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For judo athletes with visual impairments and their coaches, understanding possible muscle adaptations can be challenging. As it is commonplace for these adaptations to include interlimb asymmetry, we analyzed the magnitude and direction of interlimb asymmetry in judo athletes with visual impairments and verified the association of this asymmetry with their unilateral physical performances. Participants were 18 elite judo athletes (10 male, 8 female) with visual impairments. These athletes performed three physical tests: countermovement jump (CMJ), medicine ball throw (MBT), and handgrip strength (HGS), while we conducted unilateral right and left side assessments using the interlimb asymmetry equation for each physical test. Our main results showed that the CMJ and MBT tests presented asymmetry values above 10%; with CMJ significantly higher than HGS (p = 0.050), and with inconsistencies across the three tests in the direction of interlimb asymmetry (k = -0.22-0.26). Unilateral CMJ (left limb) was negatively correlated with asymmetry (r = -0.51; p = 0.031), and unilateral MBT (right limb) was positively correlated with asymmetry (r = 0.52; p = 0.024). Based on these results, coaches should prioritize regular assessments of interlimb asymmetry using these specific tests. This data can guide the construction of training programs aimed at minimizing asymmetry and enhancing overall physical performance. Continuous monitoring and adjustment of training strategies based on asymmetry findings are crucial for optimizing muscle balance in judo athletes with visual impairments.

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The inconsistency in terminology for Cortical Visual Impairment or Cerebral Visual Impairment presents challenges: (1) different levels of changes in visual pathway and other cerebral areas do not allow discrimination; (2) different visual and oculomotor aspects are not adequately considered. We open a debate to consider a more appropriate diagnosis.

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AIMS: To investigate the changes in quality-of-life (QoL) metrics at a 24-month interval in non-acute VKHD patients and their association with inflammation, treatment, and visual function. METHODS: SF-36 and VFQ-25 questionnaires were administered at two 24-month-apart moments to 22 non-acute VKHD patients followed for ≥12 months since acute disease onset. "Improvement," "unchanged," or "worsening" in questionnaires scores (difference >5-point) between M1 and M2 and their associations were sought. RESULTS: Absence of systemic treatment or optic disc hyperfluorescence was associated with improved general health (SF-36). Improvement in binocular contrast sensitivity resulted in better ocular pain score; absence of anterior uveitis relapse, stable fundus findings, no use of cyclosporine or no intravitreal injections resulted in unchanged/better dependency score; no intravitreal injections resulted in unchanged/better mental health score (VFQ-25). CONCLUSION: Stability/improvement in QoL scores was associated with controlled inflammation, better visual function, and no need for treatment. Subclinical inflammatory signs did not impact QoL scores.

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Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados clínico-quirúrgicos de la cirugía de catarata del primer ojo y su efecto en la calidad de vida de pacientes longevos. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación longitudinal prospectiva, del tipo series de casos en pacientes de 80 y más años de edad (longevos) sometidos a cirugía de catarata en un primer ojo con implante de lente intraocular. Se compararon los resultados visuales y la calidad de vida autopercibida, antes y después de la cirugía. Se identificaron las causas oculares en los casos con impedimento visual posoperatorio. Resultados: Se estudiaron 88 pacientes con una edad promedio de 87,97 años. Predominaron los pacientes femeninos (63,63 por ciento), de color de piel blanca (75 por ciento), con hipertensión arterial (61,36 por ciento) y diabetes mellitus (23,86 por ciento). El 18,18 por ciento tenía antecedentes oculares de glaucoma. Se utilizó la facoemulsificación en el 52,27 por ciento como técnica quirúrgica. El síndrome de iris fláccido intraoperatorio y la hipertensión ocular fueron las complicaciones intraoperatorias más frecuentes. El edema corneal predominó como complicación posquirúrgica (10,2 por ciento). La función visual (agudeza visual sin corrección y agudeza visual mejor corregida), así como la calidad de vida autopercibida mejoraron significativamente en el posoperatorio (p < 0,001). La degeneración macular asociada a la edad y la membrana epiretiniana fueron las principales causas, en ese orden, de impedimento visual posoperatorio. Conclusiones: La cirugía de catarata del primer ojo mejora la función visual y la calidad de vida autopercibida de pacientes longevos. La degeneración macular asociada a la edad es la principal causa del impedimento visual posoperatorio de estos pacientes(AU)

