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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between lacrimation and age in a homogeneous group of healthy beagle dogs during the first year of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Schirmer tear test I (STT I) was performed at an interval of 12-15 days in both eyes of 16 clinically healthy beagle dogs (eight males and eight females) from 94 to 361 days of age. Three different quadratic polynomial regression equations were estimated for the variation in lacrimation: (1) for the entire period (19 observations), (2) for observations 1-4 (days 94-136), and (3) for observations 5-19 (days 150-361). RESULTS: By fitting quadratic regression equations to different phases of tear production during the dog's first year of life, it was possible to see that with each day of life, lacrimation increased 0.08 times (8%). From days 94 to 136, however, lacrimal production fell 1.1 times with each day of life. From day 150 to 361, production increased by 0.02 (2%) each day of life. In addition, there was a positive significant and moderate linear correlation between body weight and STT I values (p = .01). CONCLUSION: In dogs, during the first year of life, STT I data distribution is parabolic in shape. Age significantly affected tear production. STT I decreased at approximately 108-121 days of age and increased thereafter. Body weight was a significant factor for STT I in young dogs. The establishment of this normal pattern of lacrimation is important for both clinical practitioners and laboratory studies.

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OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to evaluate and compare the effects that dexmedetomidine and methadone, either alone or in combination, have on the ocular variables of healthy adult cats when administered intramuscularly, as well as their reversal with atipamezole. METHODS: A randomized crossover blinded study of 10 healthy cats was used to assess the effect of 0.2 mg/kg methadone (MET), 7.5 µg/kg dexmedetomidine (D7), 10 µg/kg dexmedetomidine (D10), 7.5 µg/kg dexmedetomidine and 0.2 mg/kg methadone (DM7) and 10 µg/kg dexmedetomidine and 0.2 mg/kg methadone (DM10) on intraocular pressure (IOP), tear production and pupil diameter (PD). The animals were evaluated for 30 mins. Afterwards, atipamezole was administered and ocular variables were evaluated for 30 mins. RESULTS: D10, DM7 and DM10 significantly decreased mean IOP but MET or D7 did not. Tear production decreased significantly in all treatments, corresponding to 18%, 59%, 63%, 86% and 98% in MET, D7, D10, DM7 and DM10, respectively. PD increased in all treatments, but MET showed the highest PD. Thirty minutes after atipamezole (RT30), IOP returned to baseline with no difference between groups, and there was a significant increase in tear production, but the means were still different from baseline. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Dexmedetomidine decreases IOP and tear production but increases PD in healthy cats. Atipamezole can partly reverse those alterations. Low-dose dexmedetomidine (7.5 µg/kg) promotes sedation without changing the IOP. All protocols significantly decrease tear production, and Schirmer tear test after sedation is not representative of non-sedated values. Methadone induces quick onset mydriasis without changing the IOP.

