pigmentação da Pele , Vitamina D/administração & dosagem , Vitamina D/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina D/sangueRESUMO
Controversy remains surrounding vitamin D routine supplementation in healthy pregnancy, and the doses are unclear. The aim of this study was to describe maternal vitamin D status throughout pregnancy in a group of Mexican women and evaluate the effect of frequently prescribed doses of vitamin D3 on longitudinal 25-OH-D concentrations, adjusting for obesity, season, and other factors. We conducted a cohort study (Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-INPer) (2017-2020)) of healthy pregnant women without complications. Pregestational overweight/obesity (body mass index ≥ 25), vitamin D3 supplementation (prescribed by physician; 0-250, 250-400, and >400 IU/day), and serum 25-OH-D concentrations (ELISA) were evaluated in each trimester of pregnancy. Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency was computed (<20 and <30 ng/mL, respectively). We studied 141 adult women; 58.5% had pregestational obesity or overweight. In the first trimester, 45.8% of the women were supplemented with vitamin D3; 51.4% had vitamin D insufficiency and 37.3%, deficiency. In the third trimester, 75.4% of the women were supplemented, and 20% of them still had deficiency. The final general mixed linear model showed that 25-OH-D significantly increased throughout pregnancy (p < 0.001); the highest increase was observed in the third trimester in women with doses >400 IU/day of vitamin D3 (+4 ng/mL, 95% CI: 1.72-8.11 ng/mL). In winter/autumn, 25-OH-D concentrations were also lower (p ≤ 0.05). In this group of pregnant Mexican women, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was high. A higher increase in 25-OH-D concentrations during pregnancy was observed when the women were supplemented with >400 IU/day. Common supplementation doses of 250-400 IU/day were insufficient for achieving an adequate maternal vitamin D status.
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Colecalciferol/administração & dosagem , Suplementos Nutricionais , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna/fisiologia , Necessidades Nutricionais , Obesidade Materna/metabolismo , Complicações na Gravidez/dietoterapia , Complicações na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , Gestantes , Deficiência de Vitamina D/dietoterapia , Deficiência de Vitamina D/prevenção & controle , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Vitamina D/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina D/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) may be high in countries with abundant sun exposure year-round, but nationally representative data are lacking. OBJECTIVE: We examined the prevalence and distribution of VDD by individual and environmental characteristics in a nationally representative sample of Colombian children, pregnant women, and adult nonpregnant women. METHODS: Using the 2015 Colombian National Nutrition Survey, we defined VDD and low vitamin D (LVD) as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] <30 nmol/L and <50 nmol/L, respectively, in 31,841 children aged 1 to <18 y, 1262 pregnant women, and 7170 nonpregnant women aged 18-49 y. Within each group, we compared VDD and LVD prevalence by levels of sociodemographic, anthropometric, and geographic factors using adjusted prevalence ratios with 95% CIs from multivariable Poisson regression. RESULTS: The mean ± SE 25(OH)D was 65.1 ± 0.4 nmol/L. The prevalence ± SE of VDD and LVD was 3.1% ± 0.3% and 23.9% ± 0.8%, respectively. Pregnant women had the highest VDD prevalence at 6.7% ± 1.5%, whereas toddlers had the highest prevalence of LVD at 42.5% ± 1.8%. Altitude was one of the strongest correlates of VDD and LVD, with every 100 m above sea level related to a 4% increase in LVD prevalence (P <0.0001). Among children, VDD was positively associated with BMI-for-age Z >1 and maternal education. Among pregnant women, VDD was positively related to education. Among adult nonpregnant women, VDD was associated with BMI and household wealth. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of VDD and LVD in Colombian women and children is nonnegligible; some age groups are disproportionately affected. Altitude was a strong predictor of vitamin D status in this tropical setting. VDD was positively related to indicators of higher socioeconomic status.
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Deficiência de Vitamina D/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Altitude , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the vitamin D status of children living in Amasya, a city in northern Turkey. Vitamin D is an essential hormone for the health of the musculoskeletal system and acts as a modulator for the immune system, a protector of the cardiovascular system and a regulator of metabolic homeostasis. METHODS: A total of 2551 healthy individuals aged 1 to17 years enrolled in this study. They were divided into 4 groups, according to their ages. Vitamin D status was classified based on the 2015 global consensus statement from the Endocrine Society. The data were collected from the hospital record system, retrospectively, and categorized according to age, gender, and the season in which the blood sample was taken for the measurement of 25 (OH) D levels. RESULTS: Only 39% of the subjects were found to have sufficient vitamin D levels (>50 nmol/l [i.e., >20 ng/ml]), while the rest had poor vitamin D status. The insufficiency and deficiency problems were greater in females especially in winter and increasing with age. CONCLUSION: The high frequency of poor vitamin D status in otherwise healthy children indicates a necessity for supplementation and for implementing lifelong strategies that increase and maintain adequate levels of sun exposure.
