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O propósito deste artigo é apresentar o conceito de conhecimento como proposto pelo epistemólogo Michael Polanyi, explicitando conceitos como conhecimento tácito, meaning e habitar. De acordo com o autor, todo processo de conhecimento sempre envolve uma dimensão tácita, que vai além daquela em que o conhecimento pode ser explicitado por palavras. O trabalho foi dividido em subpartes com a intenção de facilitar a compreensão dos elementos específicos contemplados por Polanyi para a compreensão do que é conhecer. Compreende-se que o conhecimento sempre envolve consciência que, por sua vez, é dividida em atenção focal e subsidiária, sendo o resultado da integração tácita de elementos subsidiários na relação com o elemento focal (meaning). Considera-se que, apesar de utilizada em diversos campos do conhecimento, a obra desse autor é pouco conhecida no Brasil e ressalta-se a importância de estudos que busquem explicitar sua abordagem, inclusive na relação com outros autores

The purpose of this paper is to present the concept of knowledge as proposed by the epistemologist Michael Polanyi, explaining concepts such as tacit knowledge, meaning and dwelling. According to the author, every process of knowledge always involves a tacit dimension, which goes beyond what can be explained by words. The work was divided into sub parts with the aim of facilitating the comprehension of the specific elements contemplated by Polanyi for the understanding of what is to know. It is understood that knowledge always involves consciousness, which in turn is divided into focal and subsidiary attention and is the result of the tacit integration of subsidiary elements in the relation to the focal element (meaning). It is considered that although it is used in several fields of knowledge, the work of this author is little known in Brazil and it is emphasized the importance of studies that seek to make explicit its approach, including in the relation with other authors

El propósito de este artículo es presentar el concepto de conocimiento como propuesto por el epistemólogo Michael Polanyi, explicitando conceptos como conocimiento tácito, meaning y habitar. De acuerdo con el autor, todo proceso de conocimiento siempre involucra una dimensión tácita, que va más allá de aquella en que el conocimiento puede ser explicitado por palabras. El trabajo se dividió en subpartes con la intención de facilitar la comprensión de los elementos contemplados por Polanyi para la comprensión de lo que es conocer. Se entiende que el conocimiento siempre implica conciencia que, a su vez, se divide en atención focal y subsidiaria, siendo el resultado de la integración tácita de elementos subsidiarios en la relación con el elemento focal (meaning). Se considera que a pesar de ser utilizado en diversos campos del conocimiento la obra de este autor es poco conocida en Brasil y se resalta la importancia de estudios que busquen explicitar su abordaje, incluso en la relación con otros autores

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OBJECTIVE: To identify coincidences and differences in the identification and prioritization of maternal healthcare service problems in Mexico based on the perspective of tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge that may offer evidence that can contribute to attaining the Sustainable Development Goals. METHODS: Mixed study performed in three stages: 1) systematization of maternal healthcare service problems identified by tacit knowledge (derived from professional experience); 2) identification of maternal healthcare service problems in Latin America addressed by explicit knowledge (scientific publications); 3) comparison between the problems identified by tacit and explicit knowledge. RESULTS: The main problems of maternal health services identified by tacit knowledge are related to poor quality of care, while the predominant problems studied in the scientific literature are related to access barriers to health services. Approximately, 70% of the problems identified by tacit knowledge are also mentioned in the explicit knowledge. Conversely, 70% of the problems identified in the literature are also considered by tacit knowledge. Nevertheless, when looking at the problems taken one by one, no statistically significant similarities were found. CONCLUSIONS: The study discovered that the identification of maternal health service problems by tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge is fairly comparable, according to the comparability index used in the study, and highlights the interest of integrating both approaches in order to improve prioritization and decision making towards the Sustainable Development Goals.

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A developmental process approach is proposed in order to contribute to reflect upon "choice categories" as the phenomena of human individuation (Mammen and Mironenko, Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 49:681-713, 2015; Mammen, 2016). Firstly we contrapose this perspective to the results referred by Krøjgaard (Integrative Psychological & Behavioral Science, 50(2), 264-276, 2016) regarding infant development. Subsequently, we discuss the role of imagination and the role of Polanyi's "tacit knowledge" as contributing to complement the concept of "choice categories". By this way we aim to highlight the heuristic value of focusing on the quality of the dynamics that guide developmental changes and its embeddedness in sociocultural milieu.

