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ABSTRACT In order to carry out the process of validation and reproducibility of the Protocol for the Assessment of Individual Tactical Behavior of Soccer athletes (PADTI), a study was carried out divided into three stages: I) preparation of the PADTI; II) logical, content and construct validation and; III) reproducibility. The PADTI was developed based on the 8 fundamental tactical principles of soccer, which were inserted in a Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet, used to collect, store and process the tactical actions of soccer players during the game. The PADTI validity process was performed by 8 professionals, using a spreadsheet to account for items using a Likert scale (5 points). Reproducibility was carried out in two moments with an interval of 15 days, using as a sample the tactical behaviors of the athletes of the Brazilian team, during a soccer match of the 2018 world cup. validity (IV) of 90%. There were no significant differences between the responses of the evaluators (χ² = 12.199; p = 0.094). The intraclass correlation (ICC) values were greater than 0.814 (CI: 95%: 0.251 - 0.954; p <0.001) and Cronbach's Alpha values were greater than α = 0.814. The results indicated that the PADTI is a valid and useful methodology for assessing the tactical performance of soccer players in a game situation.

RESUMO Com o objetivo de realizar o processo de validação e reprodutibilidade do Protocolo de Avaliação do Comportamento Tático Individual de atletas de Futebol (PADTI), foi realizado um estudo dividido em três etapas: I) elaboração do PADTI; II) validação lógica, de conteúdo e constructo e; III) reprodutibilidade. O PADTI foi elaborado com base nos 8 princípios táticos fundamentais do futebol, os quais foram inseridos em uma planilha do programa Microsoft Excel®, utilizada para coletar, armazenar e processar as ações táticas dos atletas de futebol durante o jogo. O processo de validade do PADTI, foi realizado por 8 profissionais, por meio de uma planilha para contabilizar os itens utilizando-se de uma escala likert (5 pontos). A reprodutibilidade foi realizada em dois momentos com intervalo de 15 dias, utilizando como amostra os comportamentos táticos dos atletas da seleção brasileira, durante uma partida de futebol da copa do mundo de 2018. O PADTI foi aprovado pela maioria dos avaliadores especialistas, com índice de validade (IV) de 90%. Não foram observadas diferenças significantes entre as repostas dos avaliadores (χ²=12,199; p = 0,094). Os valores de correlação intraclasse (ICC) foram superiores a 0,814 (IC: 95%: 0,251 - 0,954; p< 0,001) e os valores de Alpha de Cronbach foram superiores a α= 0,814. Os resultados indicaram que o PADTI é uma metodologia válida e útil para avaliação do desempenho tático de atletas de futebol em situação de jogo.

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This study aimed to investigate how different strategies of task constraint manipulation impact physical and tactical demands in small-sided and conditioned games (SSCG). Ten recreational U-17 soccer players participated in this study (16.89 ± 0.11 years). We used different strategies of task manipulation to design two 4 vs. 4 SSCG: Structural SSCG and Functional SSCG. In Structural SSCG, pitch format and goal sizes were manipulated, while in Functional SSCG, players were allowed to kick the ball twice and at least 5 passes to shoot at the opponent's goal. Players participated in four Structural and Functional SSCG, of five minutes duration with a two-minute interval in between. Players' physical performance and tactical behavior were assessed using the WIMU PROTM inertial device. Structural SSCG stimulated players to cover more distance in sprinting (p = 0.003) and high-speed running (p < 0.001). Regarding tactical behavior, Structural SSCG stimulated players to explore game space better (p < 0.001). Moreover, Functional SSCG stimulated players to be closer to the ball, decreasing the effective playing space (p = 0.008). We conclude that these strategies of task constraint manipulation impact physical and tactical demands of the game.

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In the present study, we aimed to investigate the association between soccer players' cognitive effort and their tactical behavior. We assessed 52 young male soccer players from a first division Brazilian club, using FUT-SAT to evaluate tactical behavior efficiency and Mobile Eye Tracking-XG software and a video test protocol to measure pupillary behavior and cognitive effort. Following data collection, statistical analyses were performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test, and linear regression. We found a high inverse association between cognitive effort and tactical behavior efficiency; players with less cognitive effort during the task displayed higher values of tactical behavior efficiency on the field. We concluded that sustaining less cognitive effort in game situations helped players realize better tactical behavior and enabled better performance.

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This study examined the relationship between maturation and signal detection skills, as well as the effect of signal detection on the tactical behavior efficiency of young soccer players. Fifty-four male soccer players participated in the study (U-11, U-13, and U-15). Maturation was evaluated by the Khamis-Roche method, and peak height velocity was estimated. A computer-based test in the Vienna Test System® was used to assess signal detection skills, whereas tactical behavior efficiency was assessed using the System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer. Descriptive analysis, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the Spearman bivariate correlation and the univariate analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) were performed. Effect sizes were reported as Cohen's d, and the significance level was set at p < .05. Relationships were observed between the percentage of predicted adult height and signal detection performance. Also, signal detection skills were found to affect the tactical behavior efficiency of young soccer players. It is concluded that the players, as seen more mature, can perceive the game faster and more effectively, and are able to provide quicker responses in the game context.

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BACKGROUND: Previous studies on soccer small-sided games (SSGs) chose between with and without offside rule conditions without evidence-based criteria. The current study aimed to compare the positional dynamics of 3v3 SSGs with and without the offside rule. METHODS: Twenty-four Brazilian U-17 national-level soccer players were recruited. They were split into eight teams and played SSGs with and without the offside rule . Positional data were gathered by a Global Positioning System, and teams' length, width, the length per width ratio (LPWratio), stretch index and players' spatial exploration index were calculated. Data were compared between the experimental conditions by a paired t-test. RESULTS: Results showed that SSGs with the offside rule presented lower values of length (~16.63%, large effect), the LPWratio (~19.74%, large effect), and players' spatial exploration (~4.13%, small-to-moderate effect). CONCLUSION: We conclude that the offside rule impacts players' positional behavior in SSGs, inducing a less exploratory behavior mainly in the width axis. For this reason, we recommend caution when interpreting previous results on SSG when the offside rule was not applied since adopting this rule might elicit different responses to the players . Coaches can manipulate this rule aiming to achieve specific tactical goals for the training session.

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The present study aimed to investigate how team's tactical behavior varies within and between age categories in different Small-Sided and Conditioned Games' configurations and conditions. Twenty non-elite youth male soccer players (U15, n = 10, mean age = 13.5 ± 1.2 years; U17, n = 10, mean age = 16.3 ± 0.5 years) were selected. Thirty-six Small-Sided and Conditioned Games (SSCG) were played in both categories, namely three Representative SSCG (R-SSCG), three Maintaining Ball Possession Games (MBPG) and three Progression to Target Games (PTG) performed for each configuration (Gk+3vs3+Gk and Gk+4vs4+Gk). Teams' tactical behavior was analyzed based on simple and composite performance indicators, as well as through Lag Sequential Analysis. Rules manipulation and SSCG configurations influenced teams' tactical behavior on both categories, but in different ways. Teams composed by younger players presented greater difficulties in MBPG played in smaller games configuration, while Gk+4vs4+Gk configuration can be used to enhance teams' tactical performance of younger players in R-SSCG and MBPG conditions. Moreover, increasing rules manipulations appeared to negatively impact on teams' exploratory behavior. Therefore, practitioners should carefully manipulate key constraints to adapt task demands to players' age category and training session's goals in order to enhance tactical performance.

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(1) Background: This study aimed to compare the incidence of tactical principles, the percentage of successful tactical principles, and the network properties between higher and lower aerobic power in young football players during small-sided games. (2) Methods: Eighteen Under-17 Brazilian players were recruited. Firstly, they performed the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2, which was used to split them into two groups with higher and lower aerobic power. In the sequence, they played three vs three small-sided games within each group. The System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer was used to analyze the tactical behavior demonstrated by measuring the incidence of tactical principles and the percentage of successful principles, while the macro variables, density and clustering coefficient from social network analysis for team sports was used to analyze players' interactions. (3) Results: No differences were reported for the incidence of tactical principles (p > 0.05, small or small-to-moderate effect sizes), the percentage of successful offensive principles (p = 0.122, small-to-moderate effect size), or the network variables (p > 0.05; small effect sizes). The lower aerobic power group demonstrated a higher percentage of successful defensive tactical principles (p = 0.043; small-to-moderate effect size). (4) Conclusions: We concluded that aerobic power has a limited impact on player behavior, indicating that players' actions within a small-sided game are mostly constrained by other parameters.

