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INTRODUCTION: Ultrasound measurement of the radial resistance index (RRI) in the anatomical snuffbox has been proposed as a useful method for assessing the systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI). This study aims to establish the correlation between SVRI measured by pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) and RRI. METHODS: A cross-sectional study included all consecutive patients undergoing postoperative (POP) cardiac surgery with hemodynamic monitoring using PAC. Hemodynamic assessment was performed using PAC, and RRI was measured with ultrasound in the anatomical snuffbox. The Pearson correlation test was used to establish the correlation between RRI and SVRI measured using PAC. Hemodynamic behavior concerning RRI with a cutoff point of 1.1 (described to estimate under SVRI) was examined. Additionally, consistency between two evaluators was assessed for RRI using the intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS: A total of 35 measurements were obtained. The average cardiac index (CI) was 2.73 ± 0.64 L/min/m², and the average SVRI was 1967.47 ± 478.33 dyn·s·m²/cm5. The correlation between RRI and SVRI measured using PAC was 0.37 [95% CI 0.045-0.62]. The average RRI was 0.94 ± 0.11. RRI measurements > 1.1 had a mean SVRI of 2120.79 ± 673.48 dyn·s·m²/cm5, while RRI measurements ≤ 1.1 had a mean SVRI of 1953.1 ± 468.17 dyn·s·m²/cm5 (p = 0.62). The consistency between evaluators showed an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.88 [95% CI 0.78-0.93], and Bland-Altman analysis illustrated adequate agreement of RRI evaluators. CONCLUSIONS: For patients in cardiac surgery POP, the correlation between the SVRI measured using PAC and the RRI measured in the anatomical snuffbox is low. Using the RRI as a SVRI estimator for patients is not recommended in this clinical scenario.

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INTRODUCTION: The knowledge on High-Output Cardiac Failure (HOCF) has greatly improved in the last two decades. One of the advances was the identification of a new phenotype of HOCF, characterized by the absence of ventricular dilation, already associated with liver disease, Arteriovenous Fistulas (AVF), lung disease, myelodysplastic syndromes, and obesity. However, it has been noted that any aetiology can present with one of the two phenotypes, depending on the evolution. OBJECTIVE: The study aims to describe, through an integrative review, the physiopathology and aetiologies of HOCF and to discuss phenotypes associated with this condition. METHODS: Revisions, guidelines, case-controls, cohort studies and clinical studies were searched in MEDLINE and LILACS, using the connectives in the "cardiac output, high" database (MeSH Terms) OR "high cardiac output" (All Fields). DISCUSSION: Two distinct phenotypes are currently described in the HOCF, regardless of the aetiology: 1) one with enlarged cardiac chambers; and 2) with normal heart chambers. The mechanisms related to HOCF are vasodilation, arteriovenous shunts that cause increased microvascular density, Reduced Systemic Vascular Resistance (RSVR), and high metabolism. These mechanisms lead to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sodium and water retention, activation of neprilysin, of the sodium-glucose-2 transporter, which promote interstitial fibrosis, ventricular remodeling and a consequent increase in cardiac output >8L/min. CONCLUSION: Many aetiologies of HOCF have been described, and some of them are potentially curable. Prompt recognition of this condition and proper treatment may lead to better outcomes.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the circulatory physiology of hypotension during the first day after birth among stable extremely preterm neonates. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study of neonates born at ≤276/7 weeks gestational age with hypotension, defined as mean blood pressure in mmHg less than gestational age in weeks for at least 1 hour during the first 24 hours after birth, who underwent comprehensive echocardiography assessment before commencement of cardiovascular drugs. Neonates with hypotension (n = 14) were matched by gestational age and intensity of respiratory support with normotensive neonates (n = 27) who underwent serial echocardiography during the first day after birth, and relatively contemporaneous echocardiography assessments were used for comparison. RESULTS: Neonates with hypotension had a higher frequency of patent ductus arteriosus ≥1.5 mm (71% vs 15%; P < .001) and ductal size (median diameter, 1.6 mm [IQR, 1.4-2.1] vs 1.0 mm [IQR, 0-1.3]; P = .002), higher echocardiography indices of left ventricular systolic function (mean shortening fraction, 34 ± 7% vs 26 ± 4%; P < .001; mean longitudinal strain, -16 ± 5% vs -14 ± 3%; P = .04; and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, 1.24 ± 0.35 circ/s vs 1.01 ± 0.28 circ/s; P = .03), lower estimates of left ventricular afterload (mean end-systolic wall stress, 20 ± 7 g/cm2 vs 30 ± 9 g/cm2; P < .001 and mean arterial elastance, 43 ± 19 mmHg/mL vs 60 ± 22 mmHg/mL; P = .01), without significant difference in stress-velocity index z-score (-0.42 ± 1.60 vs -0.88 ± 1.30; P = .33). Neonates with hypotension had higher rates of any degree of intraventricular hemorrhage (71% vs 22%; P = .006). CONCLUSIONS: Low blood pressure in otherwise well extremely low gestational age neonates was associated with low systemic afterload and larger patent ductus arteriosus, but not left ventricular dysfunction.

