RESUMO

The consumption of natural foods is increasingly high, and in recent years, consumers have preferred foods from systems with responsible management of natural resources (organic, hydroponic). However, there are still contradictions regarding the nutritional content of products from these different types of crops. Our study aims to compare, for the first time, the content of antioxidants (ascorbic acid, lycopene, total phenolics, essential fatty acids), micronutrients (copper, iron, manganese, zinc), contaminants (cadmium and lead), and free radical scavenging activity between conventional, organic, and hydroponic tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) sold in markets in Quito, Ecuador. Ascorbic acid and lycopene were determined by HPLC/UV-Vis. Total phenolics (Folin-Ciocalteu method) and free-radical scavenging activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method) were determined via UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Lipid profiles were determined as fatty acid methyl esters through a GC-FID. Trace metals were determined using FAAS (micronutrients), and GFAAS (pollutants). No significant differences (p > 0.05) between antioxidant and micronutrient content among the three types of tomatoes were found. Regarding cadmium and lead, the contents were below the Codex Alimentarius threshold limits. Finally, free radical scavenging activity varied slightly (organic > hydroponic > conventional). Although the samples showed certain differences in antioxidant content, none of the tomato types could be considered nutritionally better because of the high variability of the results.

RESUMO

Salmonella enterica is a foodborne pathogen that can be internalized into fresh produce. Most of the Salmonella virulence genes are clustered in regions denominated Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands (SPI). SPI-1 encodes a Type Three Secretion System (T3SS-1) and effector proteins that allow the internalization of Salmonella into animal cells. HilD is a transcriptional regulator that induces the expression of SPI-1 genes and other related virulence genes located outside of this island. Here, we assessed the role of hilD in the internalization of Salmonella Newport and Typhimurium into cherry tomatoes, by evaluating either an isolate from an avocado orchard, S. Newport-45 or the laboratory strain S. Typhimurium SL1344 and their isogenic mutants in hilD. The internalization of these bacteria was carried out by using a temperature gradient of 12°C. The transcription of hilD and invA was tested by qRT-PCR experiments. Our results show that S. Newport-45 hilD mutant viable cells obtained from the interior of the fruit were decreased (2.7-fold), compared with those observed for S. Typhimurium SL1344. Interestingly, at 3 days postinoculation, the cells recovered from S. Newport-45 hilD mutant were similar to those recovered from all the strains evaluated, suggesting that hilD is required only for the initial internalization of S. Newport.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Plants are colonized by myriads of microbes across kingdoms, which affect host development, fitness, and reproduction. Hence, plant microbiomes have been explored across a broad range of host species, including model organisms, crops, and trees under controlled and natural conditions. Tomato is one of the world's most important vegetable crops; however, little is known about the microbiota of wild tomato species. To obtain insights into the tomato microbiota occurring in natural environments, we sampled epiphytic microbes from leaves of four tomato species, Solanum habrochaites, S. corneliomulleri, S. peruvianum, and S. pimpinellifolium, from two geographical locations within the Lima region of Peru over 2 consecutive years. Here, a high-throughput sequencing approach was applied to investigate microbial compositions including bacteria, fungi, and eukaryotes across tomato species and geographical locations. The phyllosphere microbiome composition varies between hosts and location. Yet, we identified persistent microbes across tomato species that form the tomato microbial core community. In addition, we phenotypically defined healthy and dysbiotic samples and performed a downstream analysis to reveal the impact on microbial community structures. To do so, we compared microbial diversities, unique OTUs, relative abundances of core taxa, and microbial hub taxa, as well as co-occurrence network characteristics in healthy and dysbiotic tomato leaves and found that dysbiosis affects the phyllosphere microbial composition in a host species-dependent manner. Yet, overall, the present data suggests an enrichment of plant-promoting microbial taxa in healthy leaves, whereas numerous microbial taxa containing plant pathogens occurred in dysbiotic leaves.Concluding, we identify the core phyllosphere microbiome of wild tomato species, and show that the overall phyllosphere microbiome can be impacted by sampling time point, geographical location, host genotype, and plant health. Future studies in these components will help understand the microbial contribution to plant health in natural systems and can be of use in cultivated tomatoes.