RESUMO

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been fully studied for different clinical applications in veterinary medicine for many years with promising results. As a result, therapeutic studies to elucidate pathways for PRP use in human reproduction have been performed. PRP applications in human reproductive medicine are recent, but the role of platelet growth factors in improving the endometrial environment is well known. Indications for PRP therapy show its positive effects in promoting endometrial and follicular growth and gestation in assisted reproduction cycles, as has been proven in animals. We summarized the putative role of PRP on endometrial receptivity with a brief history of promising results in research and clinical therapies.

RESUMO

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been fully studied for different clinical applications in veterinary medicine for many years with promising results. As a result, therapeutic studies to elucidate pathways for PRP use in human reproduction have been performed. PRP applications in human reproductive medicine are recent, but the role of platelet growth factors in improving the endometrial environment is well known. Indications for PRP therapy show its positive effects in promoting endometrial and follicular growth and gestation in assisted reproduction cycles, as has been proven in animals. We summarized the putative role of PRP on endometrial receptivity with a brief history of promising results in research and clinical therapies.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been fully studied for different clinical applications in veterinary medicine for many years with promising results. As a result, therapeutic studies to elucidate pathways for PRP use in human reproduction have been performed. PRP applications in human reproductive medicine are recent, but the role of platelet growth factors in improving the endometrial environment is well known. Indications for PRP therapy show its positive effects in promoting endometrial and follicular growth and gestation in assisted reproduction cycles, as has been proven in animals. We summarized the putative role of PRP on endometrial receptivity with a brief history of promising results in research and clinical therapies.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

STUDY QUESTION: Does the rapid transit through the uterine environment modulate the sperm physiological state? SUMMARY ANSWER: The uterosome-like vesicles (ULVs) secreted by endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) in vitro are able to fuse with human spermatozoa, prompting their fertilizing capacity. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Early studies suggest that sperm capacitation begins in the uterus and ends in the oviduct, and that a synergistic effect of both female organs may accelerate this process. Although it has been reported that co-incubation of human spermatozoa with endometrial cell-conditioned medium (CM) stimulates sperm capacitation, the mechanism mediating this communication is unknown. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Human ULVs secreted by EECs were characterized and their effect on human sperm physiology was analysed. Spermatozoa were incubated with EEC-derived CM or ULV, after which sperm capacitation was evaluated at different time points. In addition, the interaction of spermatozoa with ULV was analysed. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: ULVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation and identified using electron microscopy and Western blotting to assess the presence of specific protein markers. Following seminal plasma removal, human spermatozoa were incubated CM or ULV, after which sperm capacitation was evaluated as the ability of the sperm to undergo the induced acrosome reaction and the level of protein tyrosine phosphorylation (PY) determined by Western blot and immunocytochemistry. The interaction of spermatozoa with labelled ULV was analysed by fluorescence microscopy. In all cases, at least three biological replicates from different sperm donors were performed for each set of experiments. Significant differences between mean values were determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Differences between treatments were considered statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The level of capacitated spermatozoa and those recruited by chemotaxis increased 3- to 4-fold when spermatozoa were incubated in the presence of CM for 4 h. Even a 15 min incubation of spermatozoa with CM was also enough to increase the level of capacitated cells 3- to 4-fold (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a short co-incubation of spermatozoa with ULV stimulates sperm capacitation, as determined by the increase in the level of induced acrosome reaction and the induction of PY. In addition, after the co-incubation of spermatozoa with fluorescent labelled ULV, the sperm cells acquired the fluorescent staining which indicates that ULV might be transferred to the sperm surface by a fusion mechanism. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: This is an in vitro study performed with human biological material, spermatozoa and endometrial derived cells; the latter being a cell line originally isolated from a uterine adenocarcinoma. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The capability of spermatozoa to briefly interact with ULVs supports the hypothesis that any step of sperm transport may have physiological consequences, despite the interaction lasting for only a limited period of time. This way of communication of spermatozoa with cell products of uterine origin opens new frontiers of investigation (e.g. the signalling molecules involved), shedding light on the sperm processes that prepare the male gamete for fertilization, which might have implications for human infertility treatment. LARGE SCALE DATA: N/A. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTERESTS: The project was financially supported by SECyT-UNC. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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The present study evaluated the effect of administering buserelin acetate (GnRH) at the time of fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI), along with the effect of oral administration of melengestrol acetate (MGA) after FTAI on conception rates in non-suckling Nelore cattle. In Experiment I, the effect of GnRH application at the time of FTAI was evaluated, as was administration of MGA from the 13th through the 18th day following FTAI (D24 to D29 after the initiation of the FTAI protocol). Experiment I was performed in 215 non-suckling cattle of the Nelore breed, divided into four experimental groups: Control group: 56 cows subjected to FTAI without GnRH injection; GnRH group: 51 cows subjected to GnRH at the time of FTAI; MGA Group: 57 cows subjected to FTAI without the application of GnRH with mineral supplementation and the addition of 2.28 g of MGA® Premix per cow per day from D24 to D29 after the initiation of the FTAI protocol; MGA and GnRH group: 51 cows subjected to GnRH injection at the time of FTAI, with mineral supplementation and the addition of 2.28 g of MGA® Premix per cow per day from D24 to D29 after the initiation of the FTAI protocol. In Experiment II, the effect of providing MGA five to ten days after FTAI was evaluated in 196 non-suckling pluriparous Nelore cows, divided into two groups: Control group: 104 cows subjected to FTAI, not supplemented with MGA; treated group: 92 cows supplemented with the addition of 2.28 g of MGA® Premix per cow per day from D15 to D20 after the initiation of the FTAI protocol. Diagnosis of gestation was carried out 45 days after FTAI. Both experiments were conducted using a completely randomised design and analysed via the SAS MIXED procedure.[...](AU)