Objective: To evaluate the clinical-surgical outcomes of cataract surgery of the first eye and its effect on quality of life in long-lived patients. Methods: A prospective, longitudinal, case series type investigation was performed in patients 80 years of age and older (long-lived) who underwent first eye cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation. Visual outcomes and self-perceived quality of life before and after surgery were compared. Ocular causes were identified in cases with postoperative visual impairment. Results: We studied 88 patients with an average age of 87.97 years. Female patients predominated (63.63 percent), with white skin color (75 percent), with arterial hypertension (61.36 percent) and diabetes mellitus (23.86 percent). 18,18 percent had an ocular history of glaucoma. Phacoemulsification was used as a surgical technique in 52.27 percent. Intraoperative flaccid iris syndrome and ocular hypertension were the most frequent intraoperative complications. Corneal edema predominated as a postoperative complication (10.2 percent). Visual function (uncorrected visual acuity and best corrected visual acuity) as well as self-perceived quality of life improved significantly postoperatively (p < 0.001). Age-related macular degeneration and epiretinal membrane were the main causes, in that order, of postoperative visual impairment. Conclusions: First eye cataract surgery improves visual function and self-perceived quality of life in long-lived patients. Age-related macular degeneration is the main cause of postoperative visual impairment in these patients(AU)

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The nervous system regulates the visual system through neurotransmitters that play an important role in visual and ocular functions. One of those neurotransmitters is acetylcholine, a key molecule that plays a variety of biological functions. Moreover, acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, is implicated in cholinergic function. However, several studies have demonstrated that in addition to their enzymatic functions, acetylcholinesterase exerts non-catalytic functions. In recent years, the importance of evaluating all possible functions of acetylcholine-acetylcholinesterase has been shown. Nevertheless, there is evidence suggesting that cholinesterase activity in the eye can regulate some biological events both in structures of the anterior and posterior segment of the eye and, therefore, in the visual information that is processed in the visual cortex. Hence, the evaluation of cholinesterase activity could be a possible marker of alterations in cholinergic activity in both ocular and systemic diseases.

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ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the quality of life of children with strabismus and understand their consequences in the functional and psychosocial aspects of the childhood. Methods: A semi-structured interview adapted of Adult Strabismus-20 questionnaire was conducted with parents or the legal responsible person of children aged between 3 and 13 years old attended at the public health care. A likert-scale of five points was used to measure the impact of strabismus in childhood, from psychosocial and functional aspects. Results: 97 children were included in the study. 61,4% of the children had esotropia (ET), while 35.9% had exotropia (XT). In each group, the magnitude of deviation was classified in smaller (<) or equal/greater (≥) then 30 prismatic diopters. When analyzing the functional and the psychosocial scores of the groups separated by the type of strabismus and magnitude of deviation, the average score of the group with esotropia and the patients with larger deviations were worse. The correlation value between the psychosocial and functional scores was 200.656 (p <0.01). Conclusion: Strabismus in childhood is associated with many negative effects. These consequences should be considered when deciding for surgical treatment on early ages. The strabismus treatment may change positively how these children perceive themselves, resulting in benefits on quality of life from both the functional and psychosocial perspectives.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade de vida de crianças com estrabismo e entender suas consequências em aspectos funcionais e psicossociais da infância. Métodos: Uma entrevista semiestruturada adaptada do questionário Adult Strabismus-20 foi realizada com os pais ou responsáveis legais das crianças entre 3 e 13 anos atendidas na rede pública de saúde. Uma escala do tipo Likert de cinco pontos foi usada para mensurar o impacto do estrabismo na infância, do ponto de vista funcional e psicossocial. Resultados: Foram incluídas no estudo 97 crianças, sendo 61,4% com esotropia e 35,9% com exotropia. Em cada grupo, a magnitude do desvio foi classificada em menor ou maior que 30 dioptrias prismáticas. Quando analisados os escores funcionais e psicossociais de cada grupo separados por tipo e magnitude do desvio, a média do escore do grupo com esotropia e dos pacientes com maior desvio foi pior. O valor de correlação entre os escores funcionais e psicossociais foi de 0,656 (p<0,01). Conclusão: Estrabismo na infância está associado a muitos efeitos negativos. As consequências devem ser levadas em consideração quando da decisão por tratamento cirúrgico em idades precoces. O tratamento do estrabismo pode alterar de forma positiva a percepção que a criança tem de si mesma, resultando em benefícios na qualidade de vida, tanto em aspectos funcionais quanto psicossociais.

