RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Since 2020 in Mexico, front-of-pack warning labels (FOPWL) have been implemented in processed products. Evidence supports warning labels allow consumers to identify unhealthy products. We aimed to evaluate the hypothetical impact of the FOPWL regulation on the Mexican population's intake of critical nutrients and energy, based on the replacement of food and beverages using 4 hypothetical scenarios which represented the phases of the regulation. METHODS: Dietary data were collected using a standardized 24-h dietary recall from the 2016 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (n = 4184). To evaluate the hypothetical impact of FOPWL, the nutritional content of critical nutrients in processed products was evaluated according to the Mexican Official Standard 051 (NOM-051). Then, we replaced products with several warning labels (WL) with those with a fewer number of them or with non-processed food. For the replacement, 4 hypothetical scenarios were established: scenario 1: the current consumption of the Mexican Population, scenario 2: the replacement during the first phase of the norm, scenario 3: the replacement in the second phase and scenario 4: the replacement in the last phase. We estimated the means, confidence intervals (CI 95%), and the mean percentage change of energy, saturated fat, trans-fat, added sugars, and sodium intake during the second, third, and the fourth scenarios. RESULTS: According to the norm, in the second scenario, the majority of the products presented a label for energy (52.6%) whereas in the third (56.4%) and fourth (61.2%) scenarios were for sodium. In contrast, trans-fat was the least labeled nutrient in all the scenarios (from 2.1 to 4.1%). In the fourth scenario, we observed a reduction of the intake of energy intake to 15.4% as well as saturated fat (- 20%, CI 95% - 18.4; - 21.6), trans-fat (- 8.2%, CI 95% - 6.4; - 10.1) and sodium (- 12.7%, CI 95% - 11.3; - 14.1). The most important reduction was observed for added sugars intake (until - 54.1%, CI 95% - 51; - 57.1). CONCLUSIONS: FOPWL could be an effective strategy to decrease energy consumption and nutrients of concern. If consumers use the FOPWL, it would be an important change in critical nutrients intake. These results support that FOPWL might help the Mexican population to choose healthier nutrition alternatives.
Assuntos
Ingestão de Energia , Rotulagem de Alimentos , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Rotulagem de Alimentos/métodos , Nutrientes , Açúcares , SódioRESUMO
Consumption of industrially produced trans-fat acids (TFA) is a public health concern. Therefore, it is important that information on TFA in packaged foods be clearly informed to consumers. This study aimed to assess the evolution of TFA information presented in packaged foods sold in Brazil in 2010 and 2013, before and after the introduction of stricter regulatory requirements for TFA-free claims on food labels. A repeated cross-sectional study was performed through food label censuses of all packaged foods available for sale in two stores from the same supermarket chain, totaling 2,327 foods products in 2010 and 3,176 in 2013. TFA-free claims and information indicating TFA in the ingredients list and nutrition facts label were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Pearson's chi-square test. There was a 14% decrease in the use of ingredients containing or potentially containing industrially produced TFA (i-TFA), according to analysis of the ingredients list. However, when analyzing foods by groups, it was found that this decrease was significant only for group A (bakery goods, bread, cereals, and related products; from 59 to 35%, p < 0.001). By contrast, food group F (gravies, sauces, ready-made seasonings, broths, soups, and ready-to-eat dishes) showed a 5% increase in i-TFA. The use of specific terms for i-TFA decreased between 2010 and 2013, but there was an increase in the use of alternative terms, such as vegetable fat and margarine, which do not allow consumers to reliably identify whether a food product is a possible source of i-TFA. There was an 18% decrease in the use of TFA-free claims in products containing or potentially containing i-TFA. However, almost one-third of foods sold in 2013 were false negatives, that is, foods reported to contain 0 g of TFA in the nutrition facts label or with TFA-free claims but displaying specific or alternative terms for i-TFA in the ingredients list. The results indicate that adoption of stricter requirements for TFA-free claims on food labels in Brazil helped reduce the prevalence of such claims but was not sufficient to decrease i-TFA in industrialized foods sold in supermarkets.