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Resumo O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar a influência da eficiência do comportamento (EC) e da data de nascimento (DN) sobre o desempenho tático (DT) de jogadores de futebol da categoria sub-13. A amostra foi composta por 100 jogadores que fizeram 5.213 ações táticas. Usou-se o FUT-SAT para a coleta e análise dos dados. Foi usado o teste de regressão multinomial e adotou-se p < 0,05. Verificaram-se associações positivas entre a EC e o DN para os princípios "espaço", "contenção" e "equilíbrio" e entre a DN e o DT ofensivo para os jogadores do segundo quartil. Concluiu-se que uma melhor EC nos princípios "espaço", "contenção" e "equilíbrio", assim como a DN dos indivíduos, são fatores determinantes para o desempenho tático dos jogadores.

Abstract The aim of study was to analyze the influence of Tactical Behavior Efficiency (BE) and the Date of Birth over Tactical Performance (TP) of U-13 youth soccer players. The sample comprised 100 players who performed 5213 tactical actions. FUT-SAT have been used for data collection and analysis. Descriptive statistics were used as well as Multinomial Regression test with p < 0.05. Positive associations have been verified verified between BE and TP for the principles "Width and Length", "Delay" and "Balance", and between the date of Birth and offensive TP for players within the second quartile. It is concluded that a better BE for the principles "Width and Length", "Delay" and "Balance" as well as players' date of birth are determinant for tactical performance.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio ha sido analizar la influencia de la eficiencia del comportamiento (EC) y la fecha de nacimiento (FN) en el rendimiento táctico (RT) de jugadores de fútbol de categoría sub-13. La muestra consistió en 100 jugadores que realizaron 5.213 acciones tácticas. Se utilizó el FUT-SAT para la recogida y análisis de datos. Se utilizó la prueba de regresión multinomial (p < 0,05). Se verificaron las asociaciones positivas entre la EC y el RT para los principios «espacio¼, «contención¼ y «equilibrio¼, y las asociaciones positivas entre la FN y el RT ofensivo de los jugadores del segundo cuartil. Se concluyó que una mejor EC en los principios «espacio¼, «contención¼ y «equilibrio¼, así como la FN de los jugadores fueron factores determinantes en el rendimiento táctico del jugador.

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Space creation dynamics (SCDs) describe actions players perform to create a scoring opportunity. This study compared SCDs and types of offense during three different three versus three (3vs.3) basketball small-sided games (SSGs) played in half court: 3vs.3 with man-to-man defense in half playing area (3vs.3HALF), 3vs.3 with man-to-man defense in full playing area (3vs.3FULL), and 3vs.3 with reduced shot clock (3vs.3RT). We also investigated the efficacy of SCDs in all SSGs and the reliability of SCDs in 3vs.3HALF. While the efficacy of SCDs did not differ among these SSGs, 3vs.3RT presented significantly more "space creation with ball dribbled" and "shot clock violations," and less "on ball screens." 3vs.3FULL presented no differences in the SCDs and types of offense compared with 3vs.3HALF. Reliability within 3vs.3HALF was higher for "space creation with ball dribbled," "space creation without the ball," "set offenses," "fast breaks," and "loss of ball during passing or dribbling." We concluded that 3vs.3 basketball SSGs with different rules can be used for training different tactical behaviors important to formal games, especially since the 3vs.3HALF presented good reliability for many variables related to tactical behavior.

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Abstract This study analyzed the influence of rules manipulation on offensive patterns in different Small-Sided and Conditioned Games (SSCGs). Fourteen young soccer players (13.82 ± 1.94 years) performed two different SSCG formats (6v6+Gk): Maintenance of Ball Possession Game (MPG) and Progression to the Target Game (PTG). Both games were played on a field 52 m long by 32 m wide. We used the Offensive Sequences Characterization System (OSCS) and SoccerEye software to analyze offensive sequences. For statistical analysis, we used the Mann-Whitney test to compare variables that compose the OSCS between the two SSCGs, while the SDIS-GSEQ software allowed us to detect offensive patterns. We concluded that the rule manipulation of SSCGs influenced changes in teams' offensive patterns, in which they self-organized according to manipulation of key task constraints.

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O estudo teve como objetivo analisar e comparar as frequências dos comportamentos táticos desempenhados por jogadores de futebol das categorias Sub-13 e Sub-15. Foram realizadas 1.145 e 1.304 ações pelos jogadores das categorias Sub-13 e Sub-15, respectivamente. Para avaliar as ações táticas foi utilizado o instrumento de avaliação FUT-SAT. Utilizou-se o software SPSS for Windows(r), versão 19.0, para as análises descritivas, comparativas de frequência e percentual das ações táticas. Para a categoria Sub-13 os resultados indicaram maior frequência das ações táticas para os princípios ofensivos "Mobilidade" e "Unidade Ofensiva" e defensivamente, "Unidade defensiva" e "Contenção". Na categoria Sub-15, ofensivamente foram preponderantes diferenças para os princípios táticos "Espaço" e "Cobertura ofensiva", e defensivos, "Unidade defensiva" e "Contenção". Constatou-se que em ambas categorias, as equipes realizam um jogo ofensivo mais estático balizado por trocas de passes, e defensivamente, apoiam-se num jogo mais individual, em bloco baixo e desorganizado.