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OBJECTIVE: To characterize diagnostic findings, test-retest repeatability, and correlations among lacrimal tests in dogs of diverse cephalic conformations. ANIMAL STUDIED: Fifty healthy dogs (25 brachycephalic, 25 nonbrachycephalic). PROCEDURES: A series of diagnostics were performed in each dog, allowing for a 10-minute interval between tests and repeating each test 24 hours later under similar conditions: corneal tactile sensation (CTS), strip meniscometry test (SMT), phenol red thread test (PRTT), endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT), Schirmer tear test-1 without (STT-1) or with nasolacrimal stimulation (NL-STT1), and Schirmer tear test-2 (STT-2). RESULTS: Mean ± SD test values were lower in brachycephalic vs. nonbrachycephalic dogs (except for SMT; 7.4 ± 2.0 mm/5 seconds vs 7.3 ± 2.4 mm/5 seconds), with statistically significant differences noted for CTS (1.8 ± 0.5 cm vs 3.4 ± 0.8 cm), PRTT (37.2 ± 4.0 mm/15 seconds vs 41.1 ± 5.5 mm/15 seconds), STT-1 (20.1 ± 3.4 mm/min vs 23.3 ± 5.7 mm/min), STT-2 (13.0 ± 3.4 mm/min vs 16.9 ± 3.9 mm/min), and NL-STT1 (23.2 ± 3.6 mm/min vs 27.1 ± 5.4 mm/min), and nonsignificant differences for EAPPTT (16.6 ± 2.7 mm/15 seconds vs 17.5 ± 2.9 mm/15 seconds). Nasolacrimal stimulation increased STT-1 values by 18% on average. Correlations among tests were generally weak to moderate (r < .70) except for a strong correlation between STT-1 and NL-STT1 (r = .83, P < .001). Test reliability was good although test-retest repeatability was generally poor to moderate, as depicted by low intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC ≤ 0.75) and wide 95% limits of agreement, except for CTS (ICC = 0.91). CONCLUSIONS: Corneal sensitivity and aqueous tear secretion are lower in brachycephalic dogs. A comprehensive assessment of the ocular surface requires the combination of several diagnostic tests. The nasolacrimal reflex may provide a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool in dogs.

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The establishment of parameters for tear production in different species is important for better understanding eye´s health and is one of the components of the ophthalmic semiological technique. Particularities derived from the anatomophysiology of non-domestic species induce the search for more reliable methodologies. The aim was to evaluate and compare tear production of white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris) and Brazilian common opossum (Didelphis aurita) by three different methods. Fifteen individuals of each species, juveniles, healthy, of both sexes, with 60 to 90 days of life, were physically restrained. Phenol red thread test (PRTT), endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT) and modified -Schirmer tear test (mSTT) were performed. PRTT was the most difficult to perform because of the wire malleability, while EAPPTT was more feasible for both species. The median ± semi-quartile range for PRTT were 19.79±2.61mm/15 "and 5.22±2.92mm/15", for EAPPTT were 16.25±1.82mm/min and 10.9±3.04mm/min, and for STTm were 0±1.63mm/min and 0±1.63mm/min for white-eared opossum and Brazilian common opossum respectively. There was no difference between the right and left eye neither sex. A significant difference was obtained for the same test to different species. No significant correlation was found between the tests for both species. The description of tear production parameters for juvenile white-eared opossum and Brazilian common opossum may be used as a tool, which will allow the early diagnosis of ocular diseases.(AU)

O estabelecimento do parâmetro de produção lacrimal nas diferentes espécies é importante para o entendimento da saúde do olho e é um dos componentes da semiotécnica oftálmica. Particularidades derivadas da anatomofisiologia das espécies não domésticas induzem a busca de metodologias que sejam mais fidedignas aos parâmetros. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar e comparar a produção lacrimal de gambás-de-orelha-branca (Didelphis albiventris) e gambás-de-orelha-preta (Didelphis aurita) por três diferentes métodos. Quinze indivíduos de cada espécie, juvenis, hígidos, de ambos os sexos, com 60 a 90 dias de vida, foram contidos fisicamente para realização do teste lacrimal do vermelho de fenol (TLVF), da ponta de papel absorvente estéril e do teste lacrimal de Schirmer modificado (TLSm). O TLVF foi o mais difícil de ser executado devido à maleabilidade do fio, enquanto a TEPA se mostrou mais exequível para ambas as espécies. A mediana ± intervalo semi-interquartil para o TLVF foi de 19,79±2,61mm/15" e 5,22±2,92mm/15", para a TEPA foram de 16,25±1,82mm/min e 10,93±3,04mm/min, e para o TLSm foram de 0±1,63mm/min e 0±1,63mm/min, para gambás-de-orelha-branca e gambás-de-orelha-preta, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre o olho direito e esquerdo e nem quanto ao sexo. Obteve-se diferença significativa para um mesmo teste entre as espécies. Não foi encontrada correlação significativa entre os testes para ambas as espécies. A quantificação da porção aquosa da lágrima poderá auxiliar no diagnóstico precoce de doenças oculares nas espécies estudadas.(AU)