Avaliou-se o efeito da aplicação de Acetato de Buserelina (GnRH) no momento da IATF e o efeito do fornecimento, via oral, de Acetato de Melengestrol (MGA) após IATF, sobre a taxa de concepção em vacas solteiras da raça Nelore. No Experimento I, avaliou-se o efeito da aplicação de GnRH no momento da IATF e do fornecimento de MGA do décimo terceiro ao décimo oitavo dia após a IATF (D24 ao D29 após o início do protocolo de IATF), em 215 vacas solteiras da raça Nelore divididas em quatro grupos experimentais; grupo Controle: 56 vacas submetidas à IATF sem aplicação de GnRH; Grupo GnRH: 51 vacas submetidas à aplicação de GnRH no ato da IATF; Grupo MGA: 57 vacas submetidas à IATF sem aplicação de GnRH e suplementação mineral, com adição de 2,28g de MGA® Premix/vaca/dia do D24 ao D29 após o início do protocolo de IATF; Grupo MGA e GnRH: 51 vacas submetidas à aplicação de GnRH no momento da IATF e suplementação mineral com adição de 2,28g MGA® Premix/vaca/dia do D24 ao D29 após o início do protocolo de IATF. No Experimento II, avaliou-se o efeito do fornecimento de MGA cinco a dez dias após a IATF em 196 vacas pluríparas solteiras da raça Nelore, divididas em dois grupos experimentais; grupo Controle: 104 vacas submetidas à IATF sem fornecimento de MGA, e grupo Tratado: 92 vacas suplementadas, com adição de 2,28g de MGA® Premix/vaca/dia do D15 ao D20 após o início do protocolo de IATF. Realizou-se diagnóstico de gestação 45 dias após a IATF. Ambos os Experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, analisados através do procedimento MIXED do SAS. No Experimento I, o grupo controle obteve menor taxa de concepção (32,1%) comparado com os demais grupos avaliados quando fornecido MGA após a IATF (45,6%), GnRH no momento da IATF (50,9%), bem como a associação dos dois tratamentos (50,9%) (P<0,05). No experimento II, o grupo controle obteve maior taxa de concepção (40,38%) quando comparado com o grupo que recebeu MGA pós-IATF (18,48%) (P<0,05).[...](AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The present study evaluated the effect of administering buserelin acetate (GnRH) at the time of fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI), along with the effect of oral administration of melengestrol acetate (MGA) after FTAI on conception rates in non-suckling Nelore cattle. In Experiment I, the effect of GnRH application at the time of FTAI was evaluated, as was administration of MGA from the 13th through the 18th day following FTAI (D24 to D29 after the initiation of the FTAI protocol). Experiment I was performed in 215 non-suckling cattle of the Nelore breed, divided into four experimental groups: Control group: 56 cows subjected to FTAI without GnRH injection; GnRH group: 51 cows subjected to GnRH at the time of FTAI; MGA Group: 57 cows subjected to FTAI without the application of GnRH with mineral supplementation and the addition of 2.28 g of MGA® Premix per cow per day from D24 to D29 after the initiation of the FTAI protocol; MGA and GnRH group: 51 cows subjected to GnRH injection at the time of FTAI, with mineral supplementation and the addition of 2.28 g of MGA® Premix per cow per day from D24 to D29 after the initiation of the FTAI protocol. In Experiment II, the effect of providing MGA five to ten days after FTAI was evaluated in 196 non-suckling pluriparous Nelore cows, divided into two groups: Control group: 104 cows subjected to FTAI, not supplemented with MGA; treated group: 92 cows supplemented with the addition of 2.28 g of MGA® Premix per cow per day from D15 to D20 after the initiation of the FTAI protocol. Diagnosis of gestation was carried out 45 days after FTAI. Both experiments were conducted using a completely randomised design and analysed via the SAS MIXED procedure.[...]

