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BACKGROUND: Nonsurgical rhinoplasty (NSR) utilizing hyaluronic acid (HA) filler injections is increasingly used to address nose shape issues. While refinements have been proposed, the technique lacks standardization. OBJECTIVES: Our study aimed to evaluate the aesthetic outcome, longevity of results, safety, and patient satisfaction with the novel Rino-4-Puntos (R4P) NSR technique. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of consecutive individuals treated with R4P between January 2021 and July 2023. All participants had one of the four indications: rectification of the dorsum (21%), triangulation of the tip (32%), projection (25%), and strengthening of the columella (22%). Each patient received two hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers: one with intermediate G prime (G') at Points 1-3 and another with high G' at Point 4, which is further divided into Points 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4. The injection points were as follows: P1 (radix, 0.05-0.15 mL, supraperiosteal), P2 (supratip, 0.025 mL, suprachondrial), P3 (tip, 0.15 mL, deep fat), P4 (columella, 0.30 mL, supraperiosteal [4.1], or deep fat [4.2, 4.3, and 4.4]). RESULTS: Four hundred individuals (n = 284 [71%] females) are included. The mean filler volume used was 0.65 ± 0.17 mL. Injecting small boluses (≤ 0.05 mL) in the midline at deep planes minimized the risk of adverse effects, as no vascular complications occurred. Ninety-three percent of participants considered the overall outcome at least satisfactory ("good," "very good," or "excellent"). The treatment effect was maintained for a median of 11 months. CONCLUSIONS: The R4P technique refines NSR by combining enhanced aesthetic outcome, longevity, and safety. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

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Background: Immunomodulatory drugs and immunotherapies are being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of neuroinflammation, as the latter is an essential mechanism for the development and progression of Parkinson's disease. Objective: The objective of the study is to review recent evidence on the evaluation of immunomodulators in randomized controlled clinical trials measuring improvement of motor symptoms. Methods: A meta-analysis of Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS III) scores extracted from seven articles selected after an online search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Clarivate's Web of Science for randomized controlled clinical trials published between 2000 and July 2023 was performed. The selected articles reported clinical trials evaluating the effects of specific immunomodulators or treatments with known effects on the immune system and inflammation. MDS-UPDRS III scores were reported in these studies, and the results of the placebo groups were compared with those of the treatment groups. Results: A total of 590 patients treated with immunomodulators and 622 patients treated with placebo were included. A test for heterogeneity yielded an I2 value > 50%. The mean standard difference for change in MDS-UPDR III score was -0.46 (CI [95%] = -0.90 - -0.02, p < 0.01). No significant differences were found in the change in mean MDS-UPDR III score between the treatment and placebo groups; however, two studies showed a trend toward separation from the mean. Conclusion: The immunomodulatory treatments included in this study showed no efficacy in improving motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease patients. Further clinical trials with larger patient populations are needed.

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ABSTRACT Background: Immunomodulatory drugs and immunotherapies are being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of neuroinflammation, as the latter is an essential mechanism for the development and progression of Parkinson´s disease. Objective: The objective of the study is to review recent evidence on the evaluation of immunomodulators in randomized controlled clinical trials measuring improvement of motor symptoms. Methods: A meta-analysis of Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson´s disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS III) scores extracted from seven articles selected after an online search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Clarivate's Web of Science for randomized controlled clinical trials published between 2000 and July 2023 was performed. The selected articles reported clinical trials evaluating the effects of specific immunomodulators or treatments with known effects on the immune system and inflammation. MDS-UPDRS III scores were reported in these studies, and the results of the placebo groups were compared with those of the treatment groups. Results: A total of 590 patients treated with immunomodulators and 622 patients treated with placebo were included. A test for heterogeneity yielded an I2 value > 50%. The mean standard difference for change in MDS-UPDR III score was −0.46 (CI [95%] = −0.90 - −0.02, p < 0.01). No significant differences were found in the change in mean MDS-UPDR III score between the treatment and placebo groups; however, two studies showed a trend toward separation from the mean. Conclusion: The immunomodulatory treatments included in this study showed no efficacy in improving motor symptoms in Parkinson´s disease patients. Further clinical trials with larger patient populations are needed.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) complications are a burden to health care systems due to the associated consequences of poor glycemic control and the side effects of insulin therapy. Recently. adjuvant therapies, such as vanadium compounds, have gained attention due to their potential to improve glucose homeostasis in patients with diabetes. In order to determine the anti-diabetic and antioxidant effects of the oxidovanadium(IV) complex (Et3NH)2[{VO(OH}2)(ox)2(µ-ox)] or Vox2), rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes were treated with 30 and 100 mg/kg of Vox2, orally administered for 12 days. Vox2 at 100 mg/kg in association with insulin caused a 3.4 times decrease in blood glucose in STZ rats (424 mg/dL), reaching concentrations similar to those in the normoglycemic animals (126 mg/dL). Compared to insulin alone, the association with Vox2 caused an additional decrease in blood glucose of 39% and 65% at 30 and 100 mg/kg, respectively, and an increased pancreatic GSH levels 2.5 times. Vox2 alone did not cause gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhea, and hepatic or renal toxicity and was not associated with changes in blood glucose level, lipid profile, or kidney or liver function. Our results highlight the potential of Vox2 in association with insulin in treating diabetes.

