RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: ligamentous injuries of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis resulting in its opening are common occurrences in traumatology; however, their diagnosis poses a challenge for orthopedic surgeons. The tibioastragaloid mortise radiograph view is the most commonly used method for diagnosing this type of injury, but its reliability is compromised due to variations in ankle positioning during the study, which often depend on the operator. OBJECTIVE: to demonstrate that the designed device achieves a correct and consistent radiographic image of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis in the mortise view. MATERIAL AND METHODS: we present a prospective, longitudinal, observational study. We designed a polypropylene device that maintains the ankle at 90 degrees of dorsiflexion and 15 degrees of internal rotation. The device was used to take mortise view radiographs of healthy ankles, and corresponding measurements were taken to assess the syndesmosis. RESULTS: we evaluated a total of 46 radiographs of healthy ankles, with a predominance of left ankles. The obtained measurements were as follows: anterior tibiofibular distance (ATFD) ranged from 3 to 6 mm, posterior tibiofibular distance (PTFD) ranged from 1 to 3 mm, tibiofibular clear space (TFCS) ranged from 2 to 3 mm, and a Merle D'Aubigne ratio of 2:1 was observed in all ankles. When comparing the measurements obtained with those established by Harper and Keller, no statistically significant difference was found (2 < 5). CONCLUSION: with the use of the designed device, we achieved a correct and consistent radiographic image of the mortise and the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis.
INTRODUCCIÓN: las lesiones ligamentarias de la sindesmosis tibioperonea distal que ocasionan apertura de la misma son muy frecuentes en traumatología; sin embargo, su diagnóstico es un reto para el cirujano ortopedista. La radiografía de la mortaja tibioastragalina es el método más utilizado para el diagnóstico de este tipo de lesiones, pero es poco confiable ya que la posición del tobillo durante el estudio suele variar dependiendo del operador. OBJETIVO: demostrar que con el uso del dispositivo diseñado se logra una imagen radiográfica correcta y constante de la sindesmosis tibioperonea distal en la proyección de la mortaja. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: estudio prospectivo, longitudinal y observacional. Diseñamos un dispositivo de polipropileno que mantiene el tobillo a 90 grados de dorsiflexión y rotación interna de 15 grados. Aplicamos el dispositivo para tomar radiografías de la mortaja en tobillos sanos y les realizamos las mediciones correspondientes para valorar la sindesmosis. RESULTADOS: valoramos un total de 46 radiografías de tobillos sanos, con un predominio de tobillos izquierdos. Las mediciones conseguidas fueron las siguientes: espacio tibioperoneo (ETP) de 3 a 6 mm, la superposición tibioperonea (STP) de 1 a 3 mm, espacio astrágalo-tibial medial (EATM) de 2 a 3 mm y una relación de Merle D'Aubigne de 2:1 en todos los tobillos. Al comparar las mediciones obtenidas con las establecidas por Harper y Keller, no se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (2 < 5). CONCLUSIÓN: con el uso del dispositivo diseñado, obtuvimos una correcta y constante imagen radiográfica de la mortaja y la sindesmosis tibioperonea distal.
Assuntos
Articulação do Tornozelo , Desenho de Equipamento , Radiografia , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , Radiografia/métodos , Masculino , Articulação do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Adulto , Tíbia/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos Longitudinais , Fíbula/diagnóstico por imagem , Fíbula/lesões , Tálus/diagnóstico por imagem , Tálus/lesões , Adulto Jovem , Traumatismos do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Polipropilenos , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
PURPOSE: Our objective was to evaluate the syndesmotic and fracture instability using conventional ankle computed tomography (CT) with stress maneuvers. METHODS: A consecutive sample of 123 individuals with an ankle sprain was assessed for eligibility. In total, 33 patients met the inclusion criteria. All patients underwent a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT scan with stress maneuvers (CTSM). The patterns of ligament tears f were classified using West Point grades I, IIA, IIB, III. Mann-Whitney test was used to test the differences in the numerical variables between injured and uninjured syndesmoses. The Spearman correlation tested the strength of the association between the tibial joint surface involved in posterior malleolus fracture and syndesmotic instability. RESULTS: In MRI, two patterns of syndesmotic ligament injury predominated. A completely torn anterior inferior tibiofibular (AITFL) and interosseous tibiofibular ligaments (ITFL) and a completely torn AITFL were combined with a partially torn ITFL. In the neutral phase CTSM and during the stress phase the median difference of the narrowest tibiofibular distance between injured and uninjured syndesmoses was 0.2 mm (P = 0.057) and 2.3 mm (P < 0.0001), respectively. There was no association between the percentage of involvement of the posterior tibial joint surface in the posterior malleolar fracture and syndesmotic instability as measured with CTSM. CONCLUSION: The conventional computed tomography with external rotation and dorsiflexion represents a reproducible and accurate diagnostic option for detecting syndesmosis instability and fracture instability in acute isolated non-displaced posterior malleolar fractures Bartonícek and Rammelt type II. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prospective study among consecutive patients (Diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.