RESUMO
ANTECEDENTES: Se desconoce el contenido de grasas saturada (GS) y trans (Gtrans) en panes sin etiqueta y sin vigilancia por entidad regulatoria de Colombia. PROPÓSITO: Comparar el contenido de GS y Gtrans en panes de algunas panaderías de Medellín con lo reglamentado: 0,5 g/50 g de pan, para ambos tipos de grasa según resolución 2508 de 2012 del Ministerio de Salud. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se muestrearon 45 panes de tres tipos (aliñado, leche y croissant) en tres niveles socioeconómicos (NSE) según ubicación de la panadería. Se cuantificó grasa total gravimétricamente y GS y Gtrans por cromatografía de gases. RESULTADOS: El porcentaje de GS y Gtrans con respecto a la grasa total extraíble fue 43,8% y 0,6% en pan aliñado, 37,4% y 0,6% en pan leche y 32,2% y 0,9% en pan croissant, sin diferencia significativa entre ellos (p= 0,155 y 0,184, respectivamente). CONCLUSIONES: Comparado con la resolución 2508, el contenido de GS fue mayor al límite establecido en resolución y el contenido de Gtrans fue menor en pan aliñado, leche o croissant. Los panes evaluados en las panaderías del NSE bajo contenían mayor Gtrans que los otros.
BACKGROUND: The content of saturated (GS) and trans (Gtrans) fats in unlabeled and breads that are not regulated by the Colombian government is unknown. PURPOSE: To compare the content of GS and Gtrans in breads of bakeries in Medellín with the following regulation: 0.5 g/50 g of bread, for both types of fat according to the 2012 Ministry of Health resolution #2508. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 45 breads of three types (seasoned, milk and croissant) were sampled at bakeries from three socioeconomic levels (NSE) according to the location. Total fat was quantified gravimetrically and GS and Gtrans by gas chromatography. RESULTS: The percentage of GS and Gtrans with respect to the total extractable fat was 43.8% and 0.6% in seasoned bread, 37.4% and 0.6% in milk bread and 32.2% and 0.9% in croissant bread, with no significant difference by bread type (p= 0.155 and 0.184, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: GS content of sampled breadswas greater than the limit established in the resolution. Gtrans content was lower in seasoned bread andmilk bread compared to croissant. The breads evaluated in the bakeries of lower NSE contained higher Gtrans than the others.
Assuntos
Pão/análise , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Ácidos Graxos trans/análise , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa/métodos , Colômbia , Ionização de Chama/métodosRESUMO
The aim of this work was to provide recent fatty acid (FA) profiling of chocolates and chocolate products, principally C18:1 trans FAs (TFAs). Thirty-two samples were analyzed by gas chromatography and FAs were quantified. The total TFA content declared in chocolate labeling and the real TFA content were compared. The TFA content ranged from 0.04 to 2.51 g/100 g of sample, and it was noticed that several manufacturers were underestimating the total TFA content in their labeling. The main TFA isomers quantified were C18:1 trans-9 (0.006-0.244%), C18:1 trans-10 (0.009-0.392%), and C18:1 trans-11 (0.013-0.464%), expressed in g/100 g of sample. Principal component analysis was used to discriminate industrial fats from natural trans fats based on the isomeric TFA profile and dairy fat (DF) biomarkers allowing to group samples in four clusters: high TFA content and high DF content, high TFA content and low DF content, low TFA content and high DF content, and low TFA content and low DF content.
Assuntos
Chocolate/análise , Lipídeos/química , Ácidos Graxos trans/química , Brasil , Rotulagem de Alimentos , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , IsomerismoRESUMO
A balanced intake of fatty acids (FA) of both omega-6 (n-6) and -3 (n-3) series is essential for memory. The Mediterranean diet (MD), rich in n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) and low n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, has shown beneficial influences on health. Inversely, the Western diet contains saturated fats, including hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF, rich in trans fat) and interesterified fat (IF), making the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio high. Due to the health impairments caused by HVF, it has been replaced by IF in processed foods. We compared an MD (balanced n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio) with Western diets 1 (WD1, rich in trans fat) and 2 (WD2, rich in IF) on memory process per se and following scopolamine (SCO) administration, which induces amnesia in rats. While MD exerted protective effects, WD1 and WD2 showed declined memory per se, showing higher susceptibility to SCO-induced memory deficits. In addition, WD1 and WD2 showed increased proinflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6] and decreased anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) in plasma. IL-1ß was higher in the hippocampus of WD1, which was reflected on histological assessments. Significant correlations between cognitive decline and inflammatory markers reinforce our hypothesis: MD-like fats may act preventively on cognitive loss, while WD-like fats may facilitate this.