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The establishment of parameters for tear production in different species is important for better understanding eye´s health and is one of the components of the ophthalmic semiological technique. Particularities derived from the anatomophysiology of non-domestic species induce the search for more reliable methodologies. The aim was to evaluate and compare tear production of white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris) and Brazilian common opossum (Didelphis aurita) by three different methods. Fifteen individuals of each species, juveniles, healthy, of both sexes, with 60 to 90 days of life, were physically restrained. Phenol red thread test (PRTT), endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT) and modified -Schirmer tear test (mSTT) were performed. PRTT was the most difficult to perform because of the wire malleability, while EAPPTT was more feasible for both species. The median ± semi-quartile range for PRTT were 19.79±2.61mm/15 "and 5.22±2.92mm/15", for EAPPTT were 16.25±1.82mm/min and 10.9±3.04mm/min, and for STTm were 0±1.63mm/min and 0±1.63mm/min for white-eared opossum and Brazilian common opossum respectively. There was no difference between the right and left eye neither sex. A significant difference was obtained for the same test to different species. No significant correlation was found between the tests for both species. The description of tear production parameters for juvenile white-eared opossum and Brazilian common opossum may be used as a tool, which will allow the early diagnosis of ocular diseases.(AU)

O estabelecimento do parâmetro de produção lacrimal nas diferentes espécies é importante para o entendimento da saúde do olho e é um dos componentes da semiotécnica oftálmica. Particularidades derivadas da anatomofisiologia das espécies não domésticas induzem a busca de metodologias que sejam mais fidedignas aos parâmetros. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar e comparar a produção lacrimal de gambás-de-orelha-branca (Didelphis albiventris) e gambás-de-orelha-preta (Didelphis aurita) por três diferentes métodos. Quinze indivíduos de cada espécie, juvenis, hígidos, de ambos os sexos, com 60 a 90 dias de vida, foram contidos fisicamente para realização do teste lacrimal do vermelho de fenol (TLVF), da ponta de papel absorvente estéril e do teste lacrimal de Schirmer modificado (TLSm). O TLVF foi o mais difícil de ser executado devido à maleabilidade do fio, enquanto a TEPA se mostrou mais exequível para ambas as espécies. A mediana ± intervalo semi-interquartil para o TLVF foi de 19,79±2,61mm/15" e 5,22±2,92mm/15", para a TEPA foram de 16,25±1,82mm/min e 10,93±3,04mm/min, e para o TLSm foram de 0±1,63mm/min e 0±1,63mm/min, para gambás-de-orelha-branca e gambás-de-orelha-preta, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre o olho direito e esquerdo e nem quanto ao sexo. Obteve-se diferença significativa para um mesmo teste entre as espécies. Não foi encontrada correlação significativa entre os testes para ambas as espécies. A quantificação da porção aquosa da lágrima poderá auxiliar no diagnóstico precoce de doenças oculares nas espécies estudadas.(AU)