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Reversible electroporation is a suitable technique to aid the internalization of medicaments in cancer tissues without inducing permanent cellular damage, allowing the enhancement of cytotoxic effects without incurring in electric-driven necrotic or apoptotic processes by the presence of non-reversible aqueous pores. An adequate selection of electroporation parameters acquires relevance to reach these goals and avoid opposite effects. This work applies the Method of Fundamental Solutions (MFS) for drug transport simulations in electroporated cancer tissues, using a continuum tumor cord approach and considering both electro-permeabilization and vasoconstriction effects. The MFS algorithm is validated with published results, obtaining satisfactory accuracy and convergence. Then, MFS simulations are executed to study the influence of electric field magnitude [Formula: see text], number of electroporation treatments [Formula: see text], and electroporation time [Formula: see text] on three assessment parameters of electrochemotherapy: the internationalization efficacy accounting for the ability of the therapy to introduce moles into viable cells, cell-kill capacity indicating the faculty to reduce the survival fraction of cancer cells, and distribution uniformity specifying the competence to supply drug homogeneously through the whole tissue domain. According to numerical results, when [Formula: see text] is the reversibility threshold, a positive influence on the first two parameters is only possible once specific values of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] have been exceeded; when [Formula: see text] is just the irreversibility threshold, any combination of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is beneficial. On the other hand, the drug distribution uniformity is always adversely affected by the application of electric pulses, being this more noticeable as [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] increases.

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Introducción: la ascitis refractaria puede ser una complicación frecuente en el síndrome nefrótico (SN), existen casos reportados del uso de un catéter tunelizado de diálisis peritoneal en pacientes con cirrosis o neoplasias abdominales. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con SN en quién se utilizó un catéter para diálisis peritoneal (DP) para manejo de la ascitis refractaria. Objetivo: mostrar que el catéter peritoneal puede ser considerado como una alternativa para el manejo de la ascitis refractaria en pacientes con síndrome nefrótico. Presentación del caso: paciente varón de 19 años, sin antecedentes patológicos, cursó con edema progresivo y alteración de la función renal. Se evidenció síndrome nefrótico con anasarca y evolucionó con empeoramiento de la función renal ingresando a hemodiálisis de soporte. Se realizó biopsia renal: podocitopatía, glomerulopatía colapsante. Se inició tratamiento con corticoterapia, mejorando la función renal hasta suspender la hemodiálisis, pero presentó ascitis refractaria al tratamiento médico, por lo que se realizó paracentesis evacuatoria en reiteradas ocasiones. Se decidió colocación de catéter peritoneal tunelizado para el manejo de la ascitis refractaria. La ascitis fue disminuyendo progresivamente hasta el retiro del catéter peritoneal. Discusión y conclusión: el uso de catéter tunelizado de diálisis peritoneal es una opción de manejo efectiva en casos de síndrome nefrótico con ascitis refractaria.

Introduction: Refractory ascites can be a frequent complication in nephrotic syndrome (NS), there are reported cases of the use of a tunneled peritoneal dialysis catheter in patients with cirrhosis or abdominal neoplasms. The case of a patient with NS is presented in whom used a peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter to manage refractory ascites. Purpose: To show that the peritoneal catheter can be considered as an alternative for the management of refractory ascites in patients with nephrotic syndrome. Presentation of the case: A 19-year-old male patient, with no pathological history, presented progressive edema and impaired renal function. Nephrotic syndrome with anasarca was evidenced, and it evolved with worsening renal function, entering supportive hemodialysis. Renal biopsy was performed: podocytopathy, collapsing glomerulopathy. Corticosteroid treatment was started, improving renal function until hemodialysis was discontinued, but he presented ascites refractory to medical treatment, for which evacuatory paracentesis was performed repeatedly. It was decided to place a tunneled peritoneal catheter for the management of refractory ascites. Ascites gradually decreased until the peritoneal catheter was removed. Discussion and conclusion: The use of a tunneled peritoneal dialysis catheter is an effective management option in cases of nephrotic syndrome with refractory ascites.