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Estações do Ano , Deficiência de Vitamina D/epidemiologia , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores Sexuais , Turquia/epidemiologia , Vitamina D/sangueRESUMO
Besides the classic vitamin D function on bone homeostasis, there are bodies of evidence showing that adequate status of vitamin D can modulate inflammation. We hypothesized that higher plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) would correlate with lower plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines, acute-phase proteins, and soluble adhesion molecules and higher plasma levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines. We included all adults (age, 20-59 years) of the population-based, cross-sectional study, Health Survey-São Paulo, conducted in São Paulo (Brazil) in the study (n = 281). Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure measurements, and a fasting blood sample were collected by trained fieldworkers. Serum 25(OH)D concentration, plasma inflammatory biomarker levels (C-reactive protein, interleukin [IL]-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor [TNF] α, IL-12p70, adiponectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1), and plasma blood lipid parameters were evaluated. The prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy (<50 nmol/L) was 65.5%. Inadequate participants were younger, with lower body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressures, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels as well as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, compared with individuals adequate for vitamin D status. After adjustment, plasma concentration of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 was statistically higher among adequate participants. Stratifying for BMI categories, a negative association was observed between plasma IL-6 and TNF-α levels and serum 25(OH)D concentration in normal-weight participants, whereas a negative association was detected between plasma adiponectin level and serum 25(OH)D concentration in overweight participants. The present findings suggest that BMI interacts with serum 25(OH)D levels, modulating inflammatory response and affecting plasma IL-6, TNF-α, and adiponectin levels. These data indicate that BMI plays a determinant role in the vitamin D-inflammation axis.
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Adiponectina/sangue , Calcifediol/sangue , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/sangue , Interleucina-6/sangue , Sobrepeso/complicações , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina D/sangue , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Biomarcadores/sangue , Índice de Massa Corporal , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/química , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Prevalência , Estações do Ano , Solubilidade , Deficiência de Vitamina D/complicações , Deficiência de Vitamina D/epidemiologia , Deficiência de Vitamina D/imunologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency is a public health problem around the world. Diabetes has been associated with vitamin D deficiency. We aimed to examine the association between the vitamin D status and diabetes in a clinic based sample of Hispanic adults in Puerto Rico. METHODS: Demographics and laboratory test results for serum 25(OH)D, Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), and Haemoglobin A1C (HbAlc) were extracted from medical records. Vitamin D status was classified as deficient (<12 ng/ml); inadequate (12-20 ng/ml); insufficient (21-29 ng/ml) and optimal (≥30 ng/ml) using serum 25(OH)D levels. RESULTS: A total of 716 records were included in the analyses. Most were females (63.3%), with mean age of 54.1±14.9 y, mean BMI 30.1±6.3 kg/m2 and mean serum 25(OH)D levels of 24.3±8.6 ng/ml. Most were classified as diabetics (41.1%). Those with diabetes had lower 25(OH)D levels compared to pre-diabetic and normal glucose status (p<0.05). Serum 25(OH) D levels were inversely correlated to FBG and HbA1c in the total sample and in men (p<0.05). After adjusting for age, gender, BMI and seasonality, there was a greater risk of diabetes, but not prediabetes, in those with serum 25(OH)D levels <30 ng/ml. This risk increased from 1.8 times in those with vitamin D insufficiency to 4.2 times in those with vitamin D deficiency (<12 ng/ml). CONCLUSION: Diabetes risk significantly increased as serum 25(OH)D levels decreased in this group of Hispanic adults, underscoring the importance of routinely screening high risk individuals for vitamin D deficiency and offer supplementation to normalize serum levels.
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La obesidad se relaciona con valores más bajos de 25-hidroxivitamina D [25 (OH)] en suero, pero no está claro si esta relación difiere según la raza u origen étnico. Este estudio examina la relación entre la 25 (OH)D en suero y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) según la raza y el origen étnico en 3 461 mujeres (1 291 de raza blanca, 1 189 de raza negra y 981 mujeres estadounidenses de origen mexicano) de 20 a 49 años de edad provenientes de la encuesta National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988-94). Se midieron los valores de 25 (OH)D en suero con un equipo de radioinmuno ensayo, mientras que el IMC se calculó a partir de la altura y el peso medidos. El IMC se relacionó negativamente con la 25(OH)D en suero en los tres grupos, pero la relación fue notablemente más fuerte en las mujeres de raza blanca que en las afroamericanas o en las de origen mexicano. El ajuste para las variables de confusión redujo estas diferencias en la fuerza de la relación pero no las eliminó. En conclusión, la relación entre 25 (OH)D en suero e IMC en mujeres adultas jóvenes varía según raza y origen étnico, y es más fuerte en las de raza blanca que en las de raza negra o estadounidenses de origen mexicano. Es necesario investigar mejor la base de esta variación.
Obesity has been linked to lower serum 25 hydroxyvitaminD [25(OH)D] values, but whether this relationship differsby race/ethnicity is not clear. This study examines therelationship between serum 25(OH)D and body massindex (BMI) by race and ethnicity in 3 461 women (1 291non-Hispanic whites, 1 189 non-Hispanic blacks, 981Mexican Americans) ages 20-49 years from the thirdNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES III, 1988-94). Serum 25(OH)D values weremeasured with an RIA kit (DiaSorin, Stillwater OK), whileBMI was calculated from measured height and weight.BMI was negatively related to serum 25(OH)D in all threegroups, but the relationship was noticeably stronger inwhites than in blacks or Mexican Americans. Adjustingfor confounders reduced, but did not remove, thesedifferences in relationship strength. In conclusion, theserum 25(OH)D-BMI relationship in young adult womenvaries by race and ethnicity, being stronger in whites thanin blacks or Mexican Americans. The basis for this variationrequires further investigation.