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This study aimed to describe strip meniscometry test values for Amazona aestiva (turquoise-fronted amazon), Ara ararauna (blue-and-yellow macaw) and Caiman latirostris (broad-snouted caiman). Twenty-one Amazona aestiva and 11 Ara ararauna, healthy, adults of unknown sex, and 37 healthy adult Caiman latirostris (27 males and 10 females), were used in this investigation. All animals were manually restrained and I-Tear® Test strip was inserted for 5 s at the edge of the lower tear meniscus, without touching the eyelid or ocular surface, immediately followed by measurement (millimeter per 5 seconds). No differences were reported between left and right eyes for Amazona aestiva (P = 0.824), Ara ararauna (P = 0.262) and Caiman latirostris (P = 0.679). Median and confidence interval were 2.0 (2.25-3.56) mm/5s for Amazona aestiva, 3.0 (2.93-4.15) mm/5s for Ara ararauna and 3.0 (2.55-4.90) mm/5 s for Caiman latirostris. These values for strip meniscometry tear test can be used as parameters for each species and may be helpful for diagnosis and treatment of tear-production disorders in birds and reptiles.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os valores do teste de meniscometria lacrimal para Amazona aestiva (papagaio-verdadeiro), Ara ararauna (arara-canindé) e Caiman latirostris (jacaré-de-papo-amarelo). Vinte e um Amazona aestiva, 11 Ara ararauna adultos, de sexo desconhecido, e 37 Caiman latirostris adultos (27 machos e 10 fêmeas), foram utilizados nesta investigação. Todos os animais foram contidos manualmente e uma tira do I-Tear® test foi inserida por 5 segundos na borda do menisco inferior, sem tocar a pálpebra ou a superfície ocular, e imediatamente mensurada (milímetro por 5 segundos). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os olhos esquerdos e direitos para Amazona aestiva (P = 0,824), Ara ararauna (P = 0,262) e Caiman latirostris (P = 0,679). Mediana e intervalo de confiança foram de 2,0 (2,25-3,56) mm/5 s para Amazona aestiva, 3,0 (2,93-4,15) mm/5 s para Ara ararauna e 3,0 (2,55-4,90) mm/5 s para Caiman latirostris. Estes valores para o teste de meniscometria podem ser utilizados como parâmetros para estas espécies e podem ser úteis para diagnosticar e tratar distúrbios de produção lacrimal em aves e répteis.(AU)

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ABSTRACT: This study aimed to describe strip meniscometry test values for Amazona aestiva (turquoise-fronted amazon), Ara ararauna (blue-and-yellow macaw) and Caiman latirostris (broad-snouted caiman). Twenty-one Amazona aestiva and 11 Ara ararauna, healthy, adults of unknown sex, and 37 healthy adult Caiman latirostris (27 males and 10 females), were used in this investigation. All animals were manually restrained and I-Tear® Test strip was inserted for 5 s at the edge of the lower tear meniscus, without touching the eyelid or ocular surface, immediately followed by measurement (millimeter per 5 seconds). No differences were reported between left and right eyes for Amazona aestiva (P = 0.824), Ara ararauna (P = 0.262) and Caiman latirostris (P = 0.679). Median and confidence interval were 2.0 (2.25-3.56) mm/5s for Amazona aestiva, 3.0 (2.93-4.15) mm/5s for Ara ararauna and 3.0 (2.55-4.90) mm/5 s for Caiman latirostris. These values for strip meniscometry tear test can be used as parameters for each species and may be helpful for diagnosis and treatment of tear-production disorders in birds and reptiles.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os valores do teste de meniscometria lacrimal para Amazona aestiva (papagaio-verdadeiro), Ara ararauna (arara-canindé) e Caiman latirostris (jacaré-de-papo-amarelo). Vinte e um Amazona aestiva, 11 Ara ararauna adultos, de sexo desconhecido, e 37 Caiman latirostris adultos (27 machos e 10 fêmeas), foram utilizados nesta investigação. Todos os animais foram contidos manualmente e uma tira do I-Tear® test foi inserida por 5 segundos na borda do menisco inferior, sem tocar a pálpebra ou a superfície ocular, e imediatamente mensurada (milímetro por 5 segundos). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os olhos esquerdos e direitos para Amazona aestiva (P = 0,824), Ara ararauna (P = 0,262) e Caiman latirostris (P = 0,679). Mediana e intervalo de confiança foram de 2,0 (2,25-3,56) mm/5 s para Amazona aestiva, 3,0 (2,93-4,15) mm/5 s para Ara ararauna e 3,0 (2,55-4,90) mm/5 s para Caiman latirostris. Estes valores para o teste de meniscometria podem ser utilizados como parâmetros para estas espécies e podem ser úteis para diagnosticar e tratar distúrbios de produção lacrimal em aves e répteis.