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Among children born with laboratory-confirmed Zika virus (ZIKV) infection, visual impairment (VI) can occur despite normal ocular structure. The objective of this report is to describe ocular findings and visual function among children examined during the Department of Health Zika Health Brigade (ZHB) in the United States Virgin Islands in March 2018. This analysis is based on a retrospective chart review of children eligible to participate in the ZHB (i.e., part of the US Zika Pregnancy and Infant Registry) and who were examined by ophthalmologists. Eighty-eight children attended the ZHB. This report includes 81 children [48 (59.3%) males] whose charts were located [average gestational age = 37.6 weeks (range: 27.6-41.3) and average adjusted age at examination = 9.1 months (range: 0.9-21.9)]. Of those examined, 5/81 (6.2%) had microcephaly at birth, 2/81 (2.5%) had a structural eye abnormality, and 19/72 (26.4%) had VI. Among children with normal ocular structure and neurologic examination, 13/51 (25.5%) had VI. Despite a low incidence of abnormal ocular structure and microcephaly, about a quarter of children examined had VI. Our findings emphasize that ophthalmological examinations should be performed in all children with suspicion for antenatal ZIKV infection, even children with normal ocular structure and neurologic examination.

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Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar as funções visuais dos idosos e a relação com a visão funcional e quedas. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de caráter transversal, realizado no município de Anápolis-GO com 46 idosos de idade ≥ a 60 anos, que cumpriram com todos os requisitos de inclusão. Estes foram avaliados quanto a visão funcional, funções visuais, funcionalidade global e autorrelato de quedas. Foi realizada análise estatística para verificar a correlação entre caidores e não caidores com as funções visuais e a visão funcional. Resultados: Houve uma correlação estatisticamente significativa entre o autorrelato de quedas e a estereopsia em idosos (p=0,05). Do mesmo modo, foi encontrado uma relação entre a visão funcional e a acuidade visual (p=0,023). O medo de novas quedas afetou a grande maioria dos idosos. Todavia, não houve correlação entre o autorrelato da visão e as quedas. Conclusão: Os resultados encontrados evidenciam que há correlação entre a estereopsia e a incidência de quedas, sugerindo que a visão de profundidade pode estar diretamente relacionada ao risco de quedas. Houve também, correlação entre a visão funcional e a acuidade visual, sugerindo que a capacidade do olho em distinguir detalhes, contornos e formas pode influenciar na qualidade das atividades que envolvem a visão.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the visual functions of the elderly and the relationship with functional vision and falls. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the municipality of Anápolis-GO with 46 elderly aged ≥ 60 years, who met all inclusion requirements. These were evaluated for functional vision, visual functions, overall functionality and self-reported falls. Statistical analysis was performed to verify the correlation between fallers and nonfallers with visual functions and functional vision. Results: There was a statistically significant correlation between self-reported falls and stereopsis in the elderly (p=0.05). Similarly, a relationship was found between functional vision and visual acuity (p=0.023). Fear of further falls affected the vast majority of the elderly. However, there was no correlation between self-reported vision and falls. Conclusion: The results show that there is a correlation between stereopsis and the incidence of falls, suggesting that deep vision may be directly related to the risk of falls. There was also a correlation between functional vision and visual acuity, suggesting that the ability of the eye to distinguish details, contours and shapes may influence the quality of activities involving vision.