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OBJECTIVES: Few studies have investigated whether post-exercise hypotension (PEH) after concurrent exercise (CEX) is related to changes in cardiac output (Q) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) in older individuals. We tested whether PEH after a single bout of CEX circuits performed in open-access facilities at the Third Age Academies (TAA) in Rio de Janeiro City (Brazil) would be concomitant with decreased Q and SVR in individuals aged ≥60 years with prehypertension. Moreover, we assessed autonomic modulation as a potential mechanism underlying PEH. METHODS: Fourteen individuals (age, 65.8±0.9 y; systolic/diastolic blood pressure [SBP/DBP], 132.4±12.1/72.8±10.8 mmHg; with half of the patients taking antihypertensive medications) had their blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), Q, SVR, HR variability (HRV), and spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) recorded before and 50 min after CEX (40-min circuit, including seven stations of alternate aerobic/resistance exercises at 60-70% HR reserve) and non-exercise control (CONT) sessions. The study protocol was registered in a World Health Organization-accredited office (Trial registration RBR-7BWVPJ). RESULTS: SBP (Δ=−14.2±13.1 mmHg, p=0.0001), DBP (Δ=−5.2±8.2 mmHg, p= 0.04), Q (Δ=−2.2±1.5 L/min, p=0.0001), and BRS (Δ=−3.5±2.6 ms/mmHg; p=0.05) decreased after CEX as compared with the CONT session. By contrast, the HR increased (Δ=9.4±7.2 bpm, p<0.0001), and SVR remained stable throughout the postexercise period as compared with the CONT session (Δ=0.10±0.22 AU, p=0.14). We found no significant difference between the CEX and CONT with respect to the HRV indexes reflecting autonomic modulation. CONCLUSION: CEX induced PEH in the older individuals with prehypertension status. At least in the first 50 min, PEH occurred parallel to the decreased Q and increased HR, while SVR was not different. The changes in autonomic outflow appeared to be unrelated to the acute cardiac and hemodynamic responses.

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Background Blood pressure is determined by the interactions between the heart and arterial properties, and subjects with identical blood pressure may have substantially different hemodynamic determinants. Whether arterial hemodynamic indices quantified by impedance cardiography ( ICG ), a simple operator-independent office procedure, independently predict all-cause mortality in adults from the general population, and specifically among those who do not meet criteria for American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association stage 2 hypertension, is currently unknown. Methods and Results We studied 1639 adults aged 18 to 80 years from the general population. We used ICG to measure hemodynamic parameters and metrics of cardiac function. We assessed the relationship between hemodynamic parameters measured at baseline and all-cause mortality over a mean follow-up of 10.9 years. Several ICG parameters predicted death. The strongest predictors were total arterial compliance index (standardized hazard ratio=0.38; 95% confidence interval=0.31-0.46; P<0.0001) and indices of cardiac contractility: velocity index (standardized hazard ratio=0.45; 95% confidence interval=0.37-0.55; P<0.0001) and acceleration index (standardized hazard ratio=0.44; 95% confidence interval=0.35-0.55; P<0.0001). These remained independently predictive of death after adjustment for multiple confounders, as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Among subjects without stage 2 hypertension (n=1563), indices of cardiac contractility were independently predictive of death and identified a subpopulation (25% of non-stage-2 hypertensives) that demonstrated a high 10-year mortality risk, equivalent to that of stage 2 hypertensives. Conclusions Hemodynamic patterns identified by ICG independently predict mortality in the general population. The predictive value of ICG applies even in the absence of American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association stage 2 hypertension and identifies higher-risk individuals who are in earlier stages of the hypertension continuum.

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L-arginine administration decreases mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), presumably by excess nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. However, some reports indicate that d-arginine, not a substrate of NO synthase (NOS), also induces hypotension. To clarify this phenomenon, the hemodynamic effects of L- and D-arginine and their modification by NOS inhibition with L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) were assessed. MABP, cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate and systemic vascular resistance were recorded in Sprague-Dawley rats under urethane or ketamine/diazepam anesthesia, with or without blockade of NO synthesis by L-NAME. Both stereoisomers of arginine induced a dose-related drop in MABP of similar magnitude and time course, but recovery from hypotension was slower in L-arginine than in D-arginine. The hypotension induced by both stereoisomers was due to a decrease in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) with increase in cardiac output (CO) and stroke volume (SV). Administration of L-NAME induced a pronounced increase in MABP and SVR, with decreases in CO and heart rate (HR). Infusion of L-arginine after L-NAME significantly decreased MABP and SVR at the highest dose while d-arginine failed to do so. After L-NAME, MABP was significantly lower under l-arginine than under d-arginine at all doses. These experiments suggest a dual mechanism in the hypotensive effect of L-arginine: a NO independent action on vascular resistance shared with D-arginine, and a NO dependent mechanism that becomes evident in the presence of NOS inhibition with L-NAME. Cardiac effects of NO do not appear to play a role in L-arginine hypotension.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether changes in cardiac function and cerebral blood flow (CBF) precede the occurrence of peri/intraventricular hemorrhage (P/IVH) in extremely preterm infants. STUDY DESIGN: In this prospective observational study, 22 preterm infants (gestational age 25.9 ± 1.2 weeks; range 23-27 weeks) were monitored between 4 and 76 hours after birth. Cardiac function and changes in CBF and P/IVH were assessed by ultrasound every 12 hours. Changes in CBF were also followed by continuous monitoring of cerebral regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) and by calculating cerebral fractional oxygen extraction. RESULTS: Five patients developed P/IVH (1 patient grade II and 4 patients grade IV). Whereas measures of cardiac function and CBF remained unchanged in neonates without P/IVH, patients with P/IVH tended to have lower left ventricular output and had lower left ventricle stroke volume and cerebral rSO2 and higher cerebral fractional oxygen extraction during the first 12 hours of the study. By 28 hours, these variables were similar in the 2 groups and myocardial performance index was lower and middle cerebral artery mean flow velocity higher in the P/IVH group. P/IVH was detected after these changes occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac function and CBF remain stable in very preterm neonates who do not develop P/IVH during the first 3 postnatal days. In very preterm neonates developing P/IVH during this period, lower systemic perfusion and CBF followed by an increase in these variables precede the development of P/IVH. Monitoring cardiac function and cerebral rSO2 may identify infants at higher risk for developing P/IVH before the bleeding occurs.