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate endodontic paper point tear test (PPTT) in rabbits and compare changes in corneal touch threshold (CTT) induced by Schirmer tear test (STT) and PPTT. Normal corneal sensitivity recovery time after both tear tests was also measured. Also, mean PPTT and STT values were obtained. METHODS: Tear production of 20 eyes, from 10 rabbits, was evaluated using STT and the PPTT. Central corneal touch threshold was measured by a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer before any tear test was performed (zero time), immediately after the test (1 min), and consecutively at 6, 11, 16, and 26 min. Tests were conducted on three consecutive days: Day 1 - control condition, no tear tests performed only the CTT; Day 2 - CTT before and after PPTT; and Day 3 - CTT before and after STT. CTT values were compared using repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: Corneal touch threshold was significantly increased for at least 16 min after STT, indicating STT causes corneal discomfort. No difference was found between CTT following PPTT and controls, indicating PPTT caused minimal corneal discomfort. The mean (±SD) value for STT was 5.2 ± 1.0 mm/min and for PPTT was 13.8 ± 1.5 mm/min. DISCUSSION: The aqueous fraction of rabbit's tears can be successfully measured by PPTT. This report established reference values for PPTT in rabbits. Additionally, the absence of a significant difference in CTT after PPTT compared with controls shows that PPTT is well tolerated by rabbits. Considering the improved comfort (compared with STT), accuracy, and low cost, PPTT is a bona fide method of measuring aqueous tear production in rabbits.

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The purpose of this study was to establish reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in New Zealand rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). A total of 22 adult male rabbits were used. The ophthalmic tests included evaluation of tear production with Schirmer tear test 1(STT1) and Endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT) using two different commercial brand materials. Applanation tonometry, Culture of the conjunctival bacterial flora, , conjunctival cytology and conjunctival histology were also performed. Mean (±SD) for STT1, EAPPTTa, EAPPTTb and IOP was 7.27±2.51mm/min, 12.43±1.69mm/min, 15.24±2.07mm/min, 12.89±2.80mm Hg, respectively. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus sp. and Bacillus sp. were predominant. The cytological evaluation revealed the presence columnar epithelial cells, superficial squamous keratinized cells, lymphocytes, heterophils, red blood cells, mucus and bacteria. The histological analysis revealed a stratified epithelium, characterized by the presence of columnar epithelial cells with a large number of goblet cells. The reported data can be used for therapeutic or experimental purposes.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer valores de referência para testes diagnósticos oftálmicos em coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia (Oryctolagus cuniculus). 22 coelhos, machos, adultos foram utilizados. Foi mensurada a produção lacrimal através do teste lacrimal de Shirmer 1 (TLS1) e da Tira endodôntica de papel absorvente (EAPPTT) de duas marcas comerciais distintas. Tonometria de aplanação, identificação da microbiota conjuntival, , citologia e histologia conjuntival também foram realizadas. A média e desvio padrão do TLS1, EAPPTT1, EAPPTT2 e pressão intraocular foi 7,27±2,51 mm/min, 12,43±1,69 mm/min, 15,24±2,07 mm/min e 12,89±2,80 mmHg, respectivamente. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus sp. e Bacillus sp. mostraram-se predominantes. A citologia conjuntival evidenciou a presença de células epiteliais colunares, células escamosas superficiais queratinizadas, linfócitos, heterofilos, células sanguíneas, muco e bactérias. A histologia revelou epitélio estratificado caracterizado pela presença de células epiteliais colunares com grande número de células caliciformes. Os achados deste estudo poderão ser utilizados com fins terapêuticos ou experimentais.(AU)