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Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 250 pacientes operados de catarata senil en el Centro Oftalmológico de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2015 hasta febrero de 2017, para determinar la existencia de modificaciones en la función visual y calidad de vida de los afectados. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, agudeza visual mejor corregida, visión de colores, sensibilidad al contraste, evaluación funcional y calidad de vida antes y después de la cirugía. Se utilizaron las frecuencias absoluta y relativa como medidas de resumen, así como las pruebas de Ji al cuadrado de independencia y homogeneidad, para identificar la asociación estadísticamente significativa. Predominaron el sexo masculino y las edades de 70 a 79 años. La función visual mejoró significativamente después de la cirugía, lo que proporcionó una mejor calidad de vida al elevar la capacidad funcional, independencia y autonomía de estos ancianos.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 250 operated patients due to senile cataract was carried out in the Ophthalmological Center in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 2015 to February, 2017 to determine the existence of modifications in the visual function and life quality of those affected patients. The following variables were analyzed: age, sex, best corrected visual acuity, colors vision, sensibility to contrast, functional evaluation and life quality before and after surgery. Absolute and relative frequencies were used as summary measures, as well as Chi-squared test of independence and homogeneity, to identify the statistically significant association. The male sex and the ages from 70 to 79 years prevailed. The visual function improved significantly after the surgery, what provided a better life quality, elevating the functional capacity, independence and autonomy of these aged patients.

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BACKGROUND: This article shows an integrative review on the impact that abnormal color vision may have on the daily routine of individuals. PURPOSE: We followed the PRISMA guidelines for reviews and carried out researches in four databases (Pubmed, Lilacs, Scopus, and Web of Science) using keywords related to the impact of abnormal color vision. METHOD: Initially, 805 articles were retrieved and after a first filtering stage, we selected 74 articles for a detailed analysis of the abstracts in which it was found that a total of 20 studies were in fact related to the topic of this review. We then read the selected studies in full and those included in the final selection were analyzed and categorized into specific topic groups of findings. Seven categories were created in total: "impact on daily routine activities", "occupational impact", "impact on product choice motivation", "emotional impact", "impact on school or professional qualification", "impact on self-care and health", and "advantages". RESULTS: From the definition of these categories we could understand that people with some degree of color vision loss face challenges in different aspects of their daily life, especially in their work activities. Still, the amount of research and hence technical support which could be offered to this population is restricted. Additionally, the scarce availability of publications on the topic and the fact that they include very specific groups of people, such as drivers and medical students, allow us to draw only partial conclusions about the all possible impacts yield by such perceptual difference since they observe the impact of the color-vision deficiency in their daily routine from a specific and precise point of view. CONCLUSIONS: A broader view of the impact of this problem on the daily life of its carriers is fundamental for implementing strategies that allow such people to be included in all sorts of activities or for the impact of this sensory change to be decreased or treated in a way that would reduce the detrimental impacts.

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PURPOSE: To compare the retinal sensitivity and evaluate its contribution to the foveal sensitivity in patients with and without diabetes who maintain normal visual acuity. METHODS: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and prospective study in 20 subjects without diabetes (group 1) and 23 with type 2 diabetes mellitus (group 2) that had no ocular abnormalities. Retinal sensitivity was measured with the macular threshold test by the Humphrey's computerized perimeter. The mean sensitivity in each of the 16 points and the foveal sensitivity were compared between groups using the Mann-Whitney's U test; the correlation between retinal sensitivity and foveal sensitivity was analyzed by the Spearman's test and the contribution of each point to the foveal sensitivity was identified by multiple regression. RESULTS: Sixty eyes were evaluated, 30 in group 1 and 30 in group 2; the mean foveal sensitivity was 34.77±0.5dB in group 1 and 32.87±0.6 in group 2. The highest sensitivity of the temporal visual field had an inferior paracentral location (point 3) in both groups. In the linear regression analysis, points which contributed to the foveal sensitivity were 1 in group 1 and points 7 and 15 in group 2. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects without diabetes have a significantly higher sensitivity in the temporal retina compared with those with diabetes; points with highest mean retinal sensitivity do not correspond to the central four. The reduced sensitivity in point 1 decreases the mean foveal sensitivity in subjects with diabetes, because this variable correlates with lower perimetry points.