Assuntos
Dieta Mediterrânea , Dieta Ocidental , Gorduras na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Transtornos da Memória/etiologia , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocinas/sangue , Citocinas/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/farmacologia , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/patologia , Inflamação/etiologia , Masculino , Ratos Wistar , Escopolamina/efeitos adversosRESUMO
The quality of dietary lipids in the maternal diet can programme the offspring to diseases in later life. We investigated whether the maternal intake of palm oil or interesterified fat, substitutes for trans-unsaturated fatty acids (FA), induces metabolic changes in the adult offspring. During pregnancy and lactation, C57BL/6 female mice received normolipidic diets containing partially hydrogenated vegetable fat rich in trans-unsaturated fatty acids (TG), palm oil (PG), interesterified fat (IG) or soyabean oil (CG). After weaning, male offspring from all groups received the control diet until day 110. Plasma glucose and TAG and liver FA profiles were ascertained. Liver mitochondrial function was accessed with high-resolution respirometry by measuring VO2, fluorimetry for detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production and mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. The results showed that the IG offspring presented a 20 % increase in plasma glucose and both the IG and TG offspring presented a 2- and 1·9-fold increase in TAG, respectively, when compared with CG offspring. Liver MUFA and PUFA contents decreased in the TG and IG offspring when compared with CG offspring. Liver MUFA content also decreased in the PG offspring. These modifications in FA composition possibly affected liver mitochondrial function, as respiration was impaired in the TG offspring and H2O2 production was higher in the IG offspring. In addition, mitochondrial Ca2+ retention capacity was reduced by approximately 40 and 55 % in the TG and IG offspring, respectively. In conclusion, maternal consumption of trans-unsaturated and interesterified fat affected offspring health by compromising mitochondrial bioenergetics and lipid metabolism in the liver.
Assuntos
Metabolismo Energético , Ácidos Graxos/efeitos adversos , Lactação , Fígado/metabolismo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos trans/efeitos adversos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Cálcio/metabolismo , Gorduras na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/metabolismo , Feminino , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Consumo de Oxigênio , Óleos de Plantas , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Respiração , Ácidos Graxos trans/metabolismo , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
The objective of this paper is to identify the stakeholders and their contributions to the public consultation carried out with regard to the mandatory trans fat acids food labeling proposal in Brazil. Methodology thematic analysis of the documents. Results 25 stakeholders made suggestions regarding the proposed law, and the majority belonged to the food industry sector. The following issues were raised: lack of knowledge among the consumers about trans fat acids; lack of information about trans fat acids in food composition tables and infrastructure to analyse the trans fat content of foods; voluntary trans fat labelling. Conclusions The stakeholders addressed important issues, such as improving nutritional knowledge among the population. However, few stakeholders linked to consumers took part in the public consultation, which might lead to disproportionate influence of the food industry on the development of future food policies.
Objetivo identificar os atores sociais e as suas contribuições na consulta pública realizada sobre a proposta obrigatória de rotulagem de alimentos no Brasil com gordura trans. Metodologia análise temática dos documentos. Resultados 25 atores apresentaram sugestões para a proposta da lei, e a maioria pertencia ao setor da indústria de alimentos. Temas encontrados: falta de conhecimento entre os consumidores sobre a gordura trans; falta de informação sobre gorduras trans em tabelas de composição de alimentos e de infraestrutura para analisar o teor de gordura trans nos alimentos; rotulagem voluntária da gordura trans. Conclusões Os participantes abordaram questões importantes, como a necessidade de aumentar o conhecimento dos consumidores sobre gordura trans. Entretanto, houve poucos atores sociais ligados aos interesses dos consumidores que participaram na consulta pública, e isso pode levar a um desequiibrio de poderes nas discussões sobre nutrição no Brasil.