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The purpose of this study was to establish reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in New Zealand rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). A total of 22 adult male rabbits were used. The ophthalmic tests included evaluation of tear production with Schirmer tear test 1(STT1) and Endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT) using two different commercial brand materials. Applanation tonometry, Culture of the conjunctival bacterial flora, , conjunctival cytology and conjunctival histology were also performed. Mean (±SD) for STT1, EAPPTTa, EAPPTTb and IOP was 7.27±2.51mm/min, 12.43±1.69mm/min, 15.24±2.07mm/min, 12.89±2.80mm Hg, respectively. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus sp. and Bacillus sp. were predominant. The cytological evaluation revealed the presence columnar epithelial cells, superficial squamous keratinized cells, lymphocytes, heterophils, red blood cells, mucus and bacteria. The histological analysis revealed a stratified epithelium, characterized by the presence of columnar epithelial cells with a large number of goblet cells. The reported data can be used for therapeutic or experimental purposes.

O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer valores de referência para testes diagnósticos oftálmicos em coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia (Oryctolagus cuniculus). 22 coelhos, machos, adultos foram utilizados. Foi mensurada a produção lacrimal através do teste lacrimal de Shirmer 1 (TLS1) e da Tira endodôntica de papel absorvente (EAPPTT) de duas marcas comerciais distintas. Tonometria de aplanação, identificação da microbiota conjuntival, , citologia e histologia conjuntival também foram realizadas. A média e desvio padrão do TLS1, EAPPTT1, EAPPTT2 e pressão intraocular foi 7,27±2,51 mm/min, 12,43±1,69 mm/min, 15,24±2,07 mm/min e 12,89±2,80 mmHg, respectivamente. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus sp. e Bacillus sp. mostraram-se predominantes. A citologia conjuntival evidenciou a presença de células epiteliais colunares, células escamosas superficiais queratinizadas, linfócitos, heterofilos, células sanguíneas, muco e bactérias. A histologia revelou epitélio estratificado caracterizado pela presença de células epiteliais colunares com grande número de células caliciformes. Os achados deste estudo poderão ser utilizados com fins terapêuticos ou experimentais.

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The anesthetics effects of aqueous extract of Ottonia martiana leaves were studied on the ocular surface of healthy beagle dogs. The dogs were divided in three groups (n=15): control group (CG), proxymetacaine group (PG) and Ottonia group (OG), which were treated with 0.9% saline, 0.5% proxymetacaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution and O. martiana extract respectively. An oftalmic evaluation was performed before the treatments. Eye drops were instilled at time 0 (T0) and 3 minutes later (T3). Axial corneal sensitivity was evaluated by esthesiometry 5 and 10 minutes after T0. Tear production and intraocular pressure were evaluated 10 minutes after T0. Slit lamp biomicroscopy was performed 10 and 20 minutes after T0 and the eyes were stained with fluorescein 20 minutes after T0. The STT was reduced in PG. Conjunctival hyperemia was observed in 13 animals from PG and constituted the only ocular alteration observed during the study. Esthesiometry revealed a decreased corneal sensitivity for PG and OG. Those results show that the O. martiana extract acts reducing corneal sensitivity in dogs. Moreover, its use does not decrease the tear production and does not cause any clinical ophthalmic alteration.

Estudaram-se os efeitos do extrato das folhas de Ottonia martiana sobre a superfície ocular de cães hígidos da raça Beagle. Compuseram-se três grupos de tratamento (n=15): grupo controle (GC), grupo proximetacaína (GP) e grupo Ottonia (GO), tratados, respectivamente, com solução fisiológica, colírio de cloridrato de proximetacaína a 0,5% e extrato de O. martiana. Após avaliação oftálmica inicial, os tratamentos foram realizados no tempo 0 (T0) e decorridos 3min (T3). Avaliaram-se a sensibilidade axial da córnea por estesiometria (T5 e T10) e a produção lacrimal e a pressão ocular (T10). Realizaram-se a biomicroscopia com lâmpada em fenda (T10 e T20), e o teste do tingimento pela fluoresceína (T20). Relativamente ao teste de Schirmer, observou-se diminuição nos cães do GP. Houve alteração clínica somente nos do GP, em que 13 animais apresentaram hiperemia conjuntival. Relativamente à estesiometria, houve diminuição da sensibilidade corneal nos animais do GP e do GO. Admite-se que o extrato de O. martiana age diminuindo a sensibilidade corneal em cães e que sua utilização não diminui a produção lacrimal, tampouco causa alterações clínicas oftálmicas.