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Chagas disease (CD) remains neglected and causes high morbidity and mortality. The great difficulty is the lack of effective treatment. The current drugs cause side effects and have limited therapeutic efficacy in the chronic phase. This study aims to fulfil some gaps in studies of the natural substance lychnopholide nanoencapsulated LYC-PLA-PEG-NC (LYC-NC) and free (Free-LYC): the activity in epimastigotes and amastigotes to determine its selectivity index (SI), the therapeutic efficacy in mice infected with Colombian Trypanosoma cruzi strain and insight of the mechanism of LYC-NC action on T. cruzi. The SI was obtained by calculation of the ratio between the IC50 value toward H9c2 cells divided by the IC50 value in the anti-T. cruzi test. Infected Swiss mice were treated with 2 and 12 mg/kg/day via intravenous and oral, respectively, and the therapeutic efficacy was determined. The IC50 of LYC-NC and Free-LYC for epimastigotes of T. cruzi were similar. Both were active against amastigotes in cell culture, particularly Free-LYC. The SI of LYC-NC and Free-LYC were 45.38 and 32.11, respectively. LYC-NC 2 and 12 mg/kg/day cured parasitologically, 62.5% and 80% of the animals, respectively, infected with a strain resistant to treatment. The fluorescent NC was distributed in the cardiomyocyte cytoplasm, infected or not, and interacted with the trypomastigotes. Together, these results represent advances in demonstrating LYC as a potent new therapeutic option for treating CD.

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ABSTRACT Background: After eradication of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) chronic gastritis will resolve, complications due to H. pylori infection and recurrence of infection will be prevented. Objective: To determine efficacy and safety of gemifloxacin containing treatment regimen in first line treatment of H. pylori with comparison to bismuth containing quadruple therapy. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary care university hospital between January 2018 and January 2021 with 410 participants who were diagnosed to have H. pylori infection with biopsies obtained during upper gastrointestinal system endoscopy. Patients were distributed into two groups according to their first-line treatment regimens. First group patients were treated with amoxicillin, gemifloxacin and pantoprazole and second group patients were treated with amoxicillin, metronidazole, bismuth subcitrate and pantoprazole for seven days. Results: Intention to treat and per protocol ratios for gemifloxacin containing regimen were 90.0% and 91.2%, while quadruple treatment has these ratios as 91.7% and 93.8% respectively. Treatment success rate in both regimens were similar. But adverse effects were lower and patient compliance were better in patients who had gemifloxacin containing treatment (P<0.001). Conclusion: Gemifloxacin containing treatment regimen is as effective as bismuth containing quadruple treatment regimen for H. pylori infection and patient compliance is better in this group. Gemifloxacin containing treatment regimens may be novel and effective alternatives for eradication of H. pylori infection.

RESUMO Contexto: Após a erradicação do Helicobacter pylori (HP), a gastrite crônica será resolvida, as complicações devido à infecção por HP e a recorrência da infecção serão prevenidas. Objetivo: Determinar a eficácia e segurança do regime de tratamento contendo gemifloxacino no tratamento de primeira linha do HP, em comparação com a terapia quádrupla contendo bismuto. Métodos: Este estudo prospectivo foi conduzido em um hospital universitário de atendimento terciário entre janeiro de 2018 e janeiro de 2021, com 410 participantes diagnosticados com infecção por HP, obtidos por meio de biópsias durante a endoscopia do sistema gastrointestinal superior. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com seus regimes de tratamento de primeira linha. Os pacientes do primeiro grupo foram tratados com amoxicilina, gemifloxacino e pantoprazol, e os pacientes do segundo grupo foram tratados com amoxicilina, metronidazol, subcitrato de bismuto e pantoprazol por 7 dias. Resultados: As taxas de intenção de tratar e por protocolo para o regime contendo gemifloxacino foram de 90,0% e 91,2%, enquanto o tratamento quádruplo apresentou essas taxas como 91,7% e 93,8%, respectivamente. A taxa de sucesso do tratamento em ambos os regimes foi similar. No entanto, os efeitos adversos foram menores e a adesão dos pacientes foi melhor nos que receberam o tratamento contendo gemifloxacino (P<0,001). Conclusão: O regime de tratamento contendo gemifloxacino é tão eficaz quanto o regime de tratamento quádruplo contendo bismuto para a infecção por HP, e a adesão dos pacientes é melhor neste grupo. Os regimes de tratamento contendo gemifloxacino podem ser alternativas novas e eficazes para a erradicação da infecção por HP.

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BACKGROUND: In this review, we evaluated the clinical efficacy of interventions used for the treatment of endo-perio lesions (EPL). METHODS: A systematic scoping review of clinical trials was developed. RESULTS: Seven clinical trials were studied. In at least one study group of six of the seven evaluated trials, endodontic and periodontal treatments were performed simultaneously. All trials showed improvement in probing depth in the studied groups; nevertheless, the experimental groups of five studies demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in this parameter. An increase in clinical attachment level was also reported (p < 0.05). Most trials reported an increase in the filling of the bone defect following therapy (p < 0.05). Mechanical periodontal therapy implemented simultaneously with endodontic therapy demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of concurrent EPL without communication. Endodontic treatment and immediate periodontal surgery did not affect the result of the management of combined EPL with apical communication. The use of diode laser, the management of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and titanium-prepared PRF, and the implementation of bone grafts plus endodontic treatment with mineral-trioxide or gutta-percha seems to be an adequate strategy in patients with EPL. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment of EPL using simultaneous endodontic and periodontal therapies seems to be an acceptable treatment alternative.