Avaliou-se o efeito da aplicação de Acetato de Buserelina (GnRH) no momento da IATF e o efeito do fornecimento, via oral, de Acetato de Melengestrol (MGA) após IATF, sobre a taxa de concepção em vacas solteiras da raça Nelore. No Experimento I, avaliou-se o efeito da aplicação de GnRH no momento da IATF e do fornecimento de MGA do décimo terceiro ao décimo oitavo dia após a IATF (D24 ao D29 após o início do protocolo de IATF), em 215 vacas solteiras da raça Nelore divididas em quatro grupos experimentais; grupo Controle: 56 vacas submetidas à IATF sem aplicação de GnRH; Grupo GnRH: 51 vacas submetidas à aplicação de GnRH no ato da IATF; Grupo MGA: 57 vacas submetidas à IATF sem aplicação de GnRH e suplementação mineral, com adição de 2,28g de MGA® Premix/vaca/dia do D24 ao D29 após o início do protocolo de IATF; Grupo MGA e GnRH: 51 vacas submetidas à aplicação de GnRH no momento da IATF e suplementação mineral com adição de 2,28g MGA® Premix/vaca/dia do D24 ao D29 após o início do protocolo de IATF. No Experimento II, avaliou-se o efeito do fornecimento de MGA cinco a dez dias após a IATF em 196 vacas pluríparas solteiras da raça Nelore, divididas em dois grupos experimentais; grupo Controle: 104 vacas submetidas à IATF sem fornecimento de MGA, e grupo Tratado: 92 vacas suplementadas, com adição de 2,28g de MGA® Premix/vaca/dia do D15 ao D20 após o início do protocolo de IATF. Realizou-se diagnóstico de gestação 45 dias após a IATF. Ambos os Experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, analisados através do procedimento MIXED do SAS. No Experimento I, o grupo controle obteve menor taxa de concepção (32,1%) comparado com os demais grupos avaliados quando fornecido MGA após a IATF (45,6%), GnRH no momento da IATF (50,9%), bem como a associação dos dois tratamentos (50,9%) (P<0,05). No experimento II, o grupo controle obteve maior taxa de concepção (40,38%) quando comparado com o grupo que recebeu MGA pós-IATF (18,48%) (P<0,05).[...]