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Objetivo: describir los resultados de la calidad visual para la mejoría de la discriminación cromática, así como la estereopsia y la sensibilidad al contraste, posterior a la cirugía facorrefractiva en pacientes hipermétropes mayores de 40 años, y si la mejoría visual es sustancial en los parámetros de función visual según estudios psicofísicos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo a 70 pacientes operados en el período de enero a diciembre del año 2016, hipermétropes présbitas con buena visión corregida, atendidos en el Servicio de Microcirugía del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología "Ramón Pando Ferrer", quienes mostraron mejoría subjetiva en su calidad de vida al disminuir la dependencia de los espejuelos. Se realizó un estudio de sensibilidad al contraste con la cartilla de Pelli-Robson; discriminación cromática con la prueba de Farnsworth Munsell 100-Hue y estereopsia a través de la prueba de The Netherlands Organization. Resultados: hubo una mejoría significativa en todos los exámenes realizados. La sensibilidad al contraste pasó de una media en el prequirúrgico de 1,44 cd/m2 a 1,56 cd/m2 en el posquirúrgico. La prueba FMH-100 mejoró cuantitativa y cualitativamente (de 142,06 errores en el pre, bajó a 52,91 en la poscirugía); predominaron discriminadores promedios con 50 pacientes y 13 altos discriminadores; mejoró la estereopsia con y sin cristales después de la cirugía, lo que pudo cuantificarse. Conclusiones: hay una mejoría objetiva de la calidad visual después de la lensectomía refractiva en el paciente hipermétrope, demostrada en los resultados de la discriminación cromática, la estereopsia y la sensibilidad al contraste(AU)

Objective: describe visual quality results related to improved chromatic discrimination, stereopsis and contrast sensitivity after phaco-refractive surgery in hyperopic patients aged over 40 years, and determine whether substantial visual improvement is achieved in visual function parameters according to psychophysical studies. Methods: a prospective longitudinal descriptive study was conducted of 70 presbyopic hyperopic patients with good corrected vision undergoing surgery from January to December 2016 at the Microsurgery Service of "Ramón Pando Ferrer" Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology, who experienced subjective quality of life improvement on reducing their dependence on eyeglasses. Contrast sensitivity was evaluated with the Pelli-Robson chart, chromatic discrimination with the Farnsworth Munsell 100-Hue test and stereopsis with The Netherlands Organization test. Results: significant improvement was observed in all the tests performed. Contrast sensitivity rose from a preoperative mean of 1.44 cd/m2 to 1.56 cd/m2 in the postoperative period. Results of the FMH-100 test improved both quantitatively and qualitatively (from 142.06 errors in the preoperative period to 52.91 in the postoperative period); average discriminators prevailed with 50 patients and 13 high discriminators; stereopsis improved after surgery with and without glasses, which could be quantified. Conclusions: objective quality of life improvement is observed in hyperopic patients after refractive lensectomy, as is evidenced by chromatic discrimination, stereopsis and contrast sensitivity results(AU)

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La salud es un elemento decisivo de la calidad de vida. El concepto de calidad de vida es cada vez más utilizado como medida del bienestar y depende de elementos objetivos y de la valoración subjetiva que el paciente hace de diferentes aspectos de su vida. Las pruebas de calidad de vida son adaptables al campo de la Oftalmología y aplicables a cualquier paciente, además de las pruebas de función visual. El NEI VFQ-25 mide las dimensiones del estado de salud orientado a la visión. El uso de estos estudios permite conocer la respuesta clínica y el grado de satisfacción del paciente, lo que conlleva una mejor calidad de vida. Con la presente investigación se pretende mostrar una de las pruebas más utilizadas para describir los resultados de la calidad visual(AU)