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INTRODUÇÃO: O presente artigo é fruto de uma revisão bibliográfica com o intuito de evidenciar os efeitos do tratamento psicanalítico, não apenas enquanto algo da ordem do reportado pelos pacientes, mas também enquanto algo que pode ser mensurado a partir de alterações bioquímicas verificadas durante e após o tratamento psicanalítico. OBJETIVOS: Verificar se a psicanálise pode ter seus efeitos cientificamente mensuráveis para além dos relatos dos pacientes e dos analistas e, em último caso, apontar para uma possível eficácia do tratamento com relação às psicopatologias contemporâneas. MÉTODO: Pesquisa bibliográfica sistemática de artigos científicos, publicados de 2008 até a presente data, que demonstravam os efeitos verificáveis de uma análise nos pacientes, sejam alterações funcionais ou bioquímicas. RESULTADOS: Foram encontradas inúmeras evidências dos efeitos de um trabalho psicanalítico no decorrer do tratamento, e também, após o término do mesmo. CONCLUSÃO: Com este estudo foi possível verificar que a psicanálise é efetiva para uma série de transtornos mentais e que pode ser o tratamento padrão ouro, quando respeitados os devidos cuidados com relação à formação dos analistas. Novas pesquisas devem ser realizadas, fazendo um comparativo mais amplo entre a psicanálise e outras modalidades no campo da saúde mental.

INTRODUCTION: This article results from a bibliographic review to highlight the effects of the psychoanalysis treatment, not only based on the issues reported by the patients but also in other outcomes measurable by biochemistry changes that are verified during and after the treatment. OBJECTIVES: To verify if psychoanalysis with its effects can be scientifically measured beyond the report of the patients and the analysts and, in the last case, to point out the efficacy of the treatment for contemporary psychopathology. METHODS: It was carried out a systematic literature review of referenced articles, considering the period from the year 2008 to current days, which aimed to demonstrate verifiable effects in the patients that were submitted to psychoanalysis, considering either functional or biochemistry changes. RESULTS: It was found that several evidences of the effects during the psychoanalytical process and also after the end of the treatment. CONCLUSION: With this work, it was possible to verify that psychoanalysis is an effective treatment for several mental disorders and can be a standard gold treatment once is respected the appropriate attention to the formation of the analysts. New researches must be done to compare psychoanalysis and other types of treatment in the mental health field.

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RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a decisão do governo federal brasileiro no âmbito da gestão da saúde pública, ao adotar o uso da cloroquina e da hidroxicloroquina como uma das principais medidas contra a Covid-19. Metodologia Estudo teórico de base documental, a partir da triangulação de métodos. As três etapas foram: revisão de literatura na Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, com os descritores efficacy AND coronavirus infections AND chloroquine; análise dos documentos referentes aos contratos do governo federal para compras durante a pandemia; e análise de documentos produzidos por instâncias de controle e sociedades científicas brasileiras. A análise se deu pela perspectiva da Saúde Coletiva, de viés crítico. Resultado A revisão de literatura revelou que ainda não há eficácia clínica comprovada no uso da cloroquina e da hidroxicloroquina contra a Covid-19. Os gastos com esses dois medicamentos totalizaram R$ 1.769.824,73 (até julho de 2020), revelando um uso considerável de recursos públicos em uma medida sem eficácia comprovada. A decisão também rompe a gestão participativa, uma vez que as instâncias de controle social e sociedades científicas pediram cautela no uso desses medicamentos, em alguns casos, pediram a suspensão do protocolo implementado pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Conclusão A linha de ação adotada pelo governo federal no Brasil toma um caminho ineficaz e que desrespeita a essência do que é Sistema Único de Saúde, priorizando o curativismo em detrimento de medidas protetivas.

