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ABSTRACT The understanding of the relationships between the planktonic communities in a reservoir allows us to infer possible changes in the redistribution of matter and energy flows in these systems. This work proposes a dynamic model for the trophic network of the Riogrande II tropical reservoir, which integrates the planktonic trophic chains of detritus and grazing, limiting the prey-predator interactions by introducing the prey meeting factor (pmf). We built a dynamic model of mass balance supported by an extensive bibliographic search. The limitations of consumers and resources were represented simultaneously by means of the pmf. The data used to validate the model were compiled from previous investigations carried out in this reservoir from 2010 to 2013. The values of pmf that we found in each simulation suggest that the top predator can access its main prey in certain concentrations of total phosphorus, with a probability of encounter ranging from 9.3 % to 17.7 %. Our simulations indicate that most of the primary production is poorly used by the primary consumers in the photic zone, however, it enters in the flows of the detrital chain and supports the production of zooplankton almost entirely. According to this finding, the biomass densities obtained in the previous studies can be better explained by the causal relationships assumed in this model.
RESUMEN Entender las relaciones entre las comunidades planctónicas en un embalse nos permite inferir posibles cambios en la redistribución de los flujos de materia y energía en este sistema. Este trabajo propone un modelo dinámico para representar la red trófica del embalse tropical Riogrande II, donde se integran las cadenas tróficas de pastoreo y detritus y se limitan las interacciones entre predadores, presas y recursos al introducir un factor limitante de encuentro con la presa (pmf). El modelo dinámico se enfoca en el balance de masas sustentado en una amplia búsqueda bibliográfica. Los datos usados para validar el modelo se colectaron de datos previamente reportados para el embalse durante los años 2010 y 2013. Los valores de pmf obtenidos en cada simulación, sugieren que el predador dominante puede acceder a su presa principal a ciertas concentraciones de fósforo total, con una probabilidad de encuentro que va desde 9,3 % hasta 17,7 %. Nuestros resultados indican que la mayor parte de la producción primaria es poco aprovechada por los consumidores en la zona fótica, sin embargo, ingresa en el flujo de la cadena detrítica de manera que soporta la producción de zooplancton casi por completo. Las relaciones causales asumidas en este modelo explican en gran medida las densidades de biomasa reportadas en estudios previos.
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In this study, diet-tissue discrimination factors and turnover rates were determined from the somatic tissues of a detritivorous fish Prochilodus lineatus. The carbon (Δ(13) C) and nitrogen (Δ(15) N) diet-tissue discrimination factors varied for all feed rations with a range of Δ(13) C values between -1·9 and 3·6 and Δ(15) N between 3·3 and 5·7. Carbon turnover rate in the blood was 23·1 days for the C3 ration and 34·7 days for the C4 ration, in the liver was 9·9 days under the C3 ration and nitrogen turnover rate was the same (23·1 days) in the liver for both C4 and C3 -C4 rations, and 13·9 days in the muscle for C3 -C4 ration.
Assuntos
Caraciformes/sangue , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Peixes/sangue , Animais , Carbono/análise , Isótopos de Carbono/sangue , Dieta , Cadeia Alimentar , Fígado/química , Músculos/química , Nitrogênio/análise , Isótopos de Nitrogênio/sangue , Clima TropicalRESUMO
The aim of this study was to test if changes in land use alter the isotopic signature of fish species, promoting changes in the trophic position and food resource partitioning between these consumers. Three different systems were investigated: pasture streams (n = 3), streams in sugar cane plantations (n = 3) and reference streams (n = 3). Fish species Aspidoras fuscoguttatus, Astyanax altiparanae, Characidium zebra, Hisonotus piracanjuba and Knodus moenkhausii were selected, and their nitrogen and carbon isotopic compositions were estimated to assess changes in the trophic level and partitioning of food items consumed. The composition of δ(13) C () only differed among the land use categories for A. altiparanae, H. piracanjuba and K. moenkhausii. Resource partitioning was different for all species, with changes in the sources or proportions they consumed in each land use category, but only A. altiparanae introduced new food sources in large quantity in altered land uses. It is important to note, however, that the results from the resource partitioning analysis are limited due to large overlapping of isotopic signatures between the analysed food resources. All fish species exhibited variation in δ(15) N (), with the highest values found in streams under sugar cane or pasture influence. Despite the variation in nitrogen isotopic values, only C. zebra and H. piracanjuba displayed changes in trophic level. Therefore, it is believed that the increase in the δ(15) N () value of the individuals collected in streams under the influence of sugar cane or pasture was due to the greater influence of livestock dung and chemical and organic fertilizers. The results also highlight the importance of studying consumer species along with all forms of resources available at each location separately, because the signatures of these resources also vary within different land uses.
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Isótopos de Carbono/análise , Peixes , Isótopos de Nitrogênio/análise , Agricultura , Animais , Carbono , Fertilizantes , Cadeia Alimentar , Esterco , Nitrogênio , Rios , SaccharumRESUMO
Trophic webs of reef fishes at Cubas NW area. II. Functional groups. A conceptual model of the food webs, mainly with fish, was built in a rocky shore of Havana City with data covering from October 2004 to February 2006. The stomach contents of the most abundant fish was complemented with the literature. We used the Relative Importance Index method to describe diets of carnivorous and omnivorous fish; and a modification of the Relative Abundance method for sponge eaters and herbivorous fish. Agglomerative numeric classification techniques were used to determine the diets similarity. The matrix was made using Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index. Ten functional trophic groups were formed on the basis of diet similarity. The cascade effect is evidenced in this area by the big top predator shortage and the dominance of a few low trophic level species. The regulator role of top predators is low because of over-fishing: the trophic web of this area is highly altered. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1391-1401. Epub 2008 September 30.
Se elaboró un modelo conceptual de la trama alimentaria en una zona del sublitoral rocoso de Ciudad de la Habana, con énfasis en los peces desde octubre del 2004 hasta febrero del 2006. Para ello se emplearon los contenidos estomacales de las especies más abundantes y la información disponible en la literatura. Para describir las dietas de las especies de peces carnívoras y omnívoras se empleó el índice de importancia relativa. Para los herbívoros y consumidores de esponjas se usó una modificación del método de abundancia relativa. Se emplearon técnicas de análisis de clasificación numérica jerárquica aglomerativa para determinar el grado de similitud en las dietas de los peces. La matriz fue construida empleando el índice de disimilitud de Bray-Curtis. El análisis de la similitud de las dietas permitió la formación de 10 grupos tróficos funcionales. La escasez de depredadores tope de gran tamaño y la dominancia de muy pocas especies de bajo nivel trófico, evidencian el efecto cascada en la zona estudiada. La trama trófica del área se encuentra muy alterada, debido a que el papel regulador de la ictiofagia está muy disminuido.