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Introducción. Los inhibidores de enzima de conversión y bloqueadores de receptores de angiotensina mejoran el pronóstico en la insuficiencia cardíaca (IC), aunque muchos pacientes no reciben dosis recomendadas. Objetivo. Determinar si el conocimiento de la resistencia vascular sistémica (RVS) por ecocardiografía permite aumentar el porcentaje de pacientes tratados con la dosis objetivo. Material y métodos. Se incluyeron pacientes con IC por disfunción sistólica sin contraindicación para enalapril/ losartán. La dosis objetivo considerada fue enalapril/losartán ≥20/25 mg/día. Se randomizaron a ajustar el tratamiento con enalapril/losartán según criterios clínicos y resistencia vascular sistémica versus criterio clínico exclusivo (Grupos A y B). En el grupo A una RVS ≥1200 dinas.seg.cm-5 fue indicación de aumentar dosis de enalapril/losartán un mínimo del 25%; al llegar a 40 mg de enalapril se adicionaba losartán 25 mg hasta 50 mg o hasta contraindicación. Se evaluó el cambio porcentual de pacientes recibiendo dosis objetivo entre ingreso y último control. Resultados. Se incluyeron 70 pacientes, 50 de ellos fueron hombres, edad 60±12 años, 30 en clase funcional I, con una RVS de 2033 ± 802 dinas.seg.cm-5. El tiempo de seguimiento fue de 12,3 meses. No se observaron diferencias significativas basales entre ambos grupos. Al final del seguimiento, el grupo A mostró un aumento significativo del porcentaje de pacientes con dosis objetivo de enalapril/losartán (50% versus 64%; p < 0,01); el grupo B mostró una disminución del mismo porcentaje (59% versus 47%; p < 0,05). Conclusión. El cálculo ecocardiográfico de la RVS aumenta el porcentaje de pacientes con IC que reciben dosis objetivo de enalapril/losartán.

Background. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers improve heart failure prognosis, but many patients are not treated with target doses. Objective. Our aim was to determine if the echocardiographic measurement of systemic vascular resistance could increase the number of patients treated with optimal doses. Material and methods. Patients with heart failure due to systolic dysfunction and no contraindications to enalapril/ losartán were included. The target doses considered were enalapril/losartán ≥ 20/25mg/day. Patients were randomized to adjusted dose using clinical approach and systemic vascular resistance vs clinical parameters only (Groups A and B). In group A if systemic vascular resistance was ≥ 1200 dynes.sec/cm-5, enalapril dose was increased 25% up to 40mg and then losartán was added (unless contraindication). The main outcome measures in follow-up were changes in proportion of patients receiving enalapril/losartán target doses, comparing recruit vs last control in both groups. Results. Seventy patients (50 males, age 60±12 years old, 30 in functional class I, systemic vascular resistance 2033±802 dines.seg.cm-5), were included and followed-up for 12.3±months. There were no significant basal differences between groups. In group A significant increase was observed in the proportion of patients receiving target dose of enalapril/losartán (50% recruit vs 64% last control, p < 0.01). In group B a significant decrease was observed in the same proportion (59% vs 47%, p <0.05). Conclusion. More patients with heart failure received target doses of enalapril/losartán, when echocardiographic measurement of systemic vascular resistance was used.

Introdução. Os inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina e bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina melhoram o prognóstico na insuficiência cardíaca (IC), embora muitos pacientes não recebem doses recomendadas. Objetivo. Determinar-se o conhecimento da resistência vascular sistêmica (RVS) por ecocardiografia aumenta a percentagem de pacientes tratados com dose ótima. Material e métodos. Foram incluídos pacientes com IC por disfunção sistólica sem contra-indicação para enalapril/losartán. A dose ótima foi considerado enalapril/losartán ≥20/25 mg/dia. Foram randomizados para ajustar o tratamento com enalapril/losartán de acordo com a clínica e resistência vascular sistêmica contra apreciação clínica exclusiva (Grupos A e B). No grupo A uma RVS ≥1200 dinas.seg.cm-5 foi indicativo de doses crescentes de enalapril/losartán pelo menos 25%, até atingir os 40 mg de enalapril foi além de losartán 25 mg a 50 mg ou contra-indicações. Foi avaliada a variação percentual em pacientes que receberam doses-alvo entre entrada no hospital e controle final. Resultados. Foram incluídos 70 pacientes, 50 eram do sexo masculino, idade 60 ± 12 anos, 30 em classe funcional I, com uma RVS de 2033 ± 802 dinas.seg.cm-5. O tempo de seguimento foi de 12,3 meses. Não houve diferenças significativas basais entre os dois grupos. No final do seguimento, o grupo A mostrou uma porcentagem significativamente maior de pacientes com dose ótima de enalapril/losartán (50% versus 64%, P <0,01), o grupo B mostrou uma diminuição na mesma percentagem (59% versus 47%, P <0,05). Conclusão. O cálculo ecocardiográfico de RVS aumenta a porcentagem de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca receberam a dose ótima de enalapril/losartán.

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Introducción. Los inhibidores de enzima de conversión y bloqueadores de receptores de angiotensina mejoran el pronóstico en la insuficiencia cardíaca (IC), aunque muchos pacientes no reciben dosis recomendadas. Objetivo. Determinar si el conocimiento de la resistencia vascular sistémica (RVS) por ecocardiografía permite aumentar el porcentaje de pacientes tratados con la dosis objetivo. Material y métodos. Se incluyeron pacientes con IC por disfunción sistólica sin contraindicación para enalapril/ losartán. La dosis objetivo considerada fue enalapril/losartán ≥20/25 mg/día. Se randomizaron a ajustar el tratamiento con enalapril/losartán según criterios clínicos y resistencia vascular sistémica versus criterio clínico exclusivo (Grupos A y B). En el grupo A una RVS ≥1200 dinas.seg.cm-5 fue indicación de aumentar dosis de enalapril/losartán un mínimo del 25%; al llegar a 40 mg de enalapril se adicionaba losartán 25 mg hasta 50 mg o hasta contraindicación. Se evaluó el cambio porcentual de pacientes recibiendo dosis objetivo entre ingreso y último control. Resultados. Se incluyeron 70 pacientes, 50 de ellos fueron hombres, edad 60ñ12 años, 30 en clase funcional I, con una RVS de 2033 ñ 802 dinas.seg.cm-5. El tiempo de seguimiento fue de 12,3 meses. No se observaron diferencias significativas basales entre ambos grupos. Al final del seguimiento, el grupo A mostró un aumento significativo del porcentaje de pacientes con dosis objetivo de enalapril/losartán (50% versus 64%; p < 0,01); el grupo B mostró una disminución del mismo porcentaje (59% versus 47%; p < 0,05). Conclusión. El cálculo ecocardiográfico de la RVS aumenta el porcentaje de pacientes con IC que reciben dosis objetivo de enalapril/losartán.(AU)