ABSTRACT Objective Analyze the decision of the Brazilian federal government in the field of public health management, adopting the use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as one of the main measures against Covid-19. Methodology Theoretical study of documentary basis, from the triangulation of methods. The three stages were: literature review in the Virtual Health Library, with the descriptors efficacy AND coronavirus infections AND chloroquine; analysis of documents related to federal government contracts for purchases during the pandemic; and analysis of documents produced by Brazilian control instances and scientific societies. The analysis was made from the perspective of Collective Health, of critical bias. Results The literature review revealed that there is still no proven clinical efficacy in the use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against Covid-19. Expenditure on these two drugs totaled R$ 1,769,824.73 (until July 2020), revealing considerable use of public resources in a measure without proven efficacy. The decision also breaks participative management, since social control instances and scientific societies asked for caution in the use of these drugs, in some cases even asked for the suspension of the protocol implemented by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Conclusion The line of action adopted by the federal government in Brazil takes an ineffective path that disregards the essence of what is the Unified Health System, prioritizing curativism over protective measures.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la decisión del Gobierno brasileño, en el ámbito de la gestión de la salud pública, de adoptar el uso de la cloroquina y la hidroxicloroquina como una de las principales medidas contra el Covid-19. Metodología Estudio teórico basado en documentos, a partir de la triangulación de métodos. Las tres etapas fueron: revisión de la literatura en la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, con los descriptores "efficacy AND coronavirus infections AND chloroquine"; análisis de documentos relacionados con los contratos del Gobierno para compras durante la pandemia; y análisis de documentos producidos por las instancias de control y sociedades científicas brasileñas. El análisis se hizo desde la perspectiva de la Salud Colectiva Crítica. Resultados El examen de la literatura reveló que todavía no se ha demostrado la eficacia clínica del uso de la cloroquina y la hidroxicloroquina contra COVID. Los gastos de estas dos drogas ascendieron a R$ 1.769.824,73 (para julio de 2020), lo que revela un uso considerable de recursos públicos en una medida sin eficacia comprobada. La decisión también rompe la gestión participativa, ya que las instancias de control social y las sociedades científicas pidieron precaución en el uso de estas drogas; en algunos casos incluso pidieron la suspensión del protocolo implementado por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil. Conclusión La línea de acción adoptada por el Gobierno en el Brasil sigue un camino ineficaz que no tiene en cuenta la esencia de lo que es el Sistema Único de Salud, pues le da prioridad al curativismo sobre las medidas de protección.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: la hipertensión arterial es definida en cifras mayores o iguales a 140/90 mmHg, es de alta prevalencia e incrementa la morbimortalidad general y cardiovascular. OBJETIVO: determinar la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial en pacientes que acuden a consultorio de clínica médica del Hospital Distrital de Villa Elisa, caracterizando a los pacientes hipertensos, evaluando el tratamiento que utilizan y sí están o no controlados. METODOLOGÍA: estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, de corte transversal, muestreo de casos consecutivos, con pacientes atendidos en consultorio de junio a setiembre 2019, fichas clínicas de 488 pacientes. Los resultados fueron analizados basándose en las guías europeas de hipertensión arterial del año 2018. RESULTADOS: se encontró que el 35% tenían el diagnóstico de Hipertensión Arterial y recibían tratamiento para la enfermedad; el 67% de la muestra procedente de Villa Elisa. La mediana de la edad fue de 62 años, donde el 75% de la muestra son mujeres. Solo un 13% de los pacientes tenían Índice de Masa Corporal menor a 25, 35% tenían sobrepeso y 52% obesidad. El 40% de los pacientes están bien controlados con cifras menores a 140/90 mmHg con el tratamiento. Entre los hombres solo 25% tenía Hipertensión Arterial controlada, sin embargo el dato fue de 45% en las mujeres. El 48% de los pacientes utilizaba monoterapia, el 39% utilizaba dos fármacos combinados. CONCLUSIÓN: en el considerable porcentaje de hipertensos en la población, las mujeres registran más consultas que los hombres; la mayoría de los pacientes presentan sobrepeso u obesidad. Menos de la mitad presentó buen control de cifras tensionales y en los hombres el control se reduce al cuarto de la población; la monoterapia prevalece.

INTRODUCTION: arterial hypertension is defined in figures greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg, is of high prevalence and increases general and cardiovascular morbimortality. OBJECTIVE: to determine the prevalence of hypertension in patients attending the medical clinic of the Villa Elisa District Hospital, characterizing hypertensive patients, evaluating the treatment they use and whether or not they are controlled. METHODOLOGY: observational, descriptive, retrospective, retrospective, cross-sectional study, sampling of consecutive cases, with patients seen in the clinic from June to September 2019, clinical records of 488 patients. The results were analyzed based on the 2018 European guidelines on arterial hypertension. RESULTS: 35% were found to have a diagnosis of arterial hypertension and were receiving treatment for the disease; 67% of the sample from Villa Elisa. The median age was 62 years, where 75% of the sample were women. Only 13% of the patients had a Body Mass Index lower than 25, 35% were overweight and 52% obese. Forty percent of the patients are well controlled with figures below 140/90 mmHg with treatment. Among the men only 25% had controlled arterial hypertension, however the figure was 45% in women. Forty-eight percent of the patients used monotherapy, 39% used two drugs in combination. CONCLUSION: in the considerable percentage of hypertensive patients in the population, women registered more consultations than men; most of the patients were overweight or obese. Less than half presented good control of blood pressure figures and in men control was reduced to a quarter of the population; monotherapy prevails.

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Objective: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention efficacy trials with psychiatric patients have been conducted in research settings in high-resourced countries, establishing short-term efficacy for reducing sexual risk behavior. None has been implemented within systems of care. In the last decade, overcoming this research-to-practice gap has become a focus of implementation science. This paper describes the first and only HIV Prevention intervention trial for psychiatric patients conducted in real-world outpatient psychiatric settings facilitated by trained clinic-based providers. Methods: The HIV Prevention intervention, which uses the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills model to achieve sexual risk-reduction, was rigorously adapted to the local context and clinic services' needs. Participants from eight clinics were randomized to HIV Prevention or Health Promotion conditions. Results: HIV Prevention participants showed significant improvement in Information-Motivation-Behavioral domains; in this group, behavioral intentions were associated with significantly fewer unprotected sex occasions, but reduction of unprotected sex occasions was similar in both conditions. Conclusion: Our trial was conducted before implementation studies became widely funded. Transporting an intervention to a new culture or into real-world practice settings may require adaptations. Our results demonstrate that clear guidelines are needed regarding whether to conduct efficacy, effectiveness, and/or implementation research as the most appropriate next step. Clinical trial registration: NCT00881699

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Introducción: la analgesia peridural postoperatoria en niños es efectiva con catéteres insertados al nivel del sitio quirúrgico. Objetivo:comparar la eficacia y las complicaciones de catéteres insertados a nivel lumbar y torácico para analgesia postoperatoria. Método:revisamos la base de datos del Servicio de dolor agudo. Extrajimos información de pacientes de 0-18 años, con analgesia peridural postoperatoria. Los pacientes fueron divididos en grupo lumbar y torácico y, en cada grupo, por edades. Recopilamos información de: variables demográficas, tipo de cirugía, nivel de inserción del catéter peridural, solución de anestésico local administrada, analgésicos sistémicos, coadyuvantes peridurales, dolor postoperatorio y complicaciones. Dividimos las complicaciones según gravedad. Resultados: se analizaron 221 pacientes, 123 con catéter lumbar y 98 con catéter torácico. Catéteres peridurales lumbares y torácicos fueron principalmente insertados en niños de 1-3 años y mayores de 4 años respectivamente. Se utilizó bupivacaína 0,1-0,125 por ciento. Las cirugías fueron urológicas, intraabdominales, ortopédicas, torácicas y cardiovasculares. Los niños con catéteres torácicos tuvieron más dolor (mediana (rango): 3 (0-6) vs. 2 (0-4)) y necesitaron sus catéteres por más días (promedio (DE): 2,96 (1,06) vs. 2,53 (1,09) que aquellos con catéter lumbar. Los requerimientos analgésicos fueron similares en ambos grupos. Hubo 60 complicaciones (27,1 por ciento), principalmente menores (92 por ciento), sin diferencias entre los grupos lumbar y torácica (30 por ciento vs 23 por ciento) ni entre las diferentes edades. Conclusión: los catéteres peridurales insertados en relación al sitio quirúrgico, a nivel lumbar o torácico, proporcionarían analgesia postoperatoria clínicamente aceptable y comparable, con similar incidencia de complicaciones.(AU)

Introduction: postoperative epidural analgesia in children is effective with catheters inserted at the level of the surgical site. Objective: compare the efficacy and complications of epidural catheters inserted at the lumbar and thoracic level for postoperative analgesia in this population. Methods: we review the Acute Pain Service Database. We extracted information of patient from 0 to 18 years with postoperative epidural analgesia. Patients were divided into lumbar and thoracic groups and, in each group, by age. Collected data included: demographic, type of surgery, details of epidural catheters insertion, the local anesthetic administered, systemic analgesics and epidural adjuvant used, postoperative pain and complications. We divide complications according severity. Results: 221 patients were analyzed, 123 with lumbar and 98 with thoracic epidurals catheters. Lumbar and thoracic epidural catheters were mainly placed in patients 1-3 years and older than four years respectively. Bupivacaine 0.1-0.125 percent was the analgesic solution used. Performed surgeries were urological, intraabdominal, orthopedic, thoracic and cardiovascular. Children with thoracic catheters had more pain (median (IQR): 3 (0-6) vs. 2 (0-4)) and needed their catheters more days (mean (SD): 2.96 (1.06) vs. 2.53 (1.09)) than children with lumbar catheters.Analgesic requirements were similar between both groups. There were 60 complications (27.1 percent), mainly minors (92 percent), with no differences between lumbar and thoracic groups (30 percent vs. 23 percent respectively), and among age categories. Conclusion: the epidural catheters inserted about the surgical site, at the lumbar or the thoracic level would provide clinically acceptable and comparable postoperative analgesia with a similar rate of complications.(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of lidocaine gel vs nonanesthetic gel (NAG) in reducing transurethral bladder catheterization (TUBC) procedural pain in children. STUDY DESIGN: A systematic literature search was done using electronic medical databases and trial registries up to September 2016 with no language restrictions. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the efficacy and safety of lidocaine gel vs NAG in reducing TUBC-associated pain in children were screened, identified, and appraised. Risks of bias and study quality of the eligible trials were assessed according to the Cochrane Collaboration recommendations. Various pain assessment scales from the included studies were extracted as mean differences and standard deviations for each treatment group. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were generated with 95% CIs for between-group difference estimation. Effect estimates were pooled using the inverse variance method with a random-effects model. Subgroup analysis was performed for different age groups. RESULTS: Five RCTs (with a total of 369 children) were included. Overall pooled effect estimates showed that compared with NAG, lidocaine gel has no significant benefit in decreasing TUBC-associated pain in children (SMD, -0.22; 95% CI, -0.65 to 0.21). Effect estimates from 4 studies revealed no difference in pain reduction between the lidocaine gel and NAG in children aged <4 years (SMD, 0.01; 95% CI, -0.22 to 0.24). No serious adverse events from the lidocaine gel use were reported in any of the studies. CONCLUSIONS: Lidocaine gel does not appear to reduce TUBC pain compared with NAG, specifically in children aged <4 years. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42016050018.

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Objetivo: presentar la evidencia publicada hasta el momento acerca de la utilidad de la lacosamida en población pediátrica con epilepsia refractaria. Métodos: se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos electrónicas PubMed, Embase, Cochrane y Scielo, encontrando un total de 18 artículos que cumplieron los criterios de búsqueda. Hallazgos principales : lacosamida, uno de los fármacos anticonvulsivantes nuevos, ha sido aprobado como terapia adjunta en epilepsias de inicio focal y epilepsias refractarias en pacientes mayores de 16 años, pero existe creciente evidencia de su eficacia y seguridad en población pediátrica desde los 4 años. Los efectos adversos no difieren en gran medida de los demás anticonvulsivantes y su tasa de éxito es de aproximadamente el 8-40% de control total de crisis. Sin embargo, los estudios no tienen un seguimiento a largo plazo que demuestre que se mantiene este mismo control de crisis en el transcurso del tiempo. Adicionalmente, la lacosamida ofrece mejoría clínica independientemente del control de las crisis en cuanto al patrón motor y comportamental. Conclusiones: Los estudios muestran que la lacosamida es una opción segura indicada para la epilepsia de inicio focal y epilepsia refractaria en la población pediátrica como terapia adjunta, debido a su efectividad en el control de crisis, perfil de seguridad, baja tasa de efectos adversos e interacción con otros medicamentos; no obstante, se requieren estudios con mayor número de pacientes y con seguimientos más prolongados.

Objetive: to present the evidence published about the usefulness of lacosamide in pediatric patients with refractory epilepsy, in order to explain its use in this population. Methods: we conducted search in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library and Scielo and found 18 articles that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Findings: lacosamide, is one of the newer AED (Antiepileptic Drugs) approved for focal refractory and focal onset epilepsies as an add on treatment in patients older than 16 years. However there is growing evidence of its use, security and efficacy in pediatric population from 4 years and above. Adverse effects do not differ from others found in others AED with success seizure free rates between 8 and 40%. Studies revisited had major issues on long term following. In addition, lacosamide improves behavioral and motor skills in children despite seizure control. Conclusions: Studies shows lacosamide as a safe option in pediatric patients with focal onset and refractory epilepsies as an add on therapy given its seizure control, safety profile, low rate of adverse effects and interaction between others medications, however larger and long term studies are needed.

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BACKGROUND: The use of a toothbrush has a limited ability to control the dental biofilm in interproximal areas. Therefore, specialized devices, such as dental floss, may be useful for these specific areas. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of dental floss impregnated with 5% chlorhexidine gluconate on the reduction of the supragingival biofilm. METHODS: This research was parallel, single-blind, controlled and randomized, and contained a sample of thirty dental students from the Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing of the Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, who were divided equally into three groups. The negative control group (NC) did not utilize any kind of interproximal cleaning; the positive control group (PC) used waxed floss without impregnation twice a day; and the test group (T) used the same dental floss, which was impregnated with 5% chlorhexidine gluconate, twice a day. For all groups, this study lasted for 15 days. The presence of a biofilm was evaluated on four surfaces (mesiobuccal, distobuccal, mesiolingual and distolingual) by the Quigley-Hein Index, resulting in four scores for each tooth. RESULTS: Group T had the lowest plaque scores, showing a significant difference compared to group NC (P < 0.001) and group PC (P < 0.001). Group PC also displayed a significant difference compared to NC (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the use of dental floss impregnated with 5% chlorhexidine gluconate resulted in additional reductions in the supragingival biofilm relative to the results achieved with conventional waxed floss on the anterior teeth of a well-motivated and well-instructed population.

