RESUMO
This study aimed to describe updated information on the basic reproductive biology of Sphoeroides annulatus females and potential use of the gonadosomatic index I G as input data to assess length at 50% maturity ( L 50 ) and identify the breeding season. From April 2014 to December 2015, 767 females were analysed along the north-west coast of the Mexican Pacific Ocean. Both immature and mature females were represented in the total length ( L T ), which ranged from 81 to 440 mm, and the smallest mature female was 92 mm (new record for the species). Gonadal maturity phases were assigned through histological analysis. A I G threshold value I cut was established using the lower whisker value for maturity phase spawning capable (2.06%). The monthly variation of I G supported the annual spawning seasonality, and the presence of reproductively active mature females I G ≥ I cut coincided with the observed periods with histological data and the peaks for both seasons 2014 and 2015. Also the presence of reproductively inactive I G < I cut mature females confirmed the nonreproductive season observed from January to April 2015. Estimates of L 50 were based on the cumulative proportion of reproductively active mature females: both datasets showed a 'bumpy trajectory'. Considering the functional form of data and models, a second objective was to verify if each dataset presented a simple or double sigmoid trajectory and select the most suitable model through the Akaike information criterion. For both datasets, the best fitted model was the double sigmoidal M DS , while the single sigmoidal M SS had low performance and did not have statistical support. The M DS provided a L 50 value ca. 254 mm L T for both data sets. A trade-off between the model's correct fit and a reliable L 50 value was found, but this fact is not always considered when calculating the maturity, resulting in biased parameters. Correct data fitting may seem trivial, but the consequences for the conservation of immature individuals could be dramatic, affecting the population recruitment. In conclusion, the histologically calibrated I cut was suitable for classifying females of S. annulatus into reproductively inactive or active types, with an agreement percentage of 99%. The I cut = 2.06% can be useful for subsequent studies for this species.
Assuntos
Reprodução , Tetraodontiformes , Feminino , Animais , Gônadas , Estações do Ano , BiologiaRESUMO
To detect the small island effect (SIE) and nestedness patterns of herpetofauna of the West Indies, we derived and updated data on the presence/absence of herpetofauna in this region from recently published reviews. We applied regression-based analyses, including linear regression and piecewise regressions with two and three segments, to detect the SIE and then used the Akaike's information criterion (AIC) as a criterion to select the best model. We used the NODF (a nestedness metric based on overlap and decreasing fill) to quantify nestedness and employed two null models to determine significance. Moreover, a random sampling effort was made to infer about the degree of nestedness at portions of the entire community. We found piecewise regression with three segments performed best, suggesting the species-area relationships possess three different patterns that resulted from two area thresholds: a first one, delimiting the SIE, and a second one, delimiting evolutionary processes. We also found that taxa with lower resource requirement, higher dispersal ability, and stronger adaptation to the environment generally displayed lower corresponding threshold values, indicating superior taxonomic groups could earlier end the SIE period and start in situ speciation as the increase of island size. Moreover, the traditional two-segment piecewise regression method may cause poor estimations for both slope and threshold value of the SIE. Therefore, we suggest previous SIE detection works that conducted by two-segment piecewise regression method, ignoring the possibility of three segments, need to be reanalyzed. Antinestedness occurred in the entire system, whereas high degree of nestedness could still occur in portions within the region. Nestedness may still be applicable to conservation planning at portions even if it is antinested at the regional scale. However, nestedness may not be applicable to conservation planning at the regional scale even if nestedness does exist among sampling islands from a portion.