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Tomato genotypes ( Solanum spp.) have genetic variability of most desirable features, such as resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, incompatibility of crosses of wild genotypes with domesticated tomatoes, or even between wild genotypes, hinders the breeding process. Thus, knowledge of the reproductive biology of genotypes and conditions is necessary to maximize the success of artificial crossings. This study evaluated the compatibility of self-pollination, intra- and interspecific controlled crosses, stigma receptivity, and pollen viability in tomato genotypes. We used two commercial genotypes S. lycopersicum ('RVTM08' and 'Redenção') and seven accessions of wild tomato genotypes ('AF 26970', 'LA-1401', 'AF 19684', 'LA-1967', 'PI-127826', 'PI-134417', and 'LA-716'). We evaluated all crosses and their reciprocals, besides the self-pollinations. The variables evaluated were fruit index (FI), number of seeds per fruit (SN), and seed germination percentage (GP). Stigma receptivity and grains' pollen viability index (PVI) were also assessed. The results showed that 'LA-1967' was self-incompatible, had a low PVI, and generated fruit without seeds in most crosses. As female parents, 'RVTM08', 'Redenção', 'AF 26970', 'LA-1401', and 'AF 19684' showed higher FI and SN. There was a wide diversity of reproductive characteristics between the genotypes and crosses that did not influence GP. Compatibility of crosses in tomatoes is determined by the female parent choice and can be affected by stigma receptivity and the PVI.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Mexico has many agricultural by-products that can be used for animal feed, and green tomatoes are produced throughout the country and can be an alternative to overcome the high prices of cereal-based feeds. This study determined in vitro fermentation kinetics, production performance, nutrient intake, digestibility, and nitrogen balance from sheep supplemented with whole plant green tomato (GT) on corn silage (CS) based diets. For 21 days, eighteen Suffolk lambs (38 ± 4 kg of live weight) were grouped into three dietary GT inclusion levels to replace CS: a control diet based on 100% CS (GT0, 570 g /kg dry matter, DM), while 100 g/kg DM (GT100) and 200 g/kg DM (GT200) of GT were included as a replacement for CS. A completely randomized design was used to measure in vitro gas production, in vitro rumen fermentation, chemical composition, and in vivo parameters. In vitro gas production, "A" (ml/g DM), fermentation rates "B," (h-1), and "C" (h-½), were lower for GT200, while DM disappearance (mg/100mg) was lower for GT100 compared with GT0. Compared to GT0, GT100 and GT200 did not affect (P > 0.05) DM and organic matter (OM) intake (g/kgLW0.75). Ether extract intake was higher for GT0 and GT100 (P < 0.001) compared to GT200. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake was higher (P < 0.05) for GT200 compared with GT0. Intake of lignin was higher (P < 0.001) for GT200 than that of GT0 and GT100. Digestibility coefficients for DM, OM, NDF, and Acid detergent fiber (ADF) were lower (P < 0.05) in GT100 than in the rest of the treatments. Nitrogen intake and N excreted in feces and urine were lower (P < 0.001) for GT0. N balance was negative for all treatments, being higher for GT200 (P < 0.05). Overall, the addition of GT at 100 or 200 g/kg DM in sheep diets negatively affects nutrient digestibility and N balance, so their dietary inclusion is not recommended.

RESUMO

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a vegetable with worldwide importance. Its wild or close related species are reservoirs of genes with potential use for the generation of varieties tolerant or resistant to specific biotic and abiotic factors. The objective was to determine the geographic distribution, ecological descriptors, and patterns of diversity and adaptation of 1296 accessions of native tomato from Mexico. An environmental information system was created with 21 climatic variables with a 1 km2 spatial resolution. Using multivariate techniques (Principal Component Analysis, PCA; Cluster Analysis, CA) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the most relevant variables for accession distribution were identified, as well as the groups formed according to the environmental similarity among these. PCA determined that with the first three PCs (Principal Components), it is possible to explain 84.1% of the total variation. The most relevant information corresponded to seasonal variables of temperature and precipitation. CA revealed five statistically significant clusters. Ecological descriptors were determined and described by classifying accessions in Physiographic Provinces. Temperate climates were the most frequent among tomato accessions. Finally, the potential distribution was determined with the Maxent model with 10 replicates by cross-validation, identifying areas with a high probability of tomato presence. These results constitute a reliable source of useful information for planning accession sites collection and identifying accessions that are vulnerable or susceptible to conservation programs.

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Tomato is widely consumed throughout the world for its flavor and nutritional value. This functional food largely depends on the implementation of new strategies to maintain the nutraceutical value, e.g. lycopene concentration, and overcome the challenges of sustainable production and food security. The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-based biostimulants represents one of the most promising tools for sustainable management of agricultural soils, being fundamental for organic food production, reducing fertilizers and pesticides use, and decreasing environmental damage. This study aimed at elucidating whether native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could positively affect tomato yield and lycopene concentration. RESULTS: Native AMF inoculum consisted of two inoculum types: the single species Claroideoglomus claroideum, and a mix of Scutellospora calospora, Acaulospora laevis, Claroideoglomus claroideum, and Claroideoglomus etunicatum. At the end of the study up to 78% of the root system was colonized by single inoculum. Tomato diameters in single and mix mycorrhizal plants showed increases of 80% and 35% respectively. Fresh weights were 84% and 38% higher with single and mix inocula compared with the controls, respectively. The lycopene concentration in tomato fruits of plants with single and mix inoculum was higher than controls. The lycopene concentration was 124.5% and 113.9% greater in single and mix than non-inoculated plants. CONCLUSION: Tomato diameters, fresh weight and lycopene concentration was significantly higher in plants colonized by AMF compared with uninoculated plants. Results suggest that the role of single species Claroideoglomus claroideum could generate better plant performance due to its high production of extraradical mycelium. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Wild species related to cultivated tomato are essential genetic resources in breeding programs focused on food security to face future challenges. The ecogeographic analysis allows identifying the species adaptive ranges and most relevant environmental variables explaining their patterns of actual distribution. The objective of this research was to identify the diversity, ecological descriptors, and statistical relationship of 35 edaphoclimatic variables (20 climatic, 1 geographic and 14 edaphic variables) from 4,649 accessions of 12 wild tomato species and 4 closely related species classified in Solanum sect. Lycopersicon and clustered into four phylogenetic groups, namely "Lycopersicon group" (S. pimpinellifolium, S. cheesmaniae, and S. galapagense), "Arcanum group" (S. arcanum, S. chmielewskii, and S. neorickii), "Eriopersicon group" (S. habrochaites, S. huaylasense, S. corneliomulleri, S. peruvianum, and S. chilense), "Neolycopersicon group" (S. pennellii); and two phylogenetically related groups in Solanum sect. Juglandifolia (S. juglandifolium and S. ochranthum), and section Lycopersicoides (S. lycopersicoides and S. sitiens). The relationship between the climate and edaphic variables were determined by the canonical correlation analysis, reaching 89.2% of variation with the first three canonical correlations. The most significant climatic variables were related to humidity (annual evapotranspiration, annual precipitation, and precipitation of driest month) and physicochemical soil characteristics (bulk density, pH, and base saturation percentage). In all groups, ecological descriptors and diversity patterns were consistent with previous reports. Regarding edaphoclimatic diversity, 12 climate types and 17 soil units were identified among all species. This approach has promissory applications for biodiversity conservation and uses valuable genetic resources related to a leading crop.

RESUMO

Carotenoids are pigments with important nutritional value in the human diet. As antioxidant molecules, they act as scavengers of free radicals enhancing immunity and preventing cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, α-carotene and ß-carotene, the main carotenoids of carrots (Daucus carota) are precursors of vitamin A, whose deficiency in the diet can trigger night blindness and macular degeneration. With the aim of increasing the carotenoid content in fruit flesh, three key genes of the carotenoid pathway, phytoene synthase (DcPSY2) and lycopene cyclase (DcLCYB1) from carrots, and carotene desaturase (XdCrtI) from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, were optimized for expression in apple and cloned under the Solanum chilense (tomatillo) polygalacturonase (PG) fruit specific promoter. A biotechnological platform was generated and functionally tested by subcellular localization, and single, double and triple combinations were both stably transformed in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum var. Microtom) and transiently transformed in Fuji apple fruit flesh (Malus domestica). We demonstrated the functionality of the S. chilense PG promoter by directing the expression of the transgenes specifically to fruits. Transgenic tomato fruits expressing DcPSY2, DcLCYB1, and DcPSY2-XdCRTI, produced 1.34, 2.0, and 1.99-fold more total carotenoids than wild-type fruits, respectively. Furthermore, transgenic tomatoes expressing DcLCYB1, DcPSY2-XdCRTI, and DcPSY2-XdCRTI-DcLCYB1 exhibited an increment in ß-carotene levels of 2.5, 3.0, and 2.57-fold in comparison with wild-type fruits, respectively. Additionally, Fuji apple flesh agroinfiltrated with DcPSY2 and DcLCYB1 constructs showed a significant increase of 2.75 and 3.11-fold in total carotenoids and 5.11 and 5.84-fold in ß-carotene, respectively whereas the expression of DcPSY2-XdCRTI and DcPSY2-XdCRTI-DcLCYB1 generated lower, but significant changes in the carotenoid profile of infiltrated apple flesh. The results in apple demonstrate that DcPSY2 and DcLCYB1 are suitable biotechnological genes to increase the carotenoid content in fruits of species with reduced amounts of these pigments.