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Strategic priority setting and implementation of strategies to reduce maternal mortality are key to the post Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 2015 agenda. This article highlights the feasibility and the advantages of using a systematized tacit knowledge approach, using data from maternal health program personnel, to identify local challenges to implementing policies and programs to inform the post MDG era. Communities of practice, conceived as groups of people sharing professional interests, experiences and knowledge, were formed with diverse health personnel implementing maternal health programs in Mexico and Nicaragua. Participants attended several workshops and developed different online activities aiming to strengthen their capacities to acquire, analyze, adapt and apply research results and to systematize their experience and knowledge of the actual implementation of these programs. Concept mapping, a general method designed to organize and depict the ideas of a group on a particular topic, was used to manage, discuss and systematize their tacit knowledge about implementation problems of the programs they work in. Using a special online concept mapping platform, participants prioritized implementation problems by sorting them in conceptual clusters and rating their importance and feasibility of solution. Two hundred and thirty-one participants from three communities of practice in each country registered on the online concept mapping platform and 200 people satisfactorily completed the sorting and rating activities. Participants further discussed these results to prioritize the implementation problems of maternal health programs. Our main finding was a great similarity between the Mexican and the Nicaraguan general results highlighting the importance and the feasibility of solution of implementation problems related to the quality of healthcare. The use of rigorously organized tacit knowledge of health personnel proved to be a feasible and useful tool for prioritization to inform implementation priorities in the post MDG agenda.

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Los ovinos se presentan hoy día en Colombia como una de las especies promisorias para el sector pecuario, con un despertar en la actividad que se manifiesta con un incremento del inventario, que según Faostat (datos debatibles), ha pasado de 2’400.000 cabezas en el año 2000 a 3’400.000 para el 2008; por su lado, las cabras han pasado de 1’200.000 a 1’300.000 cabezas en el mismo periodo, creciendo, aunque con un ritmo menor que el de las ovejas. Según esta base de datos, la misma tendencia se observa en el consumo per cápita de carne ovino-caprina que partiendo de 270 g/persona/año para el 2000 llega a 370 g/persona/año para el 2008. Este crecimiento en el inventario y el consumo per cápita del ovino-caprino impulsa la necesidad de aprovechar no solo las ventajas comparativas, sino también la generación de ventajas competitivas que lleven a la ovino-cultura y la caprino-cultura colombiana por el camino de la competitividad y la globalización, aprovechando las oportunidades en el mercado nacional y de exportación. El eficaz aprovechamiento de dichas ventajas implica la incorporación de los datos, la información y el conocimiento como factores de producción dentro de un proceso ordenado, bajo el marco de un sistema de “gestión de conocimiento”. El presente documento trata los fundamentos teóricos sobre los cuales se discute la manera como los datos, la información y el conocimiento se transforman en productividad y competitividad; se tratan los temas del “Big-Bang”, la entropía y neguentropía, la complejidad, la teoría de sistemas, la teoría del conocimiento, la epistemología, el management, la economía del conocimiento, la planeación estratégica, la espiral del conocimiento en las organizaciones, y la gestión del conocimiento, procurando algunas aproximaciones al sector agropecuario y la contextualización de la gestión del conocimiento en la ovino-cultura y caprino-cultura colombiana.

Nowadays sheep are presented as a promising species for the livestock sector in Colombia, with an awakening of the activity manifested by an increase in inventory, which, according to FAOSTAT (debatable data), increased from 2,400,000 head in 2000 to 3,400,000 in 2008; on the other hand, goats went from 1,200,000 head to 1,300,000 head during the same period, thus showing an increase, albeit at a slower pace than with sheep. According to this database, the same trend is observed in per capita consumption of ovine/caprine meat, which went from 270 g/person/year in 2000 to 370 g/person/year in 2008. This increase in inventory and per capita consumption of lamb and goat meat drives the need to make the most of not only the comparative advantages, but also the generation of competitive advantages that lead the Colombian sheep and goat-culture through the road of competitiveness and globalization, taking advantage of opportunities in the national and export market. The effective use of these benefits involves the incorporation of data, information and knowledge as factors of production within an orderly process under the framework of a “knowledge management” system. This paper addresses a series of theoretical foundations upon which the way data, information and knowledge are transformed into productivity and competitiveness are discussed; the issue of the “Big Bang” is addressed, as are the issues of entropy and negentropy, complexity, systems theory, the theory of knowledge, epistemology, management, knowledge economy, strategic planning, the spiral of knowledge in organizations, and knowledge management, aiming to find some approaches to the agricultural sector and the contextualization of knowledge management in the Colombian sheep and goat-culture.