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OBJECTIVES: This phase III study assessed the safety and immunogenicity of MenACWY-CRM, a quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine, administered with routine vaccines starting at 2 months of age. METHODS: Healthy infants received MenACWY-CRM in a two- or three-dose primary infant series plus a single toddler dose. In addition, a two-dose toddler catch-up series was evaluated. Immune responses to MenACWY-CRM were assessed for serum bactericidal activity with human complement (hSBA). Reactogenicity and safety results were collected systematically. RESULTS: After a full infant/toddler series or two-dose toddler catch-up series, MenACWY-CRM elicited immune responses against the four serogroups in 94-100% of subjects. Noninferiority of the two- versus three-dose MenACWY-CRM infant dosing regimen was established for geometric mean titers for all serogroups. Following the three-dose infant primary series, 89-98% of subjects achieved an hSBA ≥ 8 across all serogroups. Immune responses to concomitant routine vaccines given with MenACWY-CRM were noninferior to responses to routine vaccines alone, except for pertactin after the two-dose infant series. Noninferiority criteria were met for all concomitant antigens after the three-dose infant series. CONCLUSIONS: MenACWY-CRM vaccination regimens in infants and toddlers were immunogenic and well tolerated. No clinically meaningful effects of concomitant administration with routine infant and toddler vaccines were observed.

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Objetivos: determinar el grado de eficacia de los agentes anti factor de necrosis tumoral alfa en pacientes con artritis reumatoide e identificar factores predictores de la respuesta a dicha terapia en un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Métodos: fueron incluidos pacientes con AR mayores de 18 años, en control en la seguridad social de Costa Rica y que habían recibido algún agente anti TNF-α. La eficacia de la terapia biológica se determinó según: 1) la continuidad del tratamiento instaurado; 2) el control alcanzado, según el criterio subjetivo del médico tratante; 3) los criterios de mejoría del EULAR; y 4) la remisión clínica según EULAR. Resultados: 66 pacientes completaron los criterios de inclusión. El 45,5% de los casos logró la remisión según el DAS 28. El riesgo relativo (RR) de no alcanzar la remisión fue en los pacientes mayores de 50 años de 2,22 (IC 95% = 1,03-4,77), en los pacientes con un DAS 28 basal > 6 fue de 2,66 (IC 95% = 1,14-6,20) y en los pacientes con una duración de la enfermedad mayor de 10 años el RR fue de 4,0 (IC 95% = 1,30-12,22). Conclusiones: el empleo de los agentes anti TNF-α en los pacientes con enfermedad resistente al tratamiento convencional con DMAR, alcanzó un 45,5% de remisión EULAR. La edad de inicio de la terapia, el tiempo de duración de la enfermedad y un DAS 28 elevado son predictores negativos de la respuesta a la terapia con agentes anti TNF-α.

Objectives: To determine the efficacy of the anti-TNF-α therapy among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to identify predictors of treatment response to these therapy. Methods: RA patients, older than 18, were included. These patients belong to the Costa Rican Social Security System. They are under medical control and have received an anti-TNF-α agent. Efficacy of the biological therapy was determined based in: 1. The continuity of the established treatment, 2. The achieved control, according to the physician's subjective criteria, 3. EULAR good response and 4. EULAR remission. Results: In total, 66 patients were included in the study. 45.5% of the patients achieved EULAR remission. The relative risk (RR) of not achieving remission in patients of more than 50 years old was 2.22% (IC 95% = 1.03-4.77%), in patients with DAS 28 score at baseline > 6 was 2.66 (IC 95% = 1.14-6.20) and in patients with more than 10 years of AR diagnosis, the RR was 4.0 (IC 95%= 1.30-12.22). Conclusions: The use of anti-TNF in patients that disease previously resistant to conventional DMAR achieved a 45% EULAR remission. The age in which the therapy starts; long-standing disease and the higher DAS 28, are negative predictors of treatment response to anti-TNF therapy.

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In 2008, we have celebrated the centenary of the discovery of Toxoplasma gondii.Although this ubiquitous protozoan can generate devastating damage in foetuses and newborns, its treatment is the only field in which we have made little progress, despite a huge body of research, and has not yet been validated. Pregnant women who seroconvert are generally given spiramycine in order to reduce the risk of vertical transmission. However, to date, we have no evidence of the efficacy of this treatment because no randomized controlled trials have as yet been conducted. When foetal contamination is demonstrated, pyrimethamine, in association with sulfadoxine or sulfadiazine, is normally prescribed, but the effectiveness of this treatment remains to be shown. With regard to postnatal treatment, opinions vary considerably in terms of drugs, regimens and length of therapy. Similarly, we do not have clear evidence to support routine antibiotic treatment of acute ocular toxoplasmosis. We must be aware that pregnant women and newborns are currently being given empirically potentially toxic drugs that have no proven benefit. We must make progress in this field through well-designed collaborative studies and by drawing the attention of policy makers to this disastrous and unsustainable situation.

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