RESUMO

The antimicrobial activity of a new nisin-based organic acid sanitizer (NOAS), developed in our laboratory, was tested against viable aerobic mesophilic bacteria and Salmonella populations inoculated on produce surfaces. The activity of NOAS was compared with 200 ppm of chlorinated wash water and a bioluminescence ATP technique to determine the efficacy of treatments compared with plate count methods. The activity of the 10% final concentration of NOAS against viable populations of 109 CFU/mL Salmonella in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), sterile deionized distilled water, and buffered peptone water was tested in vitro and on grape tomatoes inoculated with Salmonella at 2.5 log CFU/g. A similar batch of inoculated tomatoes were treated with 200 ppm of total available chlorinated water. All treatments for inactivation of viable Salmonella in vitro was tested up to 30 min and 5 min for the attached populations on tomatoes. Inactivation of viable Salmonella at 109 log CFU/mL by 10% the NOAS solution averaged >107 log CFU/mL in PBS, sterile deionized distilled water, and buffered peptone water. Similarly, Salmonella bacteria inactivated on tomato surfaces by the NOAS solution was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than numbers on chlorinated washed tomatoes, and surviving bacterial populations on NOAS and chlorine-treated tomatoes were <1 and 4 CFU/g, respectively. A significant linear correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.99) between the bioluminescence ATP assay and aerobic plate counts of inoculated and untreated grape tomatoes were recorded but not with NOAS and chlorine-treated tomatoes, as bacterial populations were less than the minimum baseline for determination. Also, the results indicated that the NOAS solution is a better alternative antimicrobial wash solution than 200 ppm of chlorinated water.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In a previous study, the antimicrobial peptides extracted from Lactobacillus plantarum UTNGt2 of wild-type fruits of Theobroma grandiflorum (Amazon) were characterized. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial mechanisms of peptides in vitro and its protective effect on fresh tomatoes. The addition of partially purified Gt2 peptides to the E. coli suspension cells at the exponential (OD605 = 0.7) growth phase resulted in a decrease with 1.67 (log10) order of magnitude compared to the control without peptide. A marginal event (< 1 log10 difference) was recorded against Salmonella, while no effect was observed when combined with EDTA, suggesting that the presence of a chelating agent interfered with the antimicrobial activity. The Gt2 peptides disrupted the membrane of E. coli, causing the release of ß-galactosidase and leakage of DNA/RNA molecules followed by cell death, revealing a bacteriolytic mode of action. The tomatoes fruits coated with Gt2 peptides showed growth inhibition of the artificially inoculated Salmonella cocktail, demonstrating their preservative potential.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Thymol nanoemulsions were produced by spontaneous emulsification, ultrasound, and a combination of both methods. The best result in terms of size and polydispersion was spontaneous emulsification where thymol was efficiently encapsulated, the nanoemulsions inhibited Botrytis cinerea at 110 ppm of thymol. A 10% dilution of this nanoemulsion in water was used to prepare quinoa-chitosan films. The film microstructure was porous and heterogeneous. The tensile strength of the film was significantly lower but its mean elongation at break was similar to that of the control film. The water vapour permeability was similar to that of the control film. The effect of nanoemulsion-thymol-quinoa protein/chitosan coating on mould growth in inoculated cherry tomatoes was evaluated. Compared with control samples (tomatoes without coating and those coated with quinoa protein/chitosan), tomatoes with this coating and inoculated with B. cinerea showed a significant decrease in fungal growth after 7 days at 5 °C.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT The convective drying process of cherry and grape tomatoes for dried tomato production was studied taking into account operational and sensorial aspects. The tomatoes were physicochemical characterized and dried at three air temperatures in a drying chamber. Thus, it was possible to the determinate the physicochemical characteristics, drying kinetics, thickness shrinkage, effective moisture diffusivity and activation energy. The effects of tomato type (cherry and grape), air temperature (60°C and 80°C), and final moisture (25% and 35% w.b.) were sensory evaluated utilizing a factorial experiment. The drying kinetics demonstrated that the drying processes occurred preferably in the falling rate-drying periods. The grape tomato showed a faster drying process, which was attributed to its higher surface area and also its internal structure. The sensory evaluation demonstrated that the cherry tomato, dried at lower air temperatures, resulted in better sensorial characteristics and higher purchasing intention, whereas the final moisture had no effect.