Assuntos
Fraturas do Tornozelo , Instabilidade Articular , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Estudos Prospectivos , Fraturas do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Fraturas do Tornozelo/fisiopatologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Instabilidade Articular/diagnóstico por imagem , Instabilidade Articular/etiologia , Instabilidade Articular/fisiopatologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Rotação , Traumatismos do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Traumatismos do Tornozelo/fisiopatologia , Ligamentos Articulares/diagnóstico por imagem , Ligamentos Articulares/lesões , Adulto Jovem , Articulação do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Articulação do Tornozelo/fisiopatologia , Tomada de Decisão Clínica/métodosRESUMO
PURPOSE: To demonstrate how the use of adjunctive Computed Tomography (CT) can modify diagnosis, treatment options, and operative planning of ankle fractures in comparison with conventional radiographs (CR) in isolation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 53 patients diagnosed with an ankle fracture between 2011 and 2016, were assessed with CT and CR. Evaluations of the fractures using CR in isolation and CR combined with CT were compared using different readers. Fractures were assessed in terms of type, displacement, size, associated injuries, treatment, patient position and surgical planning. RESULTS: The medial malleolus fractures characteristics (posteromedial fragment and anterior colliculus), the presence of posterior malleolus fracture and its characteristics (displacement, size, posteromedial or posterolateral segment) (ps < 0.042), syndesmosis injury (p < 0.001), and the absence of deltoid ligament lesion (p < 0.001), were more evident with the combination of CT and radiographs. There was an increase in operative indication (p = 0.007), prone positioning (p = 0.002), posterior malleolus surgical treatment (p < 0.001), posterolateral approach for the lateral malleolus (p = 0.003), and syndesmosis fixation (p = 0.020) with the association of CT and CR, among all groups of expertise, with a high interobserver reliability (> 0.75). CONCLUSIONS: The CR may fail to demonstrate subtle lesions, such as posterior malleolus fractures and syndesmotic injuries. The CT evaluation increases the diagnostic precision and improves the quality of information the surgeon receives, what might positively affect patient care. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: Retrospective Comparative Study.
Assuntos
Fraturas do Tornozelo , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Humanos , Fraturas do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Fraturas do Tornozelo/cirurgia , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Estudos Retrospectivos , Idoso , Adulto Jovem , Fixação Interna de Fraturas/métodosRESUMO
Introduction: We investigated the biomechanical behaviour of different fixations of the tibial posterior malleolus (TPM), simulating distinct situations of involvement of the tibiotalar articular surface (TTAS) through a finite element model (FEM). Material and methods: A 3D computer-aided design model of the left ankle was obtained. The materials used were divided according to their characteristics into ductile and non-ductile, and all materials were assumed to be linear elastic, isotropic, and homogenous. Three different fracture lines of the TPM were defined, with sagittal angles of 10°, 25°, and 45°. For biomechanical comparison, different constructions using a trans-syndesmotic screw (TSS) only (Group T), a one-third tubular plate only with (Group PT) and without (Group PS) a TSS, and a locked compression plate with (Group LCPT) and without (Group LCPS) a TSS were tested. FEM was used to simulate the boundary conditions of vertical loading. Load application regions were selected in the direction of the 700 N Z-axis, 90% on the tibia and 10% on the fibula. Data on the displacement and stress in the FEM were collected, including the total principal maximum (MaxT) and total principal minimum (MinT) for non-ductile materials, total displacement (desT), localized displacement at the fragment (desL), localized displacement at syndesmosis (desS), and Von Mises equivalent stress for ductile materials. The data were analysed using ANOVA and multiple comparison LSD tests were used. Results: For TPM fractures with sagittal angles 10° and 25°, desL in the PT and LCP groups was significantly lower, as well as Von Mises stress in Group LCPT in 10°, and PT and LCPT groups in 25°. For TPM fractures with a sagittal angle of 45°, desL in the LCP group and Von Mises stress in Group LCPS and LCPT were significantly lower. We found that any TPM fracture may indicate instability of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis, even when the fragment is small. Conclusion: Our study showed that in fragments involving 10% of the TTAS, the use of a TSS is sufficient, but when the involvement is greater than 25% of the TTAS, either a non-locked or locked plate must be used to buttress the TPM. In posterior fragments affecting 45% or more of the TTAS, the use of a locking plate is recommended.