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of administration of Melengestrol Acetate (MGA® Premix) after FTAI, on the conception rate in lactating Nelore breed cows. Experiment I, assessed the effect of administration of 2.28 g MGA/cow/day, from day 13 (D13) until day 18 (D18) after FTAI. The cow were divided into two groups, Group I (n=83, control) that cows were submitted just to FTAI and Group II (n=104, treated) that cows received MGA after FTAI. Experiment II, assessed the effect of administration of 2.28g MGA/cow/day, from day 5 (D5) until day 10 (D10) after FTAI. The cow were divided into two groups, Group I (n=94, control) that cows were submitted just to FTAI and Group II (n=100, treated) that cows received MGA after FTAI. Gestation was diagnosed in both experiments 45 days after FTAI. The conception rates were analyzed by Qui-Square test. In experiment I, The conception rates were 42,16% for control group and 50,0% for treated group (p>0,05). In Experiment II, the conception rate of control group (47,87%) was higher than treated group (28,0%). It was conclude that administration of MGA®Premix from D13 until D18 after FTAI didnt affect the conception rate. However, when administered from D5 until D10, reduced the conception rate in lactating Nelore breed cows.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito do fornecimento de Acetato de Melengestrol (MGA®Premix) após IATF (inseminação artificial em tempo fixo), sobre a taxa de concepção em vacas paridas da raça Nelore. Experimento I, avaliou-se o efeito do fornecimento de 2,28g de MGA/ vaca/ dia, do dia 13 (D13) ao dia 18 (D18) após a IATF. As vacas foram divididas em dois grupos, sendo o Grupo I (n=83, controle) que foi realizado apenas IATF e Grupo II (n=104, tratado) que foi fornecido o MGA após a IATF. Experimento II, avaliou-se o efeito do fornecimento de 2,28g de MGA/ vaca/ dia, do dia cinco (D5) ao dia 10 (D10) após a IATF. As vacas foram divididas em dois grupos, sendo o Grupo I (n=94, controle) que foi realizado apenas IATF e Grupo II (n=100, tratado) que foi fornecido o MGA após a IATF. O diagnóstico de gestação foi realizado 45 dias após a IATF em ambos os experimentos. As taxas de concepção foram comparadas pelo teste de Qui-quadrado. No Experimento I, as taxas de concepção foram de 42,16% para o grupo controle e 50,0% para o grupo tratado. No Experimento II, a taxa de concepção do grupo controle (47,87%) foi significativamente maior do que o grupo tratado (28,0%). Conclui-se que o fornecimento de MGA®Premix, administrado do D13 ao D18 após a IATF não afetou a taxa concepção. Entretanto, quando fornecido do D5 ao D10, reduziu a taxa de concepção em vacas Nelore paridas.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of administration of Melengestrol Acetate (MGA® Premix) after FTAI, on the conception rate in lactating Nelore breed cows. Experiment I, assessed the effect of administration of 2.28 g MGA/cow/day, from day 13 (D13) until day 18 (D18) after FTAI. The cow were divided into two groups, Group I (n=83, control) that cows were submitted just to FTAI and Group II (n=104, treated) that cows received MGA after FTAI. Experiment II, assessed the effect of administration of 2.28g MGA/cow/day, from day 5 (D5) until day 10 (D10) after FTAI. The cow were divided into two groups, Group I (n=94, control) that cows were submitted just to FTAI and Group II (n=100, treated) that cows received MGA after FTAI. Gestation was diagnosed in both experiments 45 days after FTAI. The conception rates were analyzed by Qui-Square test. In experiment I, The conception rates were 42,16% for control group and 50,0% for treated group (p>0,05). In Experiment II, the conception rate of control group (47,87%) was higher than treated group (28,0%). It was conclude that administration of MGA®Premix from D13 until D18 after FTAI didn't affect the conception rate. However, when administered from D5 until D10, reduced the conception rate in lactating Nelore breed cows.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito do fornecimento de Acetato de Melengestrol (MGA®Premix) após IATF (inseminação artificial em tempo fixo), sobre a taxa de concepção em vacas paridas da raça Nelore. Experimento I, avaliou-se o efeito do fornecimento de 2,28g de MGA/ vaca/ dia, do dia 13 (D13) ao dia 18 (D18) após a IATF. As vacas foram divididas em dois grupos, sendo o Grupo I (n=83, controle) que foi realizado apenas IATF e Grupo II (n=104, tratado) que foi fornecido o MGA após a IATF. Experimento II, avaliou-se o efeito do fornecimento de 2,28g de MGA/ vaca/ dia, do dia cinco (D5) ao dia 10 (D10) após a IATF. As vacas foram divididas em dois grupos, sendo o Grupo I (n=94, controle) que foi realizado apenas IATF e Grupo II (n=100, tratado) que foi fornecido o MGA após a IATF. O diagnóstico de gestação foi realizado 45 dias após a IATF em ambos os experimentos. As taxas de concepção foram comparadas pelo teste de Qui-quadrado. No Experimento I, as taxas de concepção foram de 42,16% para o grupo controle e 50,0% para o grupo tratado. No Experimento II, a taxa de concepção do grupo controle (47,87%) foi significativamente maior do que o grupo tratado (28,0%). Conclui-se que o fornecimento de MGA®Premix, administrado do D13 ao D18 após a IATF não afetou a taxa concepção. Entretanto, quando fornecido do D5 ao D10, reduziu a taxa de concepção em vacas Nelore paridas.