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to observe the effect of foliar fertilization with organic products on the nutritional quality of fruits stored. The time between harvest and consumption of fruits and vegetables, may be up to several weeks. In this regard, the storage capacity of tomato fruits at three hybrids has been studied: Antalya, Chocolat and Tiger. The culture was founded in a greenhouse in the south-west of Romania. The fruits were stored at a temperature of 15°C ± 0.5°C and a relative atmospheric humidity of 82% for a period of 42 days. In order to assess the nutritional fruit value during storage, biochemical analyzes were carried out at 7, 21, 35 and 42 days. Experimental results have shown that the best variants of organic manure and storage time, which positive influenced the content of carotene and vitamin C were variants with humic acids + Vitis vinifera seeds extract and humic acids + extract from the seeds of Vitis vinifera + Boro(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue observar el efecto de la fertilización foliar con productos orgánicos sobre la calidad nutricional en los frutos almacenados. En este sentido, la capacidad de almacenamiento de los frutos de tomates ha sido sometida a tres híbridos: Antalya, Chocolat y Tiger. Los tomates han sido cultivados en un invernadero, en la parte sur-oeste de Rumanía. Los frutos se han guardado a una temperatura de 15°C ± 0.5°C y a una humedad atmosférica relativa de 82%, durante un período de 42 días. Para la evaluación nutricional de los frutos durante el periodo de almacenamiento, se realizaron análisis bioquímicos a los 7, 21, 35 y 42 días. Los resultados de los experimentos mostraron que las mejores fórmulas empleadas en la fertilización orgánica, así como el tiempo de almacenamiento, que han influido positívamente en el contenido de carotenos y vitamina C, han sido: la fórmula con ácidos húmicos + extracto de semillas de Vitis vinifera y la fórmula con ácidos húmicos + extracto de semillas de Vitis vinifera + Boro(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

This paper is devoted to obtain a stabilizing optimal nonlinear controller based on the well known Control Lyapunov-Krasovskii Functional (CLKF) approach, aimed to solve the inverse optimality problem for a class of nonlinear time delay systems. To determine sufficient conditions for the Bellman's equation solution of the system under consideration, the CLKF and the inverse optimality approach are considered in this paper. In comparison with previous results, this scheme allows us to obtain less conservative controllers, implying energy saving (in terms of average power consumption for a specific thermo-electrical process). Sufficient delay-independent criteria in terms of CLKF is obtained such that the closed-loop nonlinear time-delay system is guaranteed to be local Asymptotically Stable. To illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results, a comparative study with an industrial PID controller tuned by the Ziegler-Nichols methodology (Z-N) and a Robust-PID tuned by using the D-partition method is presented by online experimental tests for an atmospheric drying process with time delay in its dynamics.