The health is a decisive element of the life quality. The quality of life concept is more and more utilized, it depends on objective elements, and subjective opinion of the patient makes of different aspects of its life. The quality of life test is adaptive to the ophthalmology patient, beside the tests of visual function. The NEI VFQ-25, measures the dimensions from the health to the vision. The use of these studies allows knowing the clinical response and the patient satisfaction, what means a better life quality(AU)

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La salud es un elemento decisivo de la calidad de vida. El concepto de calidad de vida es cada vez más utilizado como medida del bienestar y depende de elementos objetivos y de la valoración subjetiva que el paciente hace de diferentes aspectos de su vida. Las pruebas de calidad de vida son adaptables al campo de la Oftalmología y aplicables a cualquier paciente, además de las pruebas de función visual. El NEI VFQ-25 mide las dimensiones del estado de salud orientado a la visión. El uso de estos estudios permite conocer la respuesta clínica y el grado de satisfacción del paciente, lo que conlleva una mejor calidad de vida. Con la presente investigación se pretende mostrar una de las pruebas más utilizadas para describir los resultados de la calidad visual(AU)

The health is a decisive element of the life quality. The quality of life concept is more and more utilized, it depends on objective elements, and subjective opinion of the patient makes of different aspects of its life. The quality of life test is adaptive to the ophthalmology patient, beside the tests of visual function. The NEI VFQ-25, measures the dimensions from the health to the vision. The use of these studies allows knowing the clinical response and the patient satisfaction, what means a better life quality(AU)

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PURPOSE: We evaluate driving risk under simulated fog conditions in glaucoma and healthy subjects. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 41 glaucoma patients and 25 age-matched healthy subjects who underwent driving simulation. Tests consisted of curve negotiation without and with fog preview at 30 m of distance and two controlled speeds (slow and fast). Inverse time-to-line crossing (invTLC) was used as metric to quantify risk; higher invTLC values indicating higher risk, as less time is available to avoid drifting out of the road. Piecewise regression models were used to investigate the relationship between differences in invTLC in fog and nonfog conditions and visual field loss. RESULTS: Glaucoma patients had greater increase in driving risk under fog compared to controls, as indicated by invTLC differences (0.490 ± 0.578 s-1 and 0.208 ± 0.106 s-1, respectively; P = 0.002). Mean deviation (MD) of the better eye was significantly associated with driving risk under fog, with a breakpoint of -9 dB identified by piecewise regression. For values below the breakpoint, each 1 dB lower MD of better eye was associated with 0.117 s-1 higher invTLC under fast speed (adjusted R2 = 57.9%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Glaucoma patients have a steeper increase in driving risk under fog conditions when compared to healthy subjects, especially when the severity of visual field damage falls below -9 dB of MD in the better eye. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE: By investigating the relationship between driving risk and disease severity breakpoint, this study may provide guidance to clinicians in recognizing glaucoma patients who may be unfit to drive in complex situations such as fog.