RESUMO

The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of administration of Melengestrol Acetate (MGA® Premix) after FTAI, on the conception rate in lactating Nelore breed cows. Experiment I, assessed the effect of administration of 2.28 g MGA/cow/day, from day 13 (D13) until day 18 (D18) after FTAI. The cow were divided into two groups, Group I (n=83, control) that cows were submitted just to FTAI and Group II (n=104, treated) that cows received MGA after FTAI. Experiment II, assessed the effect of administration of 2.28g MGA/cow/day, from day 5 (D5) until day 10 (D10) after FTAI. The cow were divided into two groups, Group I (n=94, control) that cows were submitted just to FTAI and Group II (n=100, treated) that cows received MGA after FTAI. Gestation was diagnosed in both experiments 45 days after FTAI. The conception rates were analyzed by Qui-Square test. In experiment I, The conception rates were 42,16% for control group and 50,0% for treated group (p>0,05). In Experiment II, the conception rate of control group (47,87%) was higher than treated group (28,0%). It was conclude that administration of MGA®Premix from D13 until D18 after FTAI didnt affect the conception rate. However, when administered from D5 until D10, reduced the conception rate in lactating Nelore breed cows.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito do fornecimento de Acetato de Melengestrol (MGA®Premix) após IATF (inseminação artificial em tempo fixo), sobre a taxa de concepção em vacas paridas da raça Nelore. Experimento I, avaliou-se o efeito do fornecimento de 2,28g de MGA/ vaca/ dia, do dia 13 (D13) ao dia 18 (D18) após a IATF. As vacas foram divididas em dois grupos, sendo o Grupo I (n=83, controle) que foi realizado apenas IATF e Grupo II (n=104, tratado) que foi fornecido o MGA após a IATF. Experimento II, avaliou-se o efeito do fornecimento de 2,28g de MGA/ vaca/ dia, do dia cinco (D5) ao dia 10 (D10) após a IATF. As vacas foram divididas em dois grupos, sendo o Grupo I (n=94, controle) que foi realizado apenas IATF e Grupo II (n=100, tratado) que foi fornecido o MGA após a IATF. O diagnóstico de gestação foi realizado 45 dias após a IATF em ambos os experimentos. As taxas de concepção foram comparadas pelo teste de Qui-quadrado. No Experimento I, as taxas de concepção foram de 42,16% para o grupo controle e 50,0% para o grupo tratado. No Experimento II, a taxa de concepção do grupo controle (47,87%) foi significativamente maior do que o grupo tratado (28,0%). Conclui-se que o fornecimento de MGA®Premix, administrado do D13 ao D18 após a IATF não afetou a taxa concepção. Entretanto, quando fornecido do D5 ao D10, reduziu a taxa de concepção em vacas Nelore paridas.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Durante o período crítico do reconhecimento materno, compreendidoentre o 15º e 19º dias da gestação, o concepto deve sintetizarcompetentemente moléculas capazes de bloquear a síntese deprostaglandina F2α (PGF2α) e a luteólise. Em bovinos, a principalmacromolécula protéica envolvida em tal bloqueio é o interferon-tau(IFN-τ). Durante o período crítico, falhas neste reconhecimentodeterminam à mortalidade embrionária em até 40% das fêmeasinseminadas. Informações sobre o IFN-τ em animais Bos taurus indicus,ainda são restritas. Este estudo objetivou uma avaliação quantitativado IFN-τ durante o período crítico do reconhecimento materno, emlavados uterinos obtidos por sonda de Foley (dias 14, 16 e 18 pósestro) ou post-mortem (dia 18 pós-estro). Para tanto, foram utilizadasfêmeas multíparas azebuadas (Bos taurus indicus), cíclicas ou prenhes,nos dias 14, 16 e 18 pós-estro. Para a obtenção dos lavados, os úterosforam infundidos com solução de Ringer Simples. Os lavados foramconcentrados por ultra-filtração e liofilizados. As macromoléculasprotéicas foram separadas por Eletroforese Unidimensional SDSPAGE, em gel com 15% de poliacrilamida. A quantificação doIFN-τ nos lavados uterinos foi realizada por Western-Blotting edensitometria. Tanto nos lavados obtidos por sonda de Foley quantonos post-mortem foi possível observar bandas de proteínas queapresentaram reação cruzada com os anticorpos utilizados no WesternBlotting. O IFN-τ foi detectado apenas nos lavados uterinospost-mortem de vacas prenhes (P<0,05). A densidade óptica não foiafetada pelo dia do período crítico, estado (cíclico ou prenhe) ouinteração dia x estado. Nos lavados post-mortem não houve efeito depeso do concepto ou concentração de progesterona plasmática no diado lavado na densidade da banda protéica referente ao IFN-τ .(AU)