Os ovinos apresentam-se hoje em dia na Colômbia como uma das espécies promissoras para o setor pecuário, com um despertar na atividade que se manifesta com um aumento do rebanho, que segundo a FAOSTAT (dados contestáveis), passou de 2.400.000 cabeças em 2000 para 3.400.000 em 2008; por outro lado, as cabras passaram de 1.200.000 cabeças a 1.300.000 cabeças no mesmo período, crescendo, ainda que num ritmo menor que o das ovelhas De acordo com este banco de dados, a mesma tendência é observada no consumo per capita de carne ovino-caprina que partindo de 270 g/pessoa/ano em 2000 chega a 370 g/pessoa/ano em 2008. Este crescimento no consumo per capita de ovino-caprino impulsiona a necessidade de aproveitar não só as vantagens comparativas, senão também a geração de vantagens competitivas que levem a ovinocultura e a caprinocultura colombiana pelo caminho da competitividade e da globalização, aproveitando as oportunidades no mercado nacional e de exportação. O eficaz aproveitamento dessas vantagens implica a incorporação dos dados, a informação e o conhecimento como fatores de produção dentro de um processo ordenado, no entorno de um sistema de “gestão do conhecimento”. O presente documento trata fundamentos teóricos sobre os quais se discute a maneira como os dados, a informação e o conhecimento se transformam em produtividade e competitividade; se tratam os temas do “Big-Bang”, a entropia e entropia negativa, a complexidade, a teoria de sistemas, a teoria do conhecimento, a epistemologia, o management, a economia do conhecimento, o planejamento estratégico, o espiral do conhecimento nas organizações, e a gestão do conhecimento, procurando algumas aproximações ao setor agropecuário e a contextualização da gestão do conhecimento na ovinocultura e caprinocultura colombiana.

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OBJETIVO: Analizar las características de problemas del sistema de salud que obstaculizan la atención materna, según los representan y califican funcionarios en diversos puestos y contextos sociales. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizaron talleres con funcionarios de estados de alta mortalidad materna en México (México, Guerrero, Oaxaca y Veracruz) y a nivel federal. Se identificaron 99 problemas en los sistemas de salud. Utilizando mapeo conceptual, 94 funcionarios calificaron los problemas según importancia y factibilidad y se agruparon en regiones. Se analizaron los datos según estado/federación y responsabilidades de los participantes. Se midió la asociación entre perfil/contexto y la priorización de las regiones. RESULTADOS: Las regiones de alta prioridad para la atención materna son infraestructura, contratación de personal y recursos financieros. La importancia de algunas regiones depende del contexto social, aunque también en parte del perfil de responsabilidades de los actores. CONCLUSIONES: Existe consenso entre actores para enfrentar los principales problemas de salud materna en México. Diferencias importantes se deben a diversos contextos. Se demostró la utilidad del mapeo conceptual para el análisis de problemas.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the characteristics of problems in the health system that present barriers to maternal care, according to their representation and rating by officials in different positions and social contexts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Workshops were held with state health system officials from Mexican states with high maternal mortality (Mexico, Guerrero, Oaxaca and Veracruz) as well as with federal officials. A total of 99 health system problems were identified. Using concept mapping, 94 officials rated problems according to importance and feasibility; they were grouped into issues. Data was analyzed according to state/federal levels and the responsibilities of participants. The association was measured between responsibility profile/social context and priority issues. RESULTS: The issues of highest priority for maternal health care are infrastructure, personnel hiring and financial resources. The importance of certain issues depends on context and, to an extent, on the actors' responsibilities. CONCLUSIONS: There is consensus among actors to address the principal maternal health problems in Mexico. Important differences correspond to context. The usefulness of concept mapping to analyze problems was demonstrated.

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O artigo apresenta uma intervenção ergonômica realizada em uma cooperativa de produção de artefatos de couro e de material sintético, principalmente calçados e bolsas. Focaliza-se o processo de transmissão do conhecimento prático acumulado por um associado do grupo aos demais integrantes, todos novatos no ofício. Na conclusão, fornecemos elementos para reflexões acerca dos aspectos particulares às intervenções em empreendimentos solidários, quando comparadas às ações ergonômicas desenvolvidas junto a empresas convencionais, e os obstáculos encontrados para se viabilizar a autogestão.

In this paper, we present an ergonomic action in a cooperative of products of leather and synthetics material, specially shoes and sacs. We focus on the process of tacit knowledge transmission between an associate expert and the others associates, all of them novices in this work. In conclusion, we present the basis to compare ergonomic action in cooperative organizations and ergonomic action in traditional enterprises, and point out the obstacles to promote effective cooperative organizations.