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OBJETIVO: Determinar el comportamiento de las alteraciones neuroftalmológicas en pacientes con hipertensión endocraneana idiopática. MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo en 80 pacientes con hipertensión endocraneana idiopática en el Instituto de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer durante el período 2006-2010, con énfasis en manifestaciones clínicas, examen físico y evaluación del disco por tomografía de coherencia óptica. RESULTADOS: La hipertensión endocraneana idiopática se presentó en el 61 por ciento de mujeres entre 15 y 40 años. Las manifestaciones clínicas predominantes fueron cefalea, oscurecimientos visuales transitorios y diplopía. El examen físico mostró papiledema en todos los pacientes, afectación campimétrica en 87 por ciento y alteraciones del contraste en 79 por ciento, relacionados con el tiempo de evolución. La tomografía de coherencia óptica fue útil para diagnóstico y seguimiento de los casos estudiados. CONCLUSIONES: La hipertensión endocraneana idiopática produce daño funcional visual irreversible en pacientes diagnosticados tardíamente(AU)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the behavior of neuro-ophthalmologic alterations of this entity. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted in 80 patients diagnosed with idiopathic endocranial hypertension seen in the Ramon Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology from 2006 to 2020 emphasizing the clinical manifestations, the physical examination and the assessment of disk by optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: The idiopathic endocranial hypertension was present in the 61 percent of women aged between 15 and 40. The predominant clinical manifestations were headache, transient visual darkening and diplopia. The physical examination showed the presence of papilledema in all patients, campimetry affection in the 87 percent and contrast alterations in the 79 percent related to course time. The optical coherence tomography was useful for diagnosis and follow-up of the study cases. CONCLUSIONS: The idiopathic endocranial hypertension produces a visual functional damage irreversible in patients diagnosed in a late way(AU)

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OBJETIVO: Determinar el comportamiento de las alteraciones neuroftalmológicas en pacientes con hipertensión endocraneana idiopática. MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo en 80 pacientes con hipertensión endocraneana idiopática en el Instituto de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer durante el período 2006-2010, con énfasis en manifestaciones clínicas, examen físico y evaluación del disco por tomografía de coherencia óptica. RESULTADOS: La hipertensión endocraneana idiopática se presentó en el 61 por ciento de mujeres entre 15 y 40 años. Las manifestaciones clínicas predominantes fueron cefalea, oscurecimientos visuales transitorios y diplopía. El examen físico mostró papiledema en todos los pacientes, afectación campimétrica en 87 por ciento y alteraciones del contraste en 79 por ciento, relacionados con el tiempo de evolución. La tomografía de coherencia óptica fue útil para diagnóstico y seguimiento de los casos estudiados. CONCLUSIONES: La hipertensión endocraneana idiopática produce daño funcional visual irreversible en pacientes diagnosticados tardíamente

OBJECTIVE: To determine the behavior of neuro-ophthalmologic alterations of this entity. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted in 80 patients diagnosed with idiopathic endocranial hypertension seen in the Ramon Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology from 2006 to 2020 emphasizing the clinical manifestations, the physical examination and the assessment of disk by optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: The idiopathic endocranial hypertension was present in the 61 percent of women aged between 15 and 40. The predominant clinical manifestations were headache, transient visual darkening and diplopia. The physical examination showed the presence of papilledema in all patients, campimetry affection in the 87 percent and contrast alterations in the 79 percent related to course time. The optical coherence tomography was useful for diagnosis and follow-up of the study cases. CONCLUSIONS: The idiopathic endocranial hypertension produces a visual functional damage irreversible in patients diagnosed in a late way

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In children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, color vision losses have been related to dystrophin deletions downstream of exon 30, which affect a dystrophin isoform, Dp260, present in the retina. To further evaluate visual function in DMD children, we measured spatial, temporal, and chromatic red-green and blue-yellow contrast sensitivity in two groups of DMD children with gene deletion downstream and upstream of exon 30. Psychophysical spatial contrast sensitivity was measured for low, middle, and high spatial frequencies with achromatic gratings and for low and middle frequencies with red-green and blue-yellow chromatic gratings. Temporal contrast sensitivity was also measured with achromatic stimuli. A reduction in sensitivity at all spatial luminance contrasts was found for the DMD patients with deletion downstream of exon 30. Similar results were found for temporal luminance contrast sensitivity. Red-green chromatic contrast sensitivity was reduced in DMD children with deletion downstream of exon 30, whereas blue-yellow chromatic contrast sensitivity showed no significant differences. We conclude that visual function is impaired in DMD children. Furthermore, we report a genotype-phenotype relationship because the visual impairment occurred in children with deletion downstream but not upstream of exon 30, affecting the retinal isoform of dystrophin Dp260.