Background. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers improve heart failure prognosis, but many patients are not treated with target doses. Objective. Our aim was to determine if the echocardiographic measurement of systemic vascular resistance could increase the number of patients treated with optimal doses. Material and methods. Patients with heart failure due to systolic dysfunction and no contraindications to enalapril/ losartán were included. The target doses considered were enalapril/losartán ≥ 20/25mg/day. Patients were randomized to adjusted dose using clinical approach and systemic vascular resistance vs clinical parameters only (Groups A and B). In group A if systemic vascular resistance was ≥ 1200 dynes.sec/cm-5, enalapril dose was increased 25% up to 40mg and then losartán was added (unless contraindication). The main outcome measures in follow-up were changes in proportion of patients receiving enalapril/losartán target doses, comparing recruit vs last control in both groups. Results. Seventy patients (50 males, age 60ñ12 years old, 30 in functional class I, systemic vascular resistance 2033ñ802 dines.seg.cm-5), were included and followed-up for 12.3ñmonths. There were no significant basal differences between groups. In group A significant increase was observed in the proportion of patients receiving target dose of enalapril/losartán (50% recruit vs 64% last control, p < 0.01). In group B a significant decrease was observed in the same proportion (59% vs 47%, p <0.05). Conclusion. More patients with heart failure received target doses of enalapril/losartán, when echocardiographic measurement of systemic vascular resistance was used.(AU)

Introdução. Os inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina e bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina melhoram o prognóstico na insuficiência cardíaca (IC), embora muitos pacientes não recebem doses recomendadas. Objetivo. Determinar-se o conhecimento da resistência vascular sistêmica (RVS) por ecocardiografia aumenta a percentagem de pacientes tratados com dose ótima. Material e métodos. Foram incluídos pacientes com IC por disfunção sistólica sem contra-indicação para enalapril/losartán. A dose ótima foi considerado enalapril/losartán ≥20/25 mg/dia. Foram randomizados para ajustar o tratamento com enalapril/losartán de acordo com a clínica e resistência vascular sistêmica contra apreciação clínica exclusiva (Grupos A e B). No grupo A uma RVS ≥1200 dinas.seg.cm-5 foi indicativo de doses crescentes de enalapril/losartán pelo menos 25%, até atingir os 40 mg de enalapril foi além de losartán 25 mg a 50 mg ou contra-indicações. Foi avaliada a variação percentual em pacientes que receberam doses-alvo entre entrada no hospital e controle final. Resultados. Foram incluídos 70 pacientes, 50 eram do sexo masculino, idade 60 ñ 12 anos, 30 em classe funcional I, com uma RVS de 2033 ñ 802 dinas.seg.cm-5. O tempo de seguimento foi de 12,3 meses. Não houve diferenças significativas basais entre os dois grupos. No final do seguimento, o grupo A mostrou uma porcentagem significativamente maior de pacientes com dose ótima de enalapril/losartán (50% versus 64%, P <0,01), o grupo B mostrou uma diminuição na mesma percentagem (59% versus 47%, P <0,05). Conclusão. O cálculo ecocardiográfico de RVS aumenta a porcentagem de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca receberam a dose ótima de enalapril/losartán.(AU)

RESUMO

Introducción. Los inhibidores de enzima de conversión y bloqueadores de receptores de angiotensina mejoran el pronóstico en la insuficiencia cardíaca (IC), aunque muchos pacientes no reciben dosis recomendadas. Objetivo. Determinar si el conocimiento de la resistencia vascular sistémica (RVS) por ecocardiografía permite aumentar el porcentaje de pacientes tratados con la dosis objetivo. Material y métodos. Se incluyeron pacientes con IC por disfunción sistólica sin contraindicación para enalapril/ losartán. La dosis objetivo considerada fue enalapril/losartán ≥20/25 mg/día. Se randomizaron a ajustar el tratamiento con enalapril/losartán según criterios clínicos y resistencia vascular sistémica versus criterio clínico exclusivo (Grupos A y B). En el grupo A una RVS ≥1200 dinas.seg.cm-5 fue indicación de aumentar dosis de enalapril/losartán un mínimo del 25%; al llegar a 40 mg de enalapril se adicionaba losartán 25 mg hasta 50 mg o hasta contraindicación. Se evaluó el cambio porcentual de pacientes recibiendo dosis objetivo entre ingreso y último control. Resultados. Se incluyeron 70 pacientes, 50 de ellos fueron hombres, edad 60±12 años, 30 en clase funcional I, con una RVS de 2033 ± 802 dinas.seg.cm-5. El tiempo de seguimiento fue de 12,3 meses. No se observaron diferencias significativas basales entre ambos grupos. Al final del seguimiento, el grupo A mostró un aumento significativo del porcentaje de pacientes con dosis objetivo de enalapril/losartán (50% versus 64%; p < 0,01); el grupo B mostró una disminución del mismo porcentaje (59% versus 47%; p < 0,05). Conclusión. El cálculo ecocardiográfico de la RVS aumenta el porcentaje de pacientes con IC que reciben dosis objetivo de enalapril/losartán.(AU)