RESUMO

Quality and safety of fresh produce are important to public health and maintaining commerce between Mexico and USA. While preventive practices can reduce risks of contamination and are generally successful, the variable environment of the supply chain of fresh produce can be suitable for introduction or proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms. As routine surveillance of these pathogens is not practical, indicator microorganisms are used to assess the sanitary conditions of production and handling environments. An opportunity exists to use indicators on fresh produce to measure how handling and transport from field to market may affect microbial populations that contribute to their quality or safety. The objective was to quantify indicator microorganisms on tomatoes sampled along the supply chain during the harvest year, in order to observe the levels and changes of populations at different locations. Roma tomatoes (n=475) were taken from the same lots (n=28) at four locations of the postharvest supply chain over five months: at arrival to and departure from the packinghouse in México, at the distribution center in Texas, and at retail in USA. Samples were analyzed individually for four microbial populations: aerobic plate count (APC), total coliforms (TC), generic Escherichia coli, and yeasts and molds (YM). APC population differed (p<0.05) from 1.9±1.1, 1.7±1.1, 2.3±1.1 and 3.5±1.4logCFU/g at postharvest, packing, distribution center and supermarket, respectively. TC populations were <1logCFU/g at postharvest, increased at packing (0.7±1.0logCFU/g), decreased in distribution (0.4±0.8logCFU/g) and increased in supermarkets (1.4±1.5logCFU/g). Generic E. coli was not identified from coliform populations in this supply chain. YM populations remained <1logCFU/g, with the exception of 1.1±1.3logCFU/g at supermarkets and tomatoes were not visibly spoiled. The levels reported from this pilot study demonstrated the dynamics within populations as influenced by time and conditions in one supply chain during a harvest year, while the large variances in some locations indicate opportunities for improvement. Overall, packinghouse and supermarket locations were identified as crucial points to control microbial safety risks.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Molecular adaptation to abiotic stresses in plants is a complex process based mainly on the modifications of gene transcriptional activity and the alteration of protein-protein interactions. We used a combination of population genetic, comparative transcriptomic and plant physiology approaches to investigate the mechanisms of adaptation to low temperatures in Solanum chilense populations distributed along Andean altitudinal gradients. We found that plants from all populations have high chilling tolerance, which does not correlate with temperatures in their native habitats. In contrast, tolerance to freezing shows a significant association with altitude and temperature variables. We also observed the differences in expression patterns of cold-response genes between plants from high- and low-altitude populations. These results suggest that genetic adaptations to low temperatures evolved in high-altitude populations of S. chilense. At the transcriptional level, these adaptations may include high levels of constitutive expression of the genes encoding ICE1, the key transcription factor of the cold signalling pathway, and chloroplast ω-3 fatty acid desaturase FAD7. At the sequence level, a signature of selection associated with the adaptation to high altitudes was detected at the C-terminal part of ICE1 encoding the ACT regulatory domain.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Herbaceous species can modify leaf structure during the growing season in response to drought stress and water loss. Evolution can select combinations of traits in plants for efficient water use in restricted environments. We investigated plant traits that mediate adaptation and acclimation to water stress in two herbaceous drought-tolerant species. Anatomical, morphological and physiological traits related to stems and leaves were examined under optimal watering (OW) and a long period of restricted watering (RW) in 11 accessions from three Solanaceae species (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum and S. lycopersicum). The relationships between these traits were tested using linear regression and PCA. There were significant differences in anatomical traits between the species under both OW and RW, where leaf area correlated with stem diameter. Proline and total carbohydrates accumulated highly in S. chilense and S. peruvianum, respectively, and these osmolytes were strongly correlated with increased osmotic potential. Stomatal density varied between species but not between acclimation treatments, while stomatal rate was significantly higher in wild tomatoes. There was a strong positive relationship between stem growth rate and a group of traits together expressed as total stomatal number. Total stomata is described by integration of leaf area, stomatal density, height and internode length. It is proposed that constitutive adaptations and modifications through acclimation that mediate RW play an important role in tolerance to drought stress in herbaceous plants. The capacity for growth under drought stress was not associated with any single combination of traits in wild tomatoes, since the two species differed in relative levels of expression of various phenotypic traits.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Objetivo: describir los posibles efectos adversos en salud y medio ambiente por el uso de plaguicidas en zonas productoras de Colombia e implementar las buenas prácticas agrícolas (BPA) en el cultivo de tomate. Material y método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo en el municipio de La Merced-Caldas con tres fases: una de diagnóstico, donde se seleccionaron 132 trabajadores del sector agrícola y se recolectaron muestras biológicas y ambientales. Una segunda fase de intervención en la cual se incluyeron 5 parcelas, en estas se implementaron las (BPA) y una fase de evaluación de estas parcelas. Se llevó a cabo análisis simple de las variables y se exploraron posibles asociaciones. Resultados: el tiempo de exposición a plaguicidas en promedio fue de nueve años. Con mayor frecuencia el sistema nervioso central (95,5 por ciento) fue el más afectado; seguido por órganos de los sentidos (46,2 por ciento); sistema digestivo (33,3 por ciento ); piel (21,2 por ciento) y otros (19,7 por ciento). Se encontraron niveles de organoclorados en el 97,0 por ciento (128), inhibición de la enzima acetilcolinesterasa en el 34,1 por ciento (45) de los participantes y ningún nivel del metabolito etilentiourea. En las muestras ambientales se hallaron niveles de organofosforados en tomate y suelo. En el agua y lodo se detectaron niveles de organoclorados. La producción de tomate, mostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre las parcelas con BPA y las tradicionales (p=0,020). Conclusiones: se evidenciaron los riesgos por uso de plaguicidas y la necesidad de fortalecer la vigilancia sobre los potenciales efectos para la salud que pueden producir los plaguicidas y mediante el empleo de las BPA.