RESUMO

The anesthetics effects of aqueous extract of Ottonia martiana leaves were studied on the ocular surface of healthy beagle dogs. The dogs were divided in three groups (n=15): control group (CG), proxymetacaine group (PG) and Ottonia group (OG), which were treated with 0.9% saline, 0.5% proxymetacaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution and O. martiana extract respectively. An oftalmic evaluation was performed before the treatments. Eye drops were instilled at time 0 (T0) and 3 minutes later (T3). Axial corneal sensitivity was evaluated by esthesiometry 5 and 10 minutes after T0. Tear production and intraocular pressure were evaluated 10 minutes after T0. Slit lamp biomicroscopy was performed 10 and 20 minutes after T0 and the eyes were stained with fluorescein 20 minutes after T0. The STT was reduced in PG. Conjunctival hyperemia was observed in 13 animals from PG and constituted the only ocular alteration observed during the study. Esthesiometry revealed a decreased corneal sensitivity for PG and OG. Those results show that the O. martiana extract acts reducing corneal sensitivity in dogs. Moreover, its use does not decrease the tear production and does not cause any clinical ophthalmic alteration.(AU)

Estudaram-se os efeitos do extrato das folhas de Ottonia martiana sobre a superfície ocular de cães hígidos da raça Beagle. Compuseram-se três grupos de tratamento (n=15): grupo controle (GC), grupo proximetacaína (GP) e grupo Ottonia (GO), tratados, respectivamente, com solução fisiológica, colírio de cloridrato de proximetacaína a 0,5% e extrato de O. martiana. Após avaliação oftálmica inicial, os tratamentos foram realizados no tempo 0 (T0) e decorridos 3min (T3). Avaliaram-se a sensibilidade axial da córnea por estesiometria (T5 e T10) e a produção lacrimal e a pressão ocular (T10). Realizaram-se a biomicroscopia com lâmpada em fenda (T10 e T20), e o teste do tingimento pela fluoresceína (T20). Relativamente ao teste de Schirmer, observou-se diminuição nos cães do GP. Houve alteração clínica somente nos do GP, em que 13 animais apresentaram hiperemia conjuntival. Relativamente à estesiometria, houve diminuição da sensibilidade corneal nos animais do GP e do GO. Admite-se que o extrato de O. martiana age diminuindo a sensibilidade corneal em cães e que sua utilização não diminui a produção lacrimal, tampouco causa alterações clínicas oftálmicas.(AU)

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RESUMO

The study aimed to evaluate tear production by means of modified Schirmer tear tes-1 (mSTT-1) in neonate cats. Likewise, correlation between mSTT-1 and STT-1 was assessed in vitro. Standard SST strips were cut in half and after eye lid opening, tear production of neonates (n=15) was daily measured in both eyes (mSTT-1), until the 7th day, and at day 14, 21, and 28. Animals were daily weighted until 28 days of age. Results were compared statistically (P<0.05). During the first 7 days, the overall mSTT-1 mean was 0.76 wetting/minute. Significant differences between right and left eyes were not observed at any time point (P=1.00). Tear secretion increased significantly, from the 14th to 28th day, in comparison with 7 first days (P<0.05). Positive correlation between maturity parameters and tear secretion was observed (P<0.0001). Distance between slopes of each strip changed significantly (P<0.0001). It was concluded that tear secretion in the neonatal period of cats is very below the reference values described for young and adults of the same species. It is not possible to extrapolate results obtained with mSTT-1 to standard STT-1.