Background. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers improve heart failure prognosis, but many patients are not treated with target doses. Objective. Our aim was to determine if the echocardiographic measurement of systemic vascular resistance could increase the number of patients treated with optimal doses. Material and methods. Patients with heart failure due to systolic dysfunction and no contraindications to enalapril/ losartán were included. The target doses considered were enalapril/losartán ≥ 20/25mg/day. Patients were randomized to adjusted dose using clinical approach and systemic vascular resistance vs clinical parameters only (Groups A and B). In group A if systemic vascular resistance was ≥ 1200 dynes.sec/cm-5, enalapril dose was increased 25% up to 40mg and then losartán was added (unless contraindication). The main outcome measures in follow-up were changes in proportion of patients receiving enalapril/losartán target doses, comparing recruit vs last control in both groups. Results. Seventy patients (50 males, age 60±12 years old, 30 in functional class I, systemic vascular resistance 2033±802 dines.seg.cm-5), were included and followed-up for 12.3±months. There were no significant basal differences between groups. In group A significant increase was observed in the proportion of patients receiving target dose of enalapril/losartán (50% recruit vs 64% last control, p < 0.01). In group B a significant decrease was observed in the same proportion (59% vs 47%, p <0.05). Conclusion. More patients with heart failure received target doses of enalapril/losartán, when echocardiographic measurement of systemic vascular resistance was used.(AU)

IntroduþÒo. Os inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina e bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina melhoram o prognóstico na insuficiÛncia cardíaca (IC), embora muitos pacientes nÒo recebem doses recomendadas. Objetivo. Determinar-se o conhecimento da resistÛncia vascular sistÛmica (RVS) por ecocardiografia aumenta a percentagem de pacientes tratados com dose ótima. Material e métodos. Foram incluídos pacientes com IC por disfunþÒo sistólica sem contra-indicaþÒo para enalapril/losartán. A dose ótima foi considerado enalapril/losartán ≥20/25 mg/dia. Foram randomizados para ajustar o tratamento com enalapril/losartán de acordo com a clínica e resistÛncia vascular sistÛmica contra apreciaþÒo clínica exclusiva (Grupos A e B). No grupo A uma RVS ≥1200 dinas.seg.cm-5 foi indicativo de doses crescentes de enalapril/losartán pelo menos 25%, até atingir os 40 mg de enalapril foi além de losartán 25 mg a 50 mg ou contra-indicaþ§es. Foi avaliada a variaþÒo percentual em pacientes que receberam doses-alvo entre entrada no hospital e controle final. Resultados. Foram incluídos 70 pacientes, 50 eram do sexo masculino, idade 60 ± 12 anos, 30 em classe funcional I, com uma RVS de 2033 ± 802 dinas.seg.cm-5. O tempo de seguimento foi de 12,3 meses. NÒo houve diferenþas significativas basais entre os dois grupos. No final do seguimento, o grupo A mostrou uma porcentagem significativamente maior de pacientes com dose ótima de enalapril/losartán (50% versus 64%, P <0,01), o grupo B mostrou uma diminuiþÒo na mesma percentagem (59% versus 47%, P <0,05). ConclusÒo. O cálculo ecocardiográfico de RVS aumenta a porcentagem de pacientes com insuficiÛncia cardíaca receberam a dose ótima de enalapril/losartán.(AU)

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Antecedentes: la estimación del índice cardíaco (Ic) y de la resistencia vascular sistémica (RVS) por eco-Doppler cardíaco ha sido validada por varios autores en su correlación con datos obtenidos en forma invasiva, con buena reproducibilidad intra e interobservador. En pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca crónica (ICC), los reportes son escasos. Objetivo: determinar la variabilidad intra e interobservador de la estimación del Ic y de la RVS para el equipo de ecocardiografía de una unidad de tratamiento de pacientes ambulatorios con ICC. Método: las variables ecocardiográficas directas (VED) registradas fueron: diámetro del tracto de salida del ventrículo izquierdo (TSVI), integral velocidad-tiempo del TSVI(IVTTSVI), estimación de presión de aurícula derecha (PAD) según diámetro de vena cava inferior y su variación con la respiración. Se registró además frecuencia cardíaca (FC) y presión arterial (PA), calculando la PA media con la fórmula PA media=PA diastólica + 1/3 PA diferencial. Para el cálculo de Ic, gasto cardíaco (GC) y RVS se aplicaron las siguientes fórmulas: Ic = GC/superficie corporal, GC = (IVTTSVI x área TSVI) x FC, RVS = (PA media – PAD)/GC. Para la variabilidad intraobservador se compararon VED y cálculos realizados por un mismo observador en cinco pacientes, cinco veces consecutivas en cada uno, separadas por 15 minutos. Para la reproducibilidad interobservador se obtuvieron medidas y cálculos en 12 pacientes consecutivos por dos operadores a nivel 3 independientes, valorando la concordancia a través del índice kappa. Todos los pacientes se encontraban en ritmo sinusal. Resultado: la variabilidad intraobservador fue de 5,7% (aceptable) para VED y 13,6% (aceptable) para las medidas de cálculo. La reproducibilidad interobservador mostró un índice ...

Background: systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and cardiac index (CI) estimation by Doppler echcocardiography have a good correlation with invasive estimations and a good reproducibility. There are few reports about these echocardiographic estimations in chronic heart failure. Aim: to determine intra and interobserver variability of systemic vascular resistance and cardiac index estimation for the echocardiographic team of an ambulatory heart failure care unit.Method: direct echocardiographic variables were: outflow tract (OFT) diameter, OFT velocity-time integral (VTI) , right atrial pressure (RAP) estimated through inferior cave vein diameter and respiration variation. Cardiac frequency, arterial presssure and middle arterial pressure (MAP) were registered. To calculate CI, cardiac output (CO) and SVR next formulas were applied: CI: CO/ body surface area, CO: (OFT-VTI . OFT area). cardiac frequency, SVR: (MAP-RAP) /CO. Intraobserver variability (direct and calculated variables) was determine through a unique observer who made 5 consecutive observation (15 minutes separated each one) in 5 different patients. Kappa index was calculated for inter observer reproducibility by 2 observers level 3 who took direct and calculated variables in 12 consecutive patients. All observations were done in sinus rythm.Results: intraobserver variability was 5,7% for direct echocardiographic variables and 13,6% for calculated ones (acceptable). Ponderated kappa index for interobserver reproducibility was 0,87 (very good). Conclusion: our echocardiographic team show acceptable intra and inter observer reproducibility for CI and SVR estimation by Doppler echocardiography in chronic heart failure patients.