RESUMO
O trabalho objetivou identificar os principais atributos químicos de solo que limitam o crescimento do Eucalyptus saligna em plantios sem calagem na região Sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul, bem como determinar os valores críticos de cada fator. O estudo foi realizado em povoamentos florestais de dois Latossolos Vermelhos e um Neossolo Quartzarênico da região. Foram realizadas análises químicas do solo e, através de correlações (P 0,05) entre estes e variáveis de crescimento das plantas, verificou-se que os atributos que mais limitaram o crescimento das plantas foram a saturação por Al, a saturação por bases e o teor de Mg trocável, com decréscimo de até 50% nos parâmetros de crescimento. As correlações com os atributos químicos da camada subsuperficial de solo (20-40cm) foram mais significativas do que na camada superficial (0-20cm). Os níveis críticos médios para obtenção de 80% do rendimento relativo no crescimento em diâmetro e em volume de plantas foram de 79% para saturação por Al, 8,3% para saturação por bases e 0,3 cmolc dm-3 para o teor de Mg trocável. Os resultados indicam que a calagem não deve ser suprimida dos plantios de eucalipto em solos ácidos do Pampa gaúcho, mas a quantidade necessária de calagem para esta cultura parece ser menor do que a atualmente recomendada.
The study aimed to identify the main soil chemical attributes that constrains the Eucalyptus saligna growth in no-limed plantations at the southwestern region of Rio Grande do Sul state, as well as to determine the threshold values of each attribute. Forest plantations from two Oxisols and one Quartzipsamment were evaluated. Correlation analysis (P 0.05) between soil chemical attributes and plant growth variables indicated that the most constraining soil attributes were the Al saturation, bases saturation and exchangeable Mg content, whose decrease in plant growth was up to 50%. Subsurface soil attributes (20-40cm depth) had closer relation with plant growth than surface soil ones (0-20cm). The average threshold values for achieving 80% of the relative yield capacity in diameter growth of trunks and in volume were 79% for Al saturation, 8.3% for bases saturation and 0.3 cmolc dm-3 for exchangeable Mg. The results evidenced that liming should not be suppressed in eucalypt plantations on acid soils at south Brazilian Pampa and that the required amount of lime seem to be smaller than that currently recommended.
Assuntos
Eucalyptus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pradaria , Química do Solo , Solos ArenososRESUMO
O trabalho objetivou identificar os principais atributos químicos de solo que limitam o crescimento do Eucalyptus saligna em plantios sem calagem na região Sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul, bem como determinar os valores críticos de cada fator. O estudo foi realizado em povoamentos florestais de dois Latossolos Vermelhos e um Neossolo Quartzarênico da região. Foram realizadas análises químicas do solo e, através de correlações (P 0,05) entre estes e variáveis de crescimento das plantas, verificou-se que os atributos que mais limitaram o crescimento das plantas foram a saturação por Al, a saturação por bases e o teor de Mg trocável, com decréscimo de até 50% nos parâmetros de crescimento. As correlações com os atributos químicos da camada subsuperficial de solo (20-40cm) foram mais significativas do que na camada superficial (0-20cm). Os níveis críticos médios para obtenção de 80% do rendimento relativo no crescimento em diâmetro e em volume de plantas foram de 79% para saturação por Al, 8,3% para saturação por bases e 0,3 cmolc dm-3 para o teor de Mg trocável. Os resultados indicam que a calagem não deve ser suprimida dos plantios de eucalipto em solos ácidos do Pampa gaúcho, mas a quantidade necessária de calagem para esta cultura parece ser menor do que a atualmente recomendada.(AU)
The study aimed to identify the main soil chemical attributes that constrains the Eucalyptus saligna growth in no-limed plantations at the southwestern region of Rio Grande do Sul state, as well as to determine the threshold values of each attribute. Forest plantations from two Oxisols and one Quartzipsamment were evaluated. Correlation analysis (P 0.05) between soil chemical attributes and plant growth variables indicated that the most constraining soil attributes were the Al saturation, bases saturation and exchangeable Mg content, whose decrease in plant growth was up to 50%. Subsurface soil attributes (20-40cm depth) had closer relation with plant growth than surface soil ones (0-20cm). The average threshold values for achieving 80% of the relative yield capacity in diameter growth of trunks and in volume were 79% for Al saturation, 8.3% for bases saturation and 0.3 cmolc dm-3 for exchangeable Mg. The results evidenced that liming should not be suppressed in eucalypt plantations on acid soils at south Brazilian Pampa and that the required amount of lime seem to be smaller than that currently recommended.(AU)