Objetivou-se avaliar a produção lacrimal, por meio do teste da lágrima de Schirmer-1 modificado (TLS-1m) em gatos neonatos. Outrossim, estabelecer in vitro a existência de correlação entre o TLS e o TLS-1m. Tiras pa-dronizadas para realização do TLS foram partidas ao meio e após a abertura das pálpebras, a produção lacrimal dos neonatos (n=15) foi aferida em ambos os olhos (TLS-1m), diariamente, até o sétimo e aos 14, 21 e 28 dias. Os animais foram pesados diariamente até os 28 dias de idade. Os resultados foram comparados estatisticamente (p<0,05). Durante os primeiros sete dias de avaliação, a média geral obtida pelo TLS-1m foi de 0,76±0,08 mm/minuto. Não se constatou diferença significativa entre os olhos direito e esquerdo, em nenhum dos períodos avaliados (p=1,00). A produção lacrimal elevou-se significativamente, do 14º até o 28º dia, comparativamente aos primeiros sete dias (p<0,05). Observou-se correlação positiva entre parâmetros de maturidade e a produção lacrimal (p<0,0001). A distância entre as linhas de cada tira foi significativa (p<0,0001). Conclui-se que a produção lacrimal no período neonatal em gatos é bem inferior aos valores de referência descritos para adultos e jovens da mesma espécie. Não é possível extrapolar valores obtidos com o TLS-1 modificado para o TLS-1 padrão.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The study aimed to evaluate tear production by means of modified Schirmer tear tes-1 (mSTT-1) in neonate cats. Likewise, correlation between mSTT-1 and STT-1 was assessed in vitro. Standard SST strips were cut in half and after eye lid opening, tear production of neonates (n=15) was daily measured in both eyes (mSTT-1), until the 7th day, and at day 14, 21, and 28. Animals were daily weighted until 28 days of age. Results were compared statistically (P<0.05). During the first 7 days, the overall mSTT-1 mean was 0.76 wetting/minute. Significant differences between right and left eyes were not observed at any time point (P=1.00). Tear secretion increased significantly, from the 14th to 28th day, in comparison with 7 first days (P<0.05). Positive correlation between maturity parameters and tear secretion was observed (P<0.0001). Distance between slopes of each strip changed significantly (P<0.0001). It was concluded that tear secretion in the neonatal period of cats is very below the reference values described for young and adults of the same species. It is not possible to extrapolate results obtained with mSTT-1 to standard STT-1.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a produção lacrimal, por meio do teste da lágrima de Schirmer-1 modificado (TLS-1m) em gatos neonatos. Outrossim, estabelecer in vitro a existência de correlação entre o TLS e o TLS-1m. Tiras pa-dronizadas para realização do TLS foram partidas ao meio e após a abertura das pálpebras, a produção lacrimal dos neonatos (n=15) foi aferida em ambos os olhos (TLS-1m), diariamente, até o sétimo e aos 14, 21 e 28 dias. Os animais foram pesados diariamente até os 28 dias de idade. Os resultados foram comparados estatisticamente (p<0,05). Durante os primeiros sete dias de avaliação, a média geral obtida pelo TLS-1m foi de 0,76±0,08 mm/minuto. Não se constatou diferença significativa entre os olhos direito e esquerdo, em nenhum dos períodos avaliados (p=1,00). A produção lacrimal elevou-se significativamente, do 14º até o 28º dia, comparativamente aos primeiros sete dias (p<0,05). Observou-se correlação positiva entre parâmetros de maturidade e a produção lacrimal (p<0,0001). A distância entre as linhas de cada tira foi significativa (p<0,0001). Conclui-se que a produção lacrimal no período neonatal em gatos é bem inferior aos valores de referência descritos para adultos e jovens da mesma espécie. Não é possível extrapolar valores obtidos com o TLS-1 modificado para o TLS-1 padrão.(AU)

Assuntos