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A dataset about three topics is provided, as a follow-up to the article "Mexico's forest diversity: common tree species and proposed forest-vegetation provinces" by Ricker et al. [1]. Firstly, 6927 site locations are provided for 22,532 trees of 1452 species. Secondly, measurements of basic wood-densities are reported for 779 tree species, obtained from 5256 trunk-core samples from Mexico's national forest inventory, and ranging from 0.05 to 0.93 g/cm3. Third, the data and maps of the forest-vegetation provinces from [1] were updated with the new cartography of Mexico's vegetation and land use (base year 2018). The maps are available now in an adjusted presentation as a shapefile-set for ArcGIS, as well as map-package and image files.

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Abstract: The National Forest Inventory (Inventário Florestal Nacional-IFN) is a large initiative that uses standardised methods to survey Brazilian forestry resources. One target of the IFN is the Cerrado, which contains one of the richest floras in the world. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of the IFN to the knowledge of Cerrado woody flora. We analysed data from field-collected vouchers sampled by the IFN Cerrado. We restricted our analyses to IFN collections of native trees and shrubs, including palms, which were identified at the species level. Habitat of each collection was obtained by overlaying specimens' geographic coordinates with land cover maps available in the Mapbiomas platform. Our final dataset comprised 28,602 specimens distributed in 2,779 sites (conglomerates) in Bahia, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Piauí, São Paulo and Tocantins. Collections were located in the following habitats: savannas (40.5%), forests (30.2%), anthropic areas (25.6%), grasslands (3.5%), and water (0.2%). We recorded 1,822 species belonging to 543 genera and 105 families, representing 34% of Cerrado woody species recorded on Flora do Brasil 2020. Fabaceae had the largest number of species, while Tapirira guianensis and Matayba guianensis were the most collected species. We highlight 60 potentially new records of occurrence for several states and 64 new records for the Cerrado, primarily in riparian forests where species from other biomes occur. In addition, 232 recorded species are Cerrado endemics, while 36 are cited in the CNCFlora's red list as endangered. The systematic sampling carried out by the IFN enabled vegetation sampling in remote and poorly known areas, which expanded the geographic range of many woody species and contributed to the knowledge of plant diversity in the Cerrado.

Resumo: O Inventário Florestal Nacional (IFN) é uma ampla iniciativa que emprega métodos padronizados para inventariar recursos florestais brasileiros. Um dos alvos do IFN é o Cerrado, o qual possui uma das floras mais ricas do mundo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a contribuição do IFN para o conhecimento da flora lenhosa do Cerrado. Nós analisamos dados de vouchers coletados em campo pelo IFN Cerrado. Nós restringimos nossas análises a coletas do IFN pertencentes a árvores e arbustos, incluindo palmeiras, identificadas ao nível de espécie. O habitat de cada coleta foi obtido pela intersecção entre as coordenadas geográficas dos espécimes com mapas de cobertura disponíveis na plataforma Mapbiomas. O conjunto final de dados foi composto por 28.602 coletas distribuídas em 2.779 sítios (conglomerados) localizados na Bahia, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Piauí, São Paulo e Tocantins. As coletas foram realizadas nos seguintes habitats: savanas (40,5%), florestas (30,2%), áreas antrópicas (25,6%), campos (3,5%) e água (0,2%). Ao todo foram registradas 1.822 espécies pertencentes a 543 gêneros e 105 famílias, representando 34% das espécies lenhosas do Cerrado registradas na Flora do Brasil 2020. Fabaceae apresentou o maior número de espécies, enquanto que Tapirira guianensis e Matayba guianensis foram as espécies mais coletadas. Destacam-se possíveis novos registros de ocorrência de 60 espécies para diversos estados e de 64 espécies para o Cerrado, predominantemente nas florestas ripárias onde geralmente ocorrem espécies de outros biomas. Além disso, foram registradas 232 espécies endêmicas do Cerrado, bem como 36 espécies citadas na lista vermelha do CNCFlora como ameaçadas. A amostragem sistemática realizada pelo IFN permitiu o inventário da vegetação em áreas remotas e pouco coletadas, permitindo a expansão da distribuição geográfica de diversas espécies lenhosas, e contribuindo para o conhecimento da diversidade vegetal no Cerrado.