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In children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, color vision losses have been related to dystrophin deletions downstream of exon 30, which affect a dystrophin isoform, Dp260, present in the retina. To further evaluate visual function in DMD children, we measured spatial, temporal, and chromatic red-green and blue-yellow contrast sensitivity in two groups of DMD children with gene deletion downstream and upstream of exon 30. Psychophysical spatial contrast sensitivity was measured for low, middle, and high spatial frequencies with achromatic gratings and for low and middle frequencies with red-green and blue-yellow chromatic gratings. Temporal contrast sensitivity was also measured with achromatic stimuli. A reduction in sensitivity at all spatial luminance contrasts was found for the DMD patients with deletion downstream of exon 30. Similar results were found for temporal luminance contrast sensitivity. Red-green chromatic contrast sensitivity was reduced in DMD children with deletion downstream of exon 30, whereas blue-yellow chromatic contrast sensitivity showed no significant differences. We conclude that visual function is impaired in DMD children. Furthermore, we report a genotype-phenotype relationship because the visual impairment occurred in children with deletion downstream but not upstream of exon 30, affecting the retinal isoform of dystrophin Dp260.(AU)

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OBJETIVO: Caracterizar o comportamento visual e o desenvolvimento motor de RNPT com um mês de idade corrigida, nascidos na maternidade de um hospital escola. MÉTODO: Estudo descritivo, seccional no primeiro mês de idade corrigida em uma coorte de recém-nascidos prematuros, utilizando-se como instrumentos de avaliação o Método de Avaliação da Conduta Visual de Lactentes e o Alberta Infant Movement Scale (AIMS). RESULTADOS: Observou-se que os recém-nascidos prematuros apresentaram respostas esperadas para as provas que avaliam o comportamento oculomotor e com frequências inferiores para a prova do sorriso, conforme o método de avaliação utilizado no estudo. Na avaliação motora, 25 por cento apresentaram percentil abaixo de 5; 8,3 por cento com percentil 5; 8,3 por cento com percentil 10; 25 por cento com percentil 25; 8,3 por cento com percentil 50 e 25 por cento com percentil 75. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que mesmo em pequena amostra é possível observar atraso típico no desenvolvimento motor de lactentes prematuros quando se utiliza instrumento de avaliação adequado. Evidenciou-se que a idade gestacional pode ter influenciado o desempenho dos lactentes e que os recém-nascidos prematuros, mesmo com a idade corrigida, ainda estão aquém dos bebês a termo no que se refere às aquisições do desenvolvimento motor, indicando a necessidade de alerta ao desenvolvimento no percentil 10 ou abaixo, mesmo apresentando desempenho satisfatório no comportamento visual. A correção da idade foi um importante fator que norteou a compreensão das aquisições visuais e motoras de lactentes prematuros.(AU)

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the visual behavior and the motor development of premature newborns (RNPT) with one month of age corrected, born in the maternity of a school hospital. METHOD: Descriptive study, sectional in the first month of age corrected in a cohort of a premature newborn, by using as instruments the Evaluation Method of the Visual behavior in newborns and the Alberta Infant Movement Scale (AIMS). RESULTS: It was observed that the premature newborns presented expected answers for the tests that evaluate the oculomotor behavior and with lower frequencies for the test of smile, in agreement with the method of evaluation utilized in the study. In the motor evaluation (AIMS), 25 percent presented below the percentage 5; 8.3 percent had percentage 5; 8.3 percent had percentage 10; 25 percent had percentage 25; 8.3 percent had percentage 50 and 25 percent had percentage 75. CONCLUSION: The results obtained in this study showed that in despite of the small sample it was possible to observe a typical delay in the motor development in RNPT through an adequate instrument of evaluation. It was evident that the gestational age influenced the performance of the newborns and that the premature newborns even with the corrected age are still behind the full term babies regarding the acquisition of motor development, indicating the need of alert to the development at the percentile 10 or below, even presenting satisfactory performance in the visual behavior. Age correction was a significant factor facilitating in the understanding of the visual and motor acquisitions in RNPT.(AU)