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Resumen Antecedentes. La estimación del índice cardíaco (Ic) y de la resistencia vascular sistémica (RVS) por eco-Doppler cardíaco (ED) es factible y reproducible, según resultados de nuestro equipo y de otros. Objetivo. Determinar el valor del patrón hemodinámico estimado por ED en la evaluación diagnóstica de pacientes con posible insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva (ICC). Método. Se reclutaron 111 pacientes en ritmo sinusal, entre el 1/10/04 y el 30/9/06 que concurrieron a evaluación por ED para valorar su ingreso a una unidad de tratamiento avanzado de ICC. Fue condición de ingreso a la unidad la presencia de criterios de Boston definitivos para ICC y/o fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI) ≤ 40%. Se definieron 3 grupos: "disfunción sistólica" (DS) 74 pacientes con FEVI ≤ 40%, "ICC sin DS significativa" 26 pacientes con FEVI > 40% y "rechazados de la unidad" (R) 11 pacientes sin DS ni ICC. Se determinó el porcentaje (%) de pacientes con Ic bajo y RVS altas en cada grupo. Se estimó el valor predictivo positivo y negativo (VPP y VPN) así como la sensibilidad (S) y especificidad (E) del Ic bajo y las RVS altas para ICC o DS analizados en conjunto, como criterios de ingreso a la unidad. Se compararon los grupos según edad, Ic y RVS. La normalidad de las variables se determinó por test de Shapiro-Wilk; las variables normales se compararon por análisis de varianza y las no normales por Kruskal-Wallis. Nivel α aceptado 0,01. Resultados. Los 3 grupos eran comparables en edad. Grupo "DS": 78,4% con Ic bajo y 85,1% con RVS altas. Grupo "ICC sin DS significativa": 57,7% con Ic bajo y 88,5% con RVS altas. Grupo "R": 0,0% Ic bajo y 45,5% RVS altas. El grupo "DS" presentó Ic menor y RVS mayor que el grupo "R" (p=0,003 y 0,01) y no se diferenció del grupo "ICC sin DS significativa". Este último no se diferenció del grupo "R" para RVS (p=0,15), exhibiendo una tendencia a un menor Ic (p=0,02). El VPP y VPN del Ic bajo para ICC o DS fueron 100,0% y 28,9% con un intervalo de confianza 95% (IC 95%) (14,5-43,4) y los de RVS alta fueron 94,5% (89,8-99,2) y 30,0% IC95%(9,9-50,1), respectivamente. La E del Ic bajo para ICC o DS fue de 100,0% y la de la RVS alta fue de 54,5% IC95% (25,1-84,0); la S fue del 73,0% (IC95%[64,3-81,7]) y 86,0% (IC95%[79,2-92,8]), respectivamente. Conclusión. En pacientes con sospecha de ICC, el hallazgo de Ic bajo confirma el diagnóstico de ICC o el alto riesgo de padecerla (DS asintomática), con alto VPP y especificidad. La RVS alta si bien se asocia a ICC, es poco específica para su diagnóstico en este grupo etario.

Background. According to the results obtained by our team and others, the estimation of cardiac index (Ci) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) by Doppler echocardiography (DE) is feasible and reproducible. Objective. To determine the value of hemodynamic pattern estimated by DE in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with possible congestive heart failure (CHF). Method. We recruited 111 patients in sinusal rhythm, who underwent DE evaluation to assess their entry into a unit for advanced treatment of CHF between 01/10/04 and 30/09/06. We considered as inclusion criteria the Boston definitive criteria for CHF and / or ejection fraction of left ventricle (LVEF) ≤ 40%. Three groups were defined: "Systolic Dysfunction (SD)" 74 patients with LVEF ≤ 40%; "CHF without significant SD" 26 patients with LVEF> 40%, and "Rejected from the unit" (R) 11 patients without SD or CHF. We determined the percentage (%) of patients with low Ci and high SVR in each group. As criteria for admission to the unit we estimated the positive and negative predictive value (PPV and NPV) and sensitivity (S) and specificity (E) of the low Ci and high SVR, for CHF or SD analyzed together. We compared groups according to age, Ci and SVR. The normality of variables was determined by Shapiro-Wilk test, normal variables were compared by analysis of variance and non-normal by Kruskal-Wallis. Accepted α level: 0.01. Results. The 3 groups were comparable in age. "SD" group: 78.4% with low Ci and 85.1% with high SVR. "CHF without significant SD" group: 57.7% with low Ci and 88.5% with high SVR. "R" group: 0.0% with low Ci and 45.5% with high SVR. The "SD" group presented lower Ci and higher SVR than the "R" group (p=0.003 and 0.01) and did not differ from "CHF group without significant SD". The latter did not differ from "R" group for SVR (p=0.15), showing a trend towards lower Ci (p=0.02). The PPV and NPV of low Ci for CHF or SD were 100.0% and 28.9% with a 95% confidence interval (CI 95%) (14,5-43,4), and high SVR were 94, 5% (89,8-99,2) and 30,0% (CI 95% [9,9-50,1]) respectively. The E from low Ci for CHF or SD was of 100.0%, and from the high SVR was 54.5% (CI95% [25,1-84,0]); the S was 73,0% (CI95% [64,3-81,7]) and 86,0% (95% [79,2-92,8]) respectively. Conclusion. In patients with suspected CHF, low Ci finding confirms the diagnosis of CHF or a high risk to suffer it (asymptomatic SD), with high PPV and specificity. Although high SVR is associated with CHF, it is not specific for diagnosis in this age group.