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Old, climate-buffered infertile landscapes (Ocbils) have attracted increasing levels of interest in recent years because of their exceptionally diverse plant communities. Brazil's campos rupestres (rupestrian grasslands) are home to almost 15% of Brazil's native flora in less than 0.8% of Brazil's territory: an ideal study system for exploring variation in floristic diversity and phylogenetic structure in sites differing in geology and phytophysiognomy. We found significant differences in floristic diversity and phylogenetic structure across a range of study sites encompassing open vegetation and forest on quartzite (FQ) and on ironstone substrates, commonly termed canga. Substrate and physiognomy were key in structuring floristic diversity in the Espinhaço and physiognomy was more important than substrate in structuring phylogenetic diversity, with neither substrate nor its interaction with physiognomy accounting for significant variation in phylogenetic structure. Phylogenetic clustering was significant in open vegetation on both canga and quartzite, reflecting the potential role of environmental filtering in these exposed montane communities adapted to multiple environmental stressors. In forest communities, phylogenetic clustering was significant only at relatively deep nodes of the phylogeny in FQ while no significant phylogenetic clustering was detected across forest on canga (FC), which may be attributable to proximity to the megadiverse Atlantic forest biome and/or comparatively benign environmental conditions in FC with relatively deep, nutrient-rich soils and access to edaphic water reliable in comparison to those for open vegetation on canga and open or forest communities on quartzite. Clades representing relatively old lineages are significantly over-represented in campos rupestres on quartzite, consistent with the Gondwanan Heritage Hypothesis of Ocbil theory. In contrast, forested sites on canga are recognized as Yodfels. To be effective, conservation measures must take account of the distinct communities which are encompassed within the broad term campos rupestres, and the differing vulnerabilities of Ocbils and Yodfels.

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Studies on floristic and structural variations of forests in relation to altitude have contributed to the knowledge of patterns and causes of spatial distribution of plants in the Atlantic Forest. Geographical variables such as latitude, longitude and altitude result in different vegetation types, which limits newly established are not consensus. In the north coast of São Paulo state altitudes vary from the Restinga Forest, near the sea level, to the vegetation at the top of Cuscuzeiro Mountain at 1,279 m altitude. In order to evaluate the richness, taxonomic diversity, floristic similarity and the potential indicator of Leguminosae in the characterization of different vegetation types of Atlantic Forest on the northern coast of São Paulo, a matrix with the presence and absence of 142 species, in 15 different altitudinal belts was built. The greatest species richness was observed in the Restinga Forest (0-10 m), with 84 species, and in Montane Forest (500-1,200 m), with 69 species. The altitudinal belt with the highest number of tree species was 10-50 m, with 34 species. In the higher altitudes that number was significantly lower with six species of 1,100-1,200 m, and no species above this quota. The cluster analysis (Jaccard index) showed dissimilarity of the belts 0-10 m and 1,100-1,200 m in relation to the intermediate belts. The Lowland Forest and Submontane share the largest number of species (25). Some species characterize certain formations or have their preferred environment located at a specific elevation, as is the case of Abarema brachystachya and Inga subnuda (0-20 m), Inga lanceifolia, Inga mendoncaei and Ormosia minor (800-1,200 m). Distinguished for occupying all the phytophysiognomies: Abarema langsdorffii and Senna macranthera. Leguminosae, although well adapted to the first colonization and exploration of diverse environment, was poorly represented above 1,100 m altitude.

Estudos sobre variações florísticas e estruturais da floresta em relação è altitude têm contribuído para o conhecimento dos padrões e causas da distribuição espacial de plantas na Floresta Atlântica. Variáveis geográficas como latitude, longitude e altitude resultam em diferentes fitofisionomias, cujos limites recentemente estabelecidos não são um consenso. No litoral norte do estado de São Paulo as altitudes variam desde a Floresta de Restinga, próximo ao nível do mar, até a vegetação do topo do morro do Cuscuzeiro a 1.279 m de altitude. Para avaliar a riqueza, a diversidade taxonômica, similaridade florística e o potencial indicador de Leguminosae na caracterização das diferentes fitofisionomias da Floresta Ombrófila Densa no litoral norte de São Paulo foi construída uma matriz com a presença e ausência de 142 espécies em 15 diferentes faixas altitudinais. A maior riqueza de espécies foi observada na Floresta de Restinga (0-10 m), com 84 espécies, e na Floresta Montana (500-1.200 m), com 69 espécies. A faixa altitudinal com maior número de espécies arbóreas foi a de 10-50 m, com 34 espécies. Nas maiores altitudes esse número foi expressivamente menor, seis espécies de 1.100-1.200 m e nenhuma acima dessa cota. A análise de agrupamento (índice de Jaccard) revelou dissimilaridade das faixas 0-10 m e 1.100-1.200 m em relação ès faixas intermediárias. A Floresta de Terras baixas e a Submontana compartilham o maior número de espécies (25). Algumas espécies caracterizam certas formações ou têm o seu ambiente preferencial localizado em uma altitude específica, como é o caso de Abarema brachystachya e Inga subnuda (0-20 m), Inga lanceifolia, Inga mendoncaei e Ormosia minor (800-1.200 m). Destacam-se por ocupar todas as fitofisionomias: Abarema langsdorffii e Senna macranthera. Leguminosae, embora bem adaptada è primeira colonização e exploração de diversos ambientes, está pobremente representada acima de 1.100 m de altitude.

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Understanding how plant life history affects species vulnerability to anthropogenic disturbances and environmental change is a major ecological challenge. We examined how vegetation type, growth form, and geographic range size relate to extinction risk throughout the Brazilian Atlantic Forest domain. We used a database containing species-level information of 6,929 angiosperms within 112 families and a molecular-based working phylogeny. We used decision trees, standard regression, and phylogenetic regression to explore the relationships between species attributes and extinction risk. We found a significant phylogenetic signal in extinction risk. Vegetation type, growth form, and geographic range size were related to species extinction risk, but the effect of growth form was not evident after phylogeny was controlled for. Species restricted to either rocky outcrops or scrub vegetation on sandy coastal plains exhibited the highest extinction risk among vegetation types, a finding that supports the hypothesis that species adapted to resource-limited environments are more vulnerable to extinction. Among growth forms, epiphytes were associated with the highest extinction risk in non-phylogenetic regression models, followed by trees, whereas shrubs and climbers were associated with lower extinction risk. However, the higher extinction risk of epiphytes was not significant after correcting for phylogenetic relatedness. Our findings provide new indicators of extinction risk and insights into the mechanisms governing plant vulnerability to extinction in a highly diverse flora where human disturbances are both frequent and widespread.

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The arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungal (AMF) communities from the El Palmar National Park of Entre Ríos Province, Argentina, were investigated and characterized. The species of AMF present in five distinct vegetation types-gallery forest, grassland, marsh, palm forest, and scrubland-were isolated, identified and quantified over 2 y. Forty-six AMF morphotaxa were found. The composition of the AMF communities differed between the seasons, soil and vegetation types. Seasonal variations were observed in members of the Acaulosporaceae, Archaeosporaceae, Claroideoglomeraceae, Gigasporaceae and Pacisporaceae. Depending on soil type, the AMF-spore communities were dominated by members of one of the two main orders of the Glomeromycota. AMF communities from grassland and palm forest, which occur on sandy soils, comprised primarily members of the Diversisporales, with a high percentage of species of Acaulospora and of Gigasporaceae. Communities from the gallery forest, marsh and scrubland, which occur on loam-clay soils, were composed of members of the Glomerales, with a high percentage of spores from species of Glomus. Thus, both AMF and plant communities would appear to be strongly and similarly influenced by edaphic conditions.

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Durante um período de 21 meses (fevereiro/08 a outubro/09) avaliou-se as freqüências de nidificação de vespas e abelhas solitárias, o parasitismo associado às suas espécies e invasores de seus ninhos na Reserva Biológica Unilavras Boqueirão, Ingaí, MG (21º 14' 59" S / 44º 59' 27" W). As espécies foram amostradas por meio de ninhos-armadilha. As armadilhas foram confeccionadas em gomos de bambu, instalados em hastes de PVC e dispostos em transectos a cinco metros eqüidistantes. Em cada haste foram fixados três ninhos nas alturas de 0,56 m, 1,13 m e 1,70 m do solo nas fitofisionomias de Mata Ciliar, Cerrado stricto sensu e Borda de Mata. Os ninhos foram inspecionados quinzenalmente. Foram fundados 221 ninhos pertencentes a seis espécies de vespas e três de abelhas. Destes, 123 ninhos foram colonizados no Cerrado stricto sensu, 51 na Borda de Mata Ciliar e 47 no interior da Mata Ciliar. Três espécies predominaram nas áreas: Isodontia sp. (35% do total de ninhos fundados), seguida por Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) lactitarse Saussure (15%) e Centris (Hemisiella) tarsata Smith (11%). Intensa atividade de nidificação foi observada principalmente na estação quente e chuvosa (novembro-fevereiro). Um total de 29% dos ninhos foi parasitado por espécies de Chrysididae, Ichneumonidae e Bombyliidae. De modo geral os aspectos estruturais dos ninhos coletados nesse trabalho assemelham-se àqueles obtidos em estudos realizados com essas espécies em outros ambientes.

During a period of 21 months (February/2008 to October/2009) we evaluated the nesting frequencies of solitary wasps and bees, the parasitism associated with them, and the invaders of their nests in the Biological Reserve of the Unilavras Boqueirão, Ingaí, MG (21º 14' 59" S / 44º 59' 27" W). The species were sampled using trap nests. The traps were made of bamboo sections, fixed in PVC rods and placed in transects, five meters equidistant. On each rod, three nests were fixed on the heights of 0.56 m, 1.13 m and 1.70 m from the ground, in the following vegetation types: Riparian Forest, Cerrado stricto senso and Riparian Forest edge. Nests were inspected every two weeks. 221 nests were founded, belonging to six species of wasps and three species of bees. From all nests, 123 nests were founded in the Cerrado stricto sensu, 51 in the edge of the Riparian Forest and 47 within the Riparian Forest. Three species were abundant in all areas: Isodontia sp. (35% of total nests), followed by Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) lactitarse Saussure (15%) and Centris (Hemisiella) tarsata Smith (11%). Intense nesting activity was observed mainly in the hot, rainy season (November to February). A total of 29% of nests were parasitized by species of Chrysididae, Ichneumonidae and Bombyliidae. In general, the structural aspects of the nests collected in this study are similar to those obtained in studies with these species in other environments.

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Este trabalho descreve o padrão de diversidade beta das mariposas Arctiidae no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) e avalia se esse padrão é relacionado com o tipo de vegetação ou com a distância geográfica entre as áreas. A partir da observação de 9420 espécimes depositados em 13 coleções científicas e de duas listas publicadas na literatura, obteve-se registro de 329 espécies de arctiídeos em 55 localidades do RS. Essa riqueza corresponde a 5,6 por cento da fauna Neotropical e 16,5 por cento da fauna estimada para o Brasil. Cinqüenta e duas espécies (15,8 por cento) foram registradas pela primeira vez no Estado. Não houve relação entre a diversidade beta (distância de Sorensen) e a distância geográfica entre as localidades, sugerindo que a configuração espacial do ambiente não influencia de forma significativa a locomoção das mariposas Arctiidae entre as paisagens. As análises multivariadas indicaram que a fauna de Arctiidae apresenta uma composição diferente em cada tipo de vegetação. A composição da fauna de áreas de Floresta Ombrófila Mista (Mata de Araucária) difere da fauna dos demais tipos de vegetação. Além disso, verificou-se uma maior riqueza de espécies em ambientes florestais do que em campestres.

We describe the beta-diversity pattern of the Arctiidae in Rio Grande do Sul State (RS) and assess whether this pattern is related to similarities in vegetation type or geographic distance among areas. We analysed 9420 specimens in 13 scientific collections, as well as two published checklists. Three hundred twenty nine arctiid species were recorded for 55 localities. This richness corresponded to 5.6 percent of the Neotropical fauna, and 16.5 percent of the estimated Brazilian fauna. Fifty two species (15.8 percent) were recorded for the first time in the state. There was no relationship between beta-diversity (Sorensen distance) and geographic distance among the localities, suggesting that the spatial configuration of the habitat did not influence significantly the locomotion of the Arctiidae moths among landscapes. The multivariate analysis suggested that the Arctiidae fauna differ among vegetation types. The composition of the fauna at the Floresta Ombrófila Mista (Araucaria forest) is very distinct from other vegetation type faunas. Species richness was higher on forest habitats than in open habitats.

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Veredas (palm swamps) are wetland complexes associated with the Brazilian savanna (cerrado) that often represent the only available source of water for the ecosystem during the dry months. Their extent and condition are mainly unknown and their cartography is an essential issue for their protection. This research article evaluates some of the fine resolution satellite data both in the radar (Radarsat-1) and optical domain (ASTER) for the delineation and characterization of veredas. Two separate approaches are evaluated. First, given the known potential of Radarsat-1 images for wetland inventories, the automatic delineation of veredas is tested using only Radarsat-1 data and a Markov random fields region-based segmentation. In this case, to increase performance, processing is limited to a buffer zone around the river network. Then, characterization of their type is attempted using traditional classification methods of ASTER optical data combined with Radarsat-1 data. The automatic classification of Radarsat data yielded results with an overall accuracy between 62 and 69%, that proved reliable enough for delineating wide and very humid veredas. Scenes from the wet season and with a smaller angle of incidence systematically yielded better results. For the classification of the main vegetation types, better results (overall success of 78.8%) were obtained by using only the visible and near infrared (VNIR) bands of the ASTER image. Radarsat data did not bring any improvement to these classification results. In fact, when using solely the Radarsat data from two different angle of incidence and two different dates, the classification results were low (50.8%) but remained powerful for delineating the permanently moist riparian forest portion of the veredas with an accuracy better than 75% in most cases. These results are considered good given the width of some types often less than 50 m wide compared with the resolution of the images (12.5 - 15 m). Comparing the classification results with the Radarsat-generated delineation allows an understanding of the relation between synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscattering and vegetation types of the veredas.