The present study wishes to analyse and compare frequency of tactical behaviour by football players of U-13 and U-15 category. 1.145 and 1.304 actions were accomplished by, respectively, to the U-13 and U-15 players. The evaluation instrument used was FUT-SAT to analysed tactical actions. Was used SPSS software for Windows(r), 19.0 version, to the descriptive analysis, comparative frequency and perceptual of tactical actions. To U-13 level the results shows a bigger frequency to tactical actions by offensive principles "Mobilit" and "Offensive Unit" and defensively, "Defensive Unit" and "Contention". Offensively at U-15 category were preponderant the difference of tactical principles "Space" and "Offensive Coverage" and defensively "Defensive Unit" and "Contention". In both categories was seen that the teams practiced a more static offensive game guided by passes, and defensively, they hold more an individual game, in an unorganized and low block.

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Este estudo objetivou investigar a evidência de validade de conteúdo, de construto e confiabilidade do teste de conhecimento tático processual para orientação esportiva (TCTP: OE) de crianças e jovens nos jogos esportivos coletivos de invasão (basquetebol, futsal e handebol). No processo de validade de conteúdo participaram como juízes 11 técnicos, sendo três de basquetebol, quatro de futsal e quatro de handebol. Nos procedimentos empíricos a amostra foi composta por um total de 570 participantes. A média de idade dos participantes do estudo foi de 10,32 ± 1,45 anos. A validade de conteúdo foi determinada pelo cálculo do coeficiente de validade de conteúdo (CVC). Utilizou-se análise fatorial exploratória (AFE) para a validade de construto. O método utilizado foi o de componentes principais com rotação ortogonal Varimax e normalização Kaiser. A Confiabilidade do TCTP: OE foi estabelecida, por meio do método teste re-teste em dias diferentes. A técnica usada foi a correlação intraclasse (ICC). Em relação à validade de conteúdo o CVC calculado para clareza da linguagem (CVCt = 0,83), pertinência prática (CVCt = 0,91) e relevância teórica (CVCt = 0,95) foi satisfatório. A análise fatorial exploratória confirmou a estrutura do modelo final com dois fatores, denominados de ataque e defesa, explicando em todos os casos acima de 66% da variância. Em relação à confiabilidade do instrumento o TCTP: OE apresentou valores satisfatórios e excelentes (ICC ≥ 0,4). Conclui-se que o TCTP: OE viabiliza a avaliação do jogador seja com mão/pé, o que determina uma avaliação condizente com os atuais preceitos da iniciação esportiva

This study aimed to investigate the evidence validate content, construct and test the reliability of procedural tactical knowledge for sporting orientation (TCTP: OE) of children and youth in sports games collective invasion (basketball, futsal and handball). In the process of content validity participated as judges 11 technicians, and 3 basketball, 4-five side indoor football, and 4 handball. In empirical procedures to sample comprised a total of 570 participants. The average age of study participants was 10.32 ± 1.45 years. Content validity was determined by calculating the coefficient of content validity (CVC). We used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) for construct validity. The method used was principal components with Varimax orthogonal rotation and Kaiser normalization. The reliability of the TCTP: EO was established through the test-retest method on different days. The technique used was the intraclass correlation (ICC). Regarding content validity of the CVC calculated for clarity of language (CVCt = 0.83), practical relevance (CVCt = 0.91) and theoretical relevance (CVCt = 0.95) was satisfactory. Factor analysis confirmed the structure of the final model with two factors, called attack and defense, explaining in all cases over 66% of the variance. Regarding the reliability of the instrument TCTP: OE showed satisfactory values and excellent (ICC ≥ 0.4). We conclude that the TCTP: OE enables the evaluation of the player is with hand / foot, which determines an assessment consistent with current precepts of sport initiation

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O presente estudo tem por objetivo verificar de que forma a impulsividade se relaciona com os comportamentos táticos de jogadores de futebol da categoria Sub- -11. A amostra foi composta por 30 jogadores de futebol da categoria Sub-11. O instrumento utilizado para avaliar os comportamentos táticos foi o FUT-SAT, e, para avaliação da impulsividade, adotou-se a versão brasileira do Iowa Gambling Task (IGT-Br). Utili­zaram-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilk para verificar a distribuição dos dados e o teste de correlação de Pearson a fim de examinar a correlação entre as variáveis (p < 0,05). Verificou-se uma correlação negativa entre a impulsividade e a realização do princípio tático ofensivo de mobilidade. Dessa forma, jogadores menos impulsivos têm maiores chances de realizar comportamentos associados a esse princípio de maneira efetiva. Conclui-se que a impulsividade se relaciona com o comportamento tático de jogadores de futebol da categoria Sub-11, especificamente no princípio da mobilidade.

The aim of this study is to examine how impulsivity relates to the tactical behavior of under-11 youth soccer players. The sample comprised 30 Under-11 youth soccer players. FUT-SAT was used to assess the tactical behavior and the Iowa Gambling Task Brazilian version (IGT-Br) was used to evaluate impulsivity. Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to verify data distribution and Pearson correlation was used to verify the correlation between the variables (p < 0.05). Negative correlation between impulsivity and the performance of the offensive tactical principle of depth mobility was verified. Therefore, less impulsive players are more likely to engage in behaviors associated with this principle. It was concluded that the impulsivity relate to the tactical behavior of Under-11 youth soccer players, specifically with the principle of depth mobility.

El objetivo del estudio es comprobar cómo la impulsividad se relaciona con el comportamiento táctico de jugadores de fútbol Sub-11. La muestra consistió en 30 jugadores de fútbol Sub-11. El instrumento utilizado para evaluar los comportamientos tácticos fue el FUT-SAT y para evaluación de la impulsividad se utilizó el Iowa Gambling Task versión brasileña (IGT-Br). Se utilizó el teste Shapiro-Wilk para verificar la distribución de los datos y el teste de correlación de Pearson para comprobar la correlación entre las variables (p < 0,05). Se verificó una correlación negativa entre la impulsividad y la realización del principio táctico ofensivo de mobilidad. Así los jugadores menos impulsivos son más propensos a involucrarse en comportamientos asociados con este principio de manera efectiva. Se concluyó que la impulsividad se relación com el comportamiento táctico de jugadores de fútbol Sub-11, específicamente el principio de la mobilidad.

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Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar o comportamento tático da seleção espanhola de futebol durante a Copa do Mundo FIFA(r) 2010, considerando o resultado parcial das partidas, em quatro diferentes situações: "Empate", "Vitória+1", "Vitória+2", e "Derrota-1". A amostra foi composta por 894 sequências ofensivas da seleção espanhola nos seus sete jogos durante a competição. Para a coleta dos dados recorreu-se às observações dos vídeos dos jogos gravados a partir de transmissões de uma estação de televisão. Foram analisadas as variáveis de jogo: Tempo de realização do ataque, Número de contatos com a bola, Número de bolas recebidas/Número de passes, Velocidade de transmissão da bola, Local de aquisição ou recuperação da posse de bola e Forma de aquisição ou recuperação da posse de bola. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se estatística descritiva e os testes de Qui-quadrado e Kruskal-Wallis (p < 0,05). Foram verificadas diferenças significativas apenas para as variáveis "Velocidade de transmissão da bola", "Local e Forma de aquisição e recuperação da posse de bola". Em suma, foi possível inferir que o comportamento tático do time espanhol não sofreu alteração significativa no decorrer da competição, independente do "status" da partida

This paper aimed to analyze the tactical behavior of Spain National Football Team during the FIFA(r) World Cup, in four different match statuses: Draw, Win+1, Win+2, and Loss-1. The sample comprised 894 offensive sequences performed over Spain's seven matches during the tournament. Data analysis was performed through observations of video footage recorded from a TV station. Following variables were analyzed of play: Achievement time of the attack, Number of contacts with the ball, Number of balls received/Number of passes, Ball transmission speed, Location of acquisition and recovery of ball possession and Form of acquisition and recovery of ball possession. Descriptive statistics were conducted, and so were Chi-Square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The significance level was set to p < 0.05. Significant differences were found for the following variables: "ball transmission speed", "location and form of acquisition and recovery of ball possession". In conclusion, it was possible to infer that the tactical behavior of the Spanish team underwent few modifications during the tournament regarding match status

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