Antecedentes. A estimativa do índice cardíaco (Ic) e da resistência vascular sistêmica (RVS) por eco-Doppler cardíaco (ED) é factível e reproduzível, segundo resultados da nossa equipe e de outros. Objetivo. Determinar o valor do padrão hemodinâmico estimado por ED na avaliação diagnóstica de pacientes com possível insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (ICC). Método. Recrutaram-se111 pacientes em ritmo sinusal, entre el 1/10/04 e 30/9/06 que compareceram à avaliação por ED para avaliar o ingresso a uma unidade de tratamento avançado de ICC. Foi condição de ingresso à unidade a presença de critérios de Boston definitivos para ICC e/ou fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) ≤ 40%. Definiram-se 3 grupos: "disfunção sistólica" (DS) 74 pacientes com FEVE ≤ 40%, "ICC sem DS significativa" 26 pacientes com FEVE > 40% e "rechaçados da unidade" (R) 11 pacientes sem DS nem ICC. Determinou-se a porcentagem (%) de pacientes com Ic baixo e RVS altas em cada grupo. Estimou-se o valor preditivo positivo e negativo (VPP e VPN) assim como a sensibilidade (S) e especificidade (E) do Ic baixo e as RVS altas para ICC ou DS analisados em conjunto, com critérios de ingresso à unidade. Compararam-se os grupos segundo idade, Ic e RVS. A normalidade das variáveis determinou-se por test de Shapiro-Wilk; as variáveis normais compararam-se por análise de variância e as não normais por Kruskal-Wallis. Nível α aceitado 0,01. Resultados. Os 3 grupos eram comparáveis em idade. Grupo "DS": 78,4% com Ic Baixo e 85,1% com RVS altas. Grupo "ICC sem DS significativa": 57,7% com Ic baixo e 88,5% com RVS altas. Grupo "R": 0,0% Ic baixo e 45,5% RVS altas. O grupo "DS" apresentou Ic menor e RVS maior que o grupo "R" (p=0,003 e 0,01) e não se diferenciou do grupo "ICC sem DS significativa". Este último não se diferenciou do grupo "R" para RVS (p=0,15), mostrando uma tendência a um menor Ic (p=0,02). O VPP e VPN do Ic baixo para ICC ou DS foram 100,0% e 28,9% com um intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC 95%) (14,5-43,4) e os de RVS alta foram 94,5% (89,8-99,2) e 30,0% IC95%(9,9-50,1), respectivamente. A E do Ic baixo para ICC ou DS foi de 100,0% e a da RVS alta foi de 54,5% IC95% (25,1-84,0). O S foi de 73,0% (IC95% [64,3-81,7]) e 86,0% (IC95% [79,2-92,8]), respectivamente. Conclusão. Em pacientes com suspeita de ICC, o Ic baixo encontrado confirma o diagnóstico de ICC ou o alto risco de padecê-la. (DS assintomática), com alto VPP e especificidade. A RVS alta se bem que se associa à ICC, é pouco específica para seu diagnóstico neste grupo etário.

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Antecedentes. La característica fisiopatológica principal de la insuficiencia cardíaca es el índice cardíaco (Ic) disminuido. Existen pocas referencias bibliográficas sobre el patrón hemodinámico de la insuficiencia cardíaca crónica (ICC) valorado por ecocardiografía Doppler (ED) y su evolución. Objetivo. Identificar el patrón hemodinámico en pacientes ambulatorios con ICC con disfunción sistólica (DS) y comparar el mismo al ingreso a un programa avanzado de tratamiento de la ICC con el obtenido a los 6 meses y al año. Método. Se reclutaron 74 pacientes con ICC en ritmo sinusal, entre el 01/10/2004 y el 30/9/2006 que concurrieron al laboratorio de ED para ingresar a un programa de tratamiento avanzado de ICC. Se estimaron la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI), el Ic y la resistencia vascular sistémica (RVS). Se incluyeron aquellos pacientes con al menos un control por ED a los 6 meses del ingreso. Se compararon los valores hallados de Ic (L/min/m-2), RVS (dinas/seg/cm-5) y FEVI (%), media y rango, obtenidos en la evolución (6 meses y 1 año), con los datos del ingreso, a través del test de t para muestras apareadas (α=0,05). Resultado. Se consideraron 36 pacientes con al menos un control con ED (media: 5,7 meses, luego del ingreso) con una edad media de 60±9 años, 25 (69%) eran hombres. La FEVI al ingreso fue del 30±7% [15-40], disminuida en el 100% de los casos, el Ic de 1,95±0,79 [1,05-4,98] L/min/m-2, disminuido en el 78% de los casos y la RVS de 2098±711 [569-3523] d/seg/cm-5, aumentada en el 86% de los casos. En el primer control, la FEVI fue del 35±11% [20-58], el Ic de 1,99±0,69 [0,66-4,26] L/min/m-2 y la RVS de 2106±763 [885-3770] d/seg/cm-5. La FEVI mostró, respecto al ingreso, un aumento significativo (p=0,01). El Ic y la RVS mostraron diferencias no significativas, con p=0,85 y p=0,96, respectivamente. Trece pacientes tuvieron un segundo control con ED a los 12 meses del ingreso con una edad media de 60±9 años, 8 (62%) eran hombres. Valores al ingreso: FEVI 33±7% [33-40], Ic 2,06±0,98 [1,30-4,98] L/min/m-2, y RVS 1975±755 [569-3107] d/seg/cm-5. Valores en el segundo control: FEVI 40±9% [30-65], Ic 1,99±0,55 [1,25-3,02] L/min/m-2, RVS 2134±929 [1382-4526] d/seg/cm-5. La FEVI mostró un aumento significativo (p=0,03). El Ic y la RVS mostraron diferencias no significativas (p=0,71 y p=0,51). Conclusión. La FEVI y el Ic disminuidos y la RVS elevada son el patrón hemodinámico esperable en pacientes con ICC por DS. Se verificó una mejoría de la FEVI a los 6 meses y al año del ingreso a un programa avanzado de tratamiento sin cambios significativos en el Ic ni en la RVS.