Objetivo Identificar actores sociales y sus contribuciones en la consulta pública realizada sobre la propuesta obligatoria de rotulación de alimentos en Brasil con grasas transgénicas. Metodología Análisis temático de documentos. Resultados 25 actores presentaron sugerencias para la propuesta de ley, y la mayoría pertenecía al sector de la industria de alimentos. Temas encontrados Falta de conocimiento entre consumidores sobre grasas transgénicas; falta de información sobre grasas transgénicas en tablas de composición de alimentos e infraestructura para analizar grado de grasas transgénicas en alimentos; rotulación voluntaria de grasas transgénicas. Conclusiones Los participantes abordaron cuestiones importantes, como la necesidad de aumentar el conocimiento de los consumidores sobre grasas transgénicas. No obstante, hubo pocos actores sociales ligados a los intereses de los consumidores que participaron en la consulta y eso puede llevar a un desequilibrio de poderes en discusiones sobre nutrición en Brasil.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Ácidos Graxos trans , Rotulagem de Alimentos/legislação & jurisprudência , BrasilRESUMO
The abuse of morphine has risen considerably in recent years, mainly due to the increase of its prescription in clinical medicine. Also, increased consumption of processed foods, rich in trans fatty acids (TFA), has caused concerns about human health. Thus, the aim of our study was to determine whether trans fat consumption in the perinatal period may affect preference for morphine in adolescent female and male rats. Dams were orally supplemented with water (C-control) or hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF-rich in TFA) during gestation and lactation periods. On post-natal day 43, pups were exposed to morphine (4mg/kg i.p., for 4 days) and assessed in the conditioned place preference paradigm. Anxiety-like symptoms were assessed, and oxidative status of the brain was estimated by reactive species (RS) generation. Female rats with HVF supplementation showed increased morphine preference and less anxiety-like symptoms. Additionally, both male and female rats from HVF-supplementation showed increased RS generation in the ventral tegmental area, whose level was similar in morphine-conditioned female rats. RS generation was increased in the hippocampus of morphine-conditioned female rats, regardless of the supplementation of their dams. We may infer that gender is a predictive factor to opioid preference, since adolescent female rats showed more susceptibility to addiction than males. Furthermore, trans fat consumption across the perinatal period is able to modify parameters of opioid preference in female rats, possibly due to TFA incorporation in phospholipid membranes, modifying the endogenous opioid system and the oxidative status in brain areas related to drug addiction.
Assuntos
Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Lactação , Dependência de Morfina/metabolismo , Morfina/farmacologia , Caracteres Sexuais , Ácidos Graxos trans/farmacologia , Animais , Ansiedade/complicações , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Condicionamento Psicológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Masculino , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Dependência de Morfina/complicações , Dependência de Morfina/fisiopatologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Gravidez , Ratos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos trans/metabolismo , Área Tegmentar Ventral/efeitos dos fármacos , Área Tegmentar Ventral/metabolismoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate the toxicity of chronic consumption of processed foods that are rich in trans fat on the lipid composition of brain membranes, as well as its functional repercussions. METHODS: A second generation of male rats born from mothers and grandmothers supplemented with soybean oil (SOC, an isocaloric control group) or hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF, rich in TFA) (3g/kg; p.o.) were kept under oral treatment until 90 days of age, when they were exposed to an AMPH-induced model of mania. RESULTS: The HVF group presented 0.38% of TFA incorporation in the striatum, affecting Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activity, which was decreased per se and following AMPH-exposure. The HVF group also showed increased protein carbonyl (PC) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA levels after AMPH administration, while these oxidative and molecular changes were not observed in the other experimental groups. Additionally, a negative correlation between striatal Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activity and PC levels (r(2)=0.49) was observed. CONCLUSION: The prolonged consumption of trans fat allows TFA incorporation and increases striatal oxidative status, thus impairing the functionality of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and affecting molecular targets as BDNF mRNA. We hypothesized that the chronic intake of processed foods (rich in TFA) facilitates the development of neuropsychiatric diseases, particularly bipolar disorder.
Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/biossíntese , ATPase Trocadora de Sódio-Potássio/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos trans/toxicidade , Anfetamina/farmacologia , Animais , Transtorno Bipolar/induzido quimicamente , Transtorno Bipolar/enzimologia , Transtorno Bipolar/genética , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/biossíntese , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/genética , Corpo Estriado/efeitos dos fármacos , Corpo Estriado/metabolismo , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Expressão Gênica , Masculino , Membranas/metabolismo , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Carbonilação Proteica , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Ratos , Óleo de Soja/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos trans/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos trans/metabolismoRESUMO
Amphetamine (AMPH) is an addictive psychostimulant drug whose use has been related to neurotoxicity. Experimentally, AMPH increases anxiety-like symptoms, showing addictive properties. In the last decades, the growing consumption of processed foods has provided an excess of saturated and trans fats in detriment of essential fatty acids, which may modify the lipid profile of brain membranes, thus modifying its permeability and dopaminergic neurotransmission. Here, we assessed the influence of brain incorporation of different fatty acids (FA) on AMPH self-administration. Three groups of young male rats were orally supplemented from weaning with a mixture of soybean oil (SO, rich in n-6 FA) and fish oil (FO, rich in n-3 FA), hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF, rich in trans fatty acids--TFA), or water (control group). These animals were born from dams that were supplemented with the same fat from pregnancy to lactation. Anxiety-like symptoms and locomotor index were assessed in elevated plus maze and open-field (OF), respectively, while brain molecular expressions of dopaminergic receptors, dopamine transporter (DAT), and BDNF were determined in the cortex and hippocampus. HVF increased the frequency of AMPH self-administration and was associated with reinforcement and withdrawal signs as observed by increased anxiety-like symptoms. Contrarily, SO/FO decreased these parameters. Increased BDNF protein together with decreased DAT expression was observed in the hippocampus of HVF group. Based on these findings, our study points to a harmful influence of trans fats on drug addiction and craving symptoms, whose mechanism may be related to changes in the dopaminergic neurotransmission.
Assuntos
Anfetamina/farmacologia , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Comportamento de Procura de Droga/fisiologia , Ácidos Graxos trans/farmacologia , Animais , Ansiedade/induzido quimicamente , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/metabolismo , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Dopamina/metabolismo , Feminino , Óleos de Peixe/farmacologia , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Masculino , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptores de Dopamina D1/metabolismo , Receptores de Dopamina D2/metabolismo , Autoadministração , Óleo de Soja/farmacologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Chronic consumption of processed food causes structural changes in membrane phospholipids, affecting brain neurotransmission. Here we evaluated noxious influences of dietary fats over two generations of rats on amphetamine (AMPH)-conditioned place preference (CPP). Female rats received soybean oil (SO, rich in n-6 fatty acids (FA)), fish oil (FO, rich in n-3 FA) and hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF, rich in trans fatty acids (TFA)) for two successive generations. Male pups from the 2nd generation were maintained on the same supplementation until 41 days of age, when they were conditioned with AMPH in CPP. While the FO group showed higher incorporation of n-3 polyunsaturated-FA (PUFA) in cortex/hippocampus, the HVF group showed TFA incorporation in these same brain areas. The SO and HVF groups showed AMPH-preference and anxiety-like symptoms during abstinence. Higher levels of protein carbonyl (PC) and lower levels of non-protein thiols (NPSH) were observed in cortex/hippocampus of the HVF group, indicating antioxidant defense system impairment. In contrast, the FO group showed no drug-preference and lower PC levels in cortex. Cortical PC was positively correlated with n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, locomotion and anxiety-like behavior, and hippocampal PC was positively correlated with AMPH-preference, reinforcing connections between oxidative damage and AMPH-induced preference/abstinence behaviors. As brain incorporation of trans and n-6 PUFA modifies its physiological functions, it may facilitate drug addiction.
Assuntos
Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Anfetaminas/etiologia , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/toxicidade , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/toxicidade , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleo de Soja/toxicidade , Ácidos Graxos trans/toxicidade , Fatores Etários , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Anfetaminas/fisiopatologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Anfetaminas/psicologia , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Ansiedade/induzido quimicamente , Ansiedade/psicologia , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Córtex Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Comportamento de Procura de Droga/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Carbonilação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos Wistar , Medição de Risco , Óleo de Soja/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos trans/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Since that fast food consumption have raised concerns about people's health, we evaluated the influence of trans fat consumption on behavioral, biochemical and molecular changes in the brain-cortex of second generation rats exposed to a model of mania. Two successive generations of female rats were supplemented with soybean oil (SO, rich in n-6 FA, control group), fish oil (FO, rich in n-3 FA) and hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF, rich in trans FA) from pregnancy, lactation to adulthood, when male rats from 2nd generation received amphetamine (AMPH-4 mg/kg-i.p., once a day, for 14 days) treatment. AMPH increased locomotor index in all animals, which was higher in the HVF group. While the FO group showed increased n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) incorporation and reduced n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, HVF allowed trans fatty acid (TFA) incorporation and increased n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in the brain-cortex. In fact, the FO group showed minor AMPH-induced hyperactivity, decreased reactive species (RS) generation per se, causing no changes in protein carbonyl (PC) levels and dopamine transporter (DAT). FO supplementation showed molecular changes, since proBDNF was increased per se and reduced by AMPH, decreasing the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level following drug treatment. Conversely, HVF was related to increased hyperactivity, higher PC level per se and higher AMPH-induced PC level, reflecting on DAT, whose levels were decreased per se as well as in AMPH-treated groups. In addition, while HVF increased BDNF-mRNA per se, AMPH reduced this value, acting on BDNF, whose level was lower in the same AMPH-treated experimental group. ProBDNF level was influenced by HVF supplementation, but it was not sufficient to modify BDNF level. These findings reinforce that prolonged consumption of trans fat allows TFA incorporation in the cortex, facilitating hyperactive behavior, oxidative damages and molecular changes. Our study is a warning about cross-generational consumption of processed food, since high trans fat may facilitate the development of neuropsychiatric conditions, including bipolar disorder (BD).
Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/metabolismo , Transtorno Bipolar/psicologia , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos trans/toxicidade , Fatores Etários , Anfetamina , Animais , Transtorno Bipolar/induzido quimicamente , Química Encefálica , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/metabolismo , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Dopamina/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/análise , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/análise , Feminino , Óleos de Peixe , Masculino , Atividade Motora , Gravidez , Carbonilação Proteica , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Óleo de Soja , Ácidos Graxos trans/análiseRESUMO
We evaluated the influence of dietary fats on ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced oxidative damage in skin of rats. Animals from two consecutive generations born of dams supplemented with fats during pregnancy and breastfeeding were maintained in the same supplementation: soybean-oil (SO, rich in n-6 FA, control group), fish-oil (FO, rich in n-3 FA) or hydrogenated-vegetable-fat (HVF, rich in TFA). At 90 days of age, half the animals from the 2nd generation were exposed to UVR (0.25 J/cm(2)) 3×/week for 12 weeks. The FO group presented higher incorporation of n-3 FA in dorsal skin, while the HVF group incorporated TFA. Biochemical changes per se were observed in skin of the HVF group: greater generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lower mitochondrial integrity and increased Na(+)K(+)-ATPase activity. UVR exposure increased skin wrinkles scores and ROS generation and decreased mitochondrial integrity and reduced-glutathione levels in the HVF group. In FO, UVR exposure was associated with smaller skin thickness and reduced levels of protein-carbonyl, together with increased catalase activity and preserved Na(+)K(+)-ATPase function. In conclusion, while FO may be protective, trans fat may be harmful to skin health by making it more vulnerable to UVR injury and thus more prone to develop photoaging and skin cancer.
Assuntos
Óleos de Peixe/farmacologia , Pele/efeitos da radiação , Ácidos Graxos trans/farmacologia , Raios Ultravioleta/efeitos adversos , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Feminino , Hidrogenação , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/efeitos da radiação , Gravidez , Carbonilação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Carbonilação Proteica/efeitos da radiação , Ratos Wistar , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Pele/efeitos dos fármacos , Pele/metabolismo , Pele/patologia , ATPase Trocadora de Sódio-Potássio/metabolismo , Óleo de Soja/farmacologia , Luz Solar/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Trans fats, also known as partially hydrogenated oils, have long been associated with cardiovascular disease. In 2003, the Food and Drug Administration mandated that trans fat content of ≥0.5 g be listed on food labeling; the next year, the World Health Organization released a recommended daily limit on trans fat intake. During the following decade, legislatures in different municipal and state governments moved trans fat regulation forward, whereas many food companies decided to independently phase out trans fat in their products. The advancement of these parallel processes suggests an emerging best practices phenomenon, integrating public health, law, and the food industry. With both legislation and markets seemingly favoring a limitation on trans fat content in foods, attention has once again shifted to the Food and Drug Administration for a ruling on the safety of trans fats.