Objective: Describe the possible adverse effects on population health and environment due to pesticide use in agricultural zones in Colombia, and implement the best agricultural practices (BAP) in tomato production. Materials and methods: A descript intoxicative study was carried out in the municipality of Merced-Caldas, consisting in three phases: a diagnostic phase, in which environmental and biological samples were collected, using a sample of 132 agricultural workers. In a second phase, BAP were implemented, and in the third phase, the results were evaluated. A univariate analysis was completed and posible associations were explored. Results: Average length of exposure to pesticides was 9 years. The central nervous system was the most affected (95.5 percent), followed by sensory organs (46.2 percent ), the digestive system (33.3 percent ), skin (21.2 percent) and others (19.7 percent). Organoclorides were found in 97.0 percent (128), inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme was found in 43.1 percent (45); no metabolite ethylenethiourea was found. In the environmental samples, presence of organophosphates was found in tomatoes and soil. In water and mud samples, organochlorides were found. There was a statistically significant difference between BPA farms and traditional farms. (p=0,020). Conclusions: Risks due to pesticide use were demonstrated, and the need to strengthen vigilance on the potential effects of pesticide use.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the main cause of mortality worldwide. To prevent CVD it is recommended to quit smoking, the practice of physical activity and the consumption of healthy food. In this context, numerous studies have shown the importance of frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables (at least5 a day). It has been described an inverse relationship between vegetables consumption and the risk of developing CVD, which is mainly explained by its antioxidant activity, and in some cases lipid-lowering and platelet effects. In this sense, the increase in regular consumption of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and related products, can improve the some cardiovascular parameters. The current lifestyle favors the consumption of processed foods, a situation that may affect the stability of tomato components and their physicochemical properties. This review addresses the antioxidant activities, lipid-lowering and antiaggregant properties of tomato, as well as the effect of processing and storage. Additionally, a summary of some patents associated with beneficial effects on health. As bibliographic source www.pubmed.org was mainly used, the terms used in the search were and platelet, tomato, and platelet, antioxidant, among others, then search the full texts of items of common interest.

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) son la principal causa de muerte en el mundo. En su prevención tiene mucha importancia el no fumar, realizar actividad física y consumir alimentos saludables. En este contexto, numerosos estudios han demostrado la importancia del consumo frecuente de frutas y hortalizas (al menos 5 porciones al día). Se ha descrito una relación inversa entre su ingesta y el riesgo de desarrollar ECV, lo que se explica principalmente por su actividad antioxidante, hipolipemiante y en algunos casos antiplaquetaria. En ese sentido aumentar el consumo actual de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) y productos del tomate, puede mejorar algunos parámetros cardiovasculares. El actual estilo de vida induce a las personas a consumir alimentos procesados, lo que podría afectar la estabilidad de sus componentes y sus propiedades fisicoquímicas. Esta revisión aborda la actividad antioxidante, hipolipemiante y antiagregante plaquetaria del tomate, como también el efecto que tiene el procesamiento y almacenaje sobre dichas actividades. Adicionalmente se resumen algunas patentes asociadas a efectos beneficiosos en la salud. Como fuentes bibliográficas se utilizó principalmente www.pubmed.org; los términos utilizados en la búsqueda fueron: antiplatelet, tomato, platelet, antioxidant, entre otros; luego se buscaron los textos completos de los artículos que interesaban.

Assuntos