During the critical period of the maternal recognition, which occursbetween days 15 and 19 of pregnancy, the conceptus must competentlysynthesize molecules capable of blocking the synthesis ofprostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and luteolysis. In cattle, the majormacromolecule involved in suck blockage is the protein interferontau (IFN-τ). During the critical period, failures in the recognition ofpregnancy determine embryonic mortality on up to 40% ofinseminated cows. Data about IFN-τ in Bos taurus indicus are stillscarce. Objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the presenceof IFN-τ during the critical period for maternal recognition ofpregnancy in uterine flushings obtained in vivo by Foley catheter (Days14, 16 and 18 post estrus) or post-mortem (Day 18 post estrus).Multiparous, cyclic or pregnant zebu cows (Bos taurus indicus) on days14, 16 and 18 post estrus were used for in vivo or post mortem uterineflushing collection. In both cases, a Ringer solution was used to washthe uterus of cows. Uterine flushings were concentrated by ultrafiltration and lyophilized. Proteins were separated by one-dimensionalelectrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in a 15% polyacrilamide gel. Interferontau quantification in uterine flushings was performed by westernblotting and densitometry. Non-specific protein bands were observedin both in vivo and post mortem uterine flushings. Interferon-tau wasdetected only in uterine flushings obtained from pregnant cowspost-mortem (P<0.05). Optical density of protein bands was not affectedby the day of the critical period, state (cyclic or pregnant) or interactionday x state. There was no effect of the conceptus weight orprogesterone concentration on the day of uterine flushing collectionin the optical density of the IFN-τ protein band.(AU)

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Objetivo: Examinar la literatura actual sobre los factores que producen estrés en la madre embarazada, con posibles repercusiones en el neurodesarrollo del feto. Método: Se realiza una revisión de artículos relevantes relacionados con el tema en MedLine y otras fuentes científicas. Conclusiones:La mayoría de los trastornos mentales y del neurodesarrollo no se deben únicamente a una causa lineal; son el resultado de la interacción de factores de riesgo genético y ambiental. El estrés materno puede provenir de factores psicosociales, complicaciones obstétricas, enfermedades psiquiátricas, respuesta emocional al embarazo u otras causas. Estas variables producen respuestas emocionales y fisiológicas en la madre, las cuales repercuten en feto. Las respuestas emocionales y fisiológicas de la madre a los estresores se traducen en cambios fisiológicos y metabólicos, como hipoxia, aumento de los niveles de cortisol, desnutrición y presencia de sustancias tóxicas. El feto puede responder en forma adaptativa o desadaptativa. Solamente en las últimas décadas hemos podido comprender que nuestra vida fuera del útero es determinada en gran parte por las 40 semanas que vivimos dentro de él. Existen suficientes pruebas de que muchos de los trastornos neurológicos y del comportamiento tienen sus orígenes durante la vida fetal.

Objective: The objective of this revision is to examine recent literature in relation to the factors that produce stress in the pregnant mother which could affect her physical and mental health with possible repercussions in the neurodevelopment of the fetus. Method: A review was undertaken of relevants articles on MedLine and other scientific sources. Conclusion: Most of the mental and neurodevelopment disorders are not due only to one lineal cause; they are the result of the interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. Maternal stress can be attributed to psychosocial factors, obstetric complications, psychiatric disorders, emotional response to pregnancy and other causes. These variables produce funemotional and physiological responses in the mother, these in turn, can influence the fetal wellbeing. The physiological and emotional responses of the mother to stressors are in turn reflected in physiological and metabolic changes, such as hypoxia, increase of cortical levels, malnutrition, the existence of toxic substances that may affect the maternal fetal unity and of course, the uterine environment. The fetus may respond in an adaptative or non-adaptative way. Only in the last decades we have been able to understand that our life outside the uterus is determined in great extent by the 40 weeks that we live inside it. There is enough evidence alluding to the fact that many of the neurological and behavioral disorders have their origins during life in the uterus.