Assuntos
Governo , Legislação sobre Alimentos/história , Ácidos Graxos trans/administração & dosagem , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Gorduras na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Europa (Continente) , Alimentos , Indústria Alimentícia , Rotulagem de Alimentos/legislação & jurisprudência , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Hidrogenação , Óleos de Plantas , América do Sul , Ácidos Graxos trans/efeitos adversos , Estados Unidos , United States Food and Drug Administration , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
The influence of dietary fatty acids (FA) on mania-like behavior and brain oxidative damage were evaluated in rats. First generation of rats born and maintained under supplementation with soybean-oil (SO), fish-oil (FO) or hydrogenated-vegetable-fat (HVF), which are rich in n-6, n-3 and trans (TFA) FA, respectively, until adulthood, were exposed to an amphetamine (AMPH)-induced mania animal model to behavioral and biochemical evaluations. While AMPH caused hyperlocomotion in HVF and, to a less extent, in SO- and FO-groups, a better memory performance was observed in FO group. Among vehicle-groups, HVF increased reactive species (RS) generation and protein-carbonyl (PC) levels in cortex; FO reduced RS generation in hippocampus and decreased PC levels in hippocampus and striatum. Among AMPH-treated animals, HVF exacerbated RS generation in all evaluated brain areas and increased PC levels in cortex and striatum; FO reduced RS generation in hippocampus and decreased PC levels in hippocampus and striatum. FO was related to higher percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in cortex and striatum, while HVF was associated to higher incorporation of TFA in cortex, hippocampus and striatum, besides increased n-6/n-3 FA ratio in striatum. While a continuous exposure to TFA may intensify oxidative events in brain, a prolonged FO consumption may prevent mania-like-behavior; enhance memory besides decreasing brain oxidative markers. A substantial inclusion of processed foods, instead of foods rich in omega-3, in the long term is able to influence the functionality of brain structures related to behavioral disturbances and weaker neuroprotection, whose impact should be considered by food safety authorities and psychiatry experts.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacologia , Comportamento Exploratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Reconhecimento Psicológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Anfetamina , Animais , Transtorno Bipolar/induzido quimicamente , Transtorno Bipolar/dietoterapia , Transtorno Bipolar/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Corpo Estriado/efeitos dos fármacos , Corpo Estriado/metabolismo , Gorduras na Dieta/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Masculino , Gravidez , Ratos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoRESUMO
Los ácidos grasos con configuración trans poco se encuentran en los alimentos de manera natural, sino que se incorporan a éstos como consecuencia de modificaciones principalmente debidas a los procesos industriales de hidrogenación a que se someten los aceites para convertirlos en grasas sólidas. Aún cuando su estructura incluye dobles enlaces, el tipo de configuración permite un comportamiento biológico similar al de los ácidos grasos saturados, con efectos negativos sobre múltiples funciones celulares. La evidencia demuestra que son perjudiciales para la salud, en especial a lo que se refiere a riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular, razón por la cual es importante disminuir su consumo. Teniendo en consideración la evidencia obtenida de investigaciones sobre las alteraciones del metabolismo producidas por los ácidos grasos trans, es posible plantear una precaución lógica hacia el consumo de dietas ricas en dichos ácidos. Sus efectos deletéreos serían incluso peores en aquellas poblaciones que consumen bajas cantidades de ácidos grasos esenciales. De ahí surge la importancia de iniciar con prontitud políticas sanitarias orientadas a controlar la aterosclerosis en nuestro país. Las mismas deben estar necesariamente sustentadas sobre un conocimiento profundo de las características o condiciones particulares a las que nuestra población se encuentra sometida. Sólo así podrá darse inicio a una intervención efectiva sobre nuestros cuestionados hábitos alimentarios.
Trans fatty acids are scarcely found naturally in food; they are incorporated to it as a result of modifications mainly due to hydrogenation industrial processes to which oils are submitted in order to obtain solid fats. Even when its structure includes double bonds, the type of configuration allows a biological behavior similar to that of saturated fatty acids, with negative effects on multiple cellular functions. The evidence shows that they are harmful to health, especially in regard to risk of cardiovascular disease, which is why it is important to reduce its consumption. Given the evidence obtained from research on alterations of metabolism produced by trans fatty acids, it is possible to raise a logical precaution for the consumption of diets rich in these acids. Its deleterious effects would be even worse in those populations that consume low amounts of essential fatty acids. Hence the importance of prompt sanitary policies directed to the control of atherosclerosis in our country. They must be based necessarily on an in-depth knowledge of the characteristics or particular conditions to which our population is subjected. Only thus, can initiate an effective intervention questioned about our eating habits.