Background. The main physiopathological characteristic of heart failure is the diminished cardiac index (CI). There are few references on hemodynamic pattern of chronic heart failure (CHF) assessed by Doppler echocardiography (DE) and its evolution. Objective. To identify the hemodynamic pattern in outpatients with CHF due to systolic dysfunction (SD) and compare it to the basal, through an advanced treatment for CHF program, with those obtained at 6 months and a year. Method. Between 1/10/04 and 30/9/06 seventy-four patients with CHF in sinusal rhythm who attended to DE for admission to an advanced treatment program for CHF were recruited. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), CI and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were estimated. Those patients with at least one control with DE at 6 months of income were considered. Values found in CI (L.min.m-2), SVR (dinas.seg.cm-5) and LVEF (%), mean and range, earned in the evolution (6 months and 1 year), were compared to the income data through the sample paired t test (α=0.05). Result. Thirty six patients with at least one control (average: 5.7 months after the entry), mean age 60±9 years, 25 (69%) men, were considered. Basal LVEF was 30±7% [15-40], diminished in 100% of the cases; CI 1.95±0.79 [1.05-4.98] L.min.m-2, diminished in 78% of the cases; and SVR 2098±711 [569-3523] d.seg.cm-5, increased in 86% of the cases. During the first control, LVEF was 35±11% [20-58], CI 1.99±0.69 [0.66-4.26] L.min.m-2 and SVR 2106±763 [885-3770] d.seg.cm-5. LVEF showed, regarding the income, a significant increase (p=0.01). CI and SVR indicated non significant differences, with p=0.85 and p=0.96, respectively. Thirteen patients underwent a second control 12 months after the income with average age 60±9 years, 8 (62%) men. Income values: LVEF 33±7% [33-40], CI 2.06±0.98 [1.30-4.98] (L.min.m-2), and SVR 1975±755 [569-3107] d.seg.cm-5. Second control values: LVEF 40±9% [30-65], CI 1.99±0.55 [1.25-3.02] L.min.m-2, SVR 2134±929 [1382-4526] d.seg.cm-5. LVEF presented a significant increase (p=0.03). CI and SVR indicated non significant differences (p=0.71 and p=0.51). Conclusion. Diminished LVEF and CI, and increased SVR are the expected hemodynamic pattern in patients with CHF due to SD. There was an improvement in LVEF at 6 months and one year after admission to an advanced treatment program without significant changes in either CI or SVR.

Antecedente. A principal característica fisiopatológica da insuficiência cardíaca é o índice cardíaco (Ic) diminuído. Existem poucas referências bibliográficas sobre o padrão hemodinâmico da insuficiência cardíaca crônica (ICC) avaliado por eco cardiografia Doppler (ED) e sua evolução. Objetivo. Identificar o padrão hemodinâmico em pacientes ambulatórios com ICC por disfunção sistólica (DS) e comparar o mesmo ao ingresso a um programa avançado de tratamento de ICC com o obtido aos 6 meses e ao ano. Método. Recrutaram-se 74 pacientes com ICC em ritmo sinusal, entre o 01/10/2004 e o 30/9/2006 que compareceram ao laboratório de ED para ingressar a um programa de tratamento avançado de ICC. Estimaramse a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE), o Ic e a resistência vascular sistêmica (RVS). Incluíramse aqueles pacientes com pelo menos um controle por ED após 6 meses do ingresso. Compararamse os valores encontrados de Ic (L.min.m-2), RVS (dinas.seg.cm-5) e FEVE (%), média e categoria, obtidos na evolução (6 meses e 1 ano), com os dados do ingresso, através do test de t para amostras emparelhadas (α=0,05). Resultado. Consideraram-se 36 pacientes com pelo menos um controle (média: 5,7 meses, após o ingresso) com uma idade média de 60±9 anos, 25 (69%) eram homens. A FEVE ao ingresso foi de 30±7% [15-40], diminuída em 100% dos casos, o Ic de 1,95±0,79 [1,05-4,98] L.min.m-2, diminuído em 78% dos casos e a RVS de 2098±711 [569-3523] d.seg.cm-5, aumentadas em 86% dos casos. No primeiro controle, a FEVE foi de 35±11% [20-58], o Ic de 1,99±0,69 [0,66-4,26] L.min.m-2 e a RVS de 2106±763 [885-3770] d.seg.cm-5. A FEVE mostrou, com respeito ao ingresso, um aumento significativo (p=0,01). O Ic e a RVS mostraram diferenças não significativas, com p=0,85 y p=0,96, respectivamente. Treze pacientes tiveram um segundo controle aos 12 meses do ingresso com idade média de 60±9 anos, 8 (62%) eram homens. Valores ao ingresso: FEVE 33±7% [33-40], Ic 2,06±0,98 [1,30-4,98] L.min.m-2, e RVS 1975±755 [569-3107] d.seg.cm-5. Valores no segundo controle: FEVE 40±9% [30-65], Ic 1,99±0,55 [1,25-3,02] L.min.m-2, RVS 2134±929 [1382-4526] d.seg.cm-5. A FEVE mostrou um aumento significativo (p=0,03). O Ic e a RVS mostraram diferenças não significativas (p=0,71 y p=0,51). Conclusão. A FEVE e o Ic diminuído e a RVS elevada são os padrões hemodinâmicos esperáveis em pacientes com ICC por DS. Verificou-se uma melhora da FEVE após 6 meses e a um ano do ingresso a um programa avançado de tratamento sem mudanças significativas no Ic nem na RVS.

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