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Syndesmotic injury in an athletic population is associated with a prolonged ankle disability after an ankle sprain and often requires a longer recovery than a lateral collateral ligament injury. Although several imaging tests are available, diagnosing syndesmotic instability remains challenging. PURPOSE: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of conventional ankle computed tomography (CT) scans with the joint in external rotation and dorsiflexion and compare it with that of conventional ankle CT scans in a neutral position. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study (Diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: Between September 2018 and April 2021, this prospective study consecutively included adults visiting the foot and ankle outpatient clinic with a positive orthopaedic examination for acute syndesmotic injury. Participants underwent 3 CT scan tests. First, ankles were scanned in a neutral position. Second, ankles were scanned with 45° of external rotation, dorsiflexion, and extended knees. Third, ankles were scanned with 45° of external rotation, dorsiflexion, and flexed knees. Three measurements, comprising rotation (measurement a), lateral translation (measurement c), and anteroposterior translation (measurement f) of the fibula concerning the tibia, were used to diagnose syndesmotic instability in the 3 CT scans. Magnetic resonance imaging was used as a reference standard. The area under the curve (AUC) was used to compare the diagnostic accuracy, and Youden's J index was calculated to determine the ideal cutoff point. RESULTS: Images obtained in 68 participants (mean age, 36.5 years; range, 18-69 years) were analyzed, comprising 36 syndesmotic injuries and 32 lateral collateral ligament injuries. The best diagnostic accuracy occurred with the rotational measurement a, in which the second and third CT scans with stress maneuvers presented greater AUCs (0.97 and 0.99) than did the first CT scan in a neutral position (0.62). The ideal cutoff point for the stress maneuvers was 1.0 mm in the rotational measurement a and reached a sensitivity and specificity of 83% and 97% for the second CT scan with extended knees and 86% and 100% for the third CT scan with flexed knees, respectively. The ideal cutoff point for the first CT scan with a neutral position was 0.7 mm in the rotational measurement a, with a sensitivity of 25% and specificity of 97%. CONCLUSION: Conventional ankle CT with stress maneuvers has excellent performance for diagnosing subtle syndesmotic rotational instability, as it shows a greater AUC and enhanced sensitivity at the ideal cutoff point compared with ankle CT in the neutral position.
Assuntos
Traumatismos do Tornozelo , Instabilidade Articular , Adulto , Humanos , Tornozelo , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Prospectivos , Articulação do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Traumatismos do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Instabilidade Articular/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Introducción: Las lesiones de la sindesmosis tibioperonea son frecuentes tanto de forma aislada o asociadas a fracturas del maléolo posterior. El diagnóstico clínico es corroborado mediante estudios imagenológicos. Los métodos de fijación pueden ser rígidos o dinámicos. Objetivo: Actualizar aspectos sobre las lesiones de la sindesmosis tibioperonea en cuanto al diagnóstico, métodos de fijación y el empleo de la vía artroscópica. Método: La búsqueda y análisis de la información se realizó en un periodo de 61 días (1 de octubre al 30 de noviembre de 2022) y se emplearon las siguientes palabras: syndesmosis injury, ankle syndesmosis instability, syndesmosis instability AND tight rope ankle instability, posterior maleolar fracture. A partir de la información obtenida se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de un total de 258 artículos publicados en las bases de datos PubMed, Hinari, SciELO y Medline mediante el gestor de búsqueda y administrador de referencias EndNote. Desarrollo: Se hizo referencia a las maniobras clínicas para el diagnóstico y las clasificaciones tomográficas en caso de fractura asociada del maléolo posterior. Se mencionaron los métodos de fijación rígidos y dinámicos, donde se describieron las características de cada uno basado en varios factores. Se expusieron las ventajas de la vía artroscópica tanto para el diagnóstico como para el tratamiento. Conclusiones: Las lesiones de la sindesmosis tibioperonea distal son frecuentes. Los estudios tomográficos ofrecen ventajas al determinar la extensión de la fractura del maléolo posterior. La vía artroscópica ofrece múltiples ventajas diagnósticas y terapéuticas.
Introduction: Tibioperoneal syndesmosis injuries are frequent both in isolation or associated with posterior malleolus fractures. Clinical diagnosis is confirmed on imaging studies. Fixation methods might be rigid or dynamic as well. Objective: Provide new aspects related to tibioperoneal syndesmosis injuries in terms of diagnosis, fixation methods and the use of arthroscopic procedure. Method: Search and analysis of information needed were carried out in a period of 61 days (from October 1 to November 30, 2022) and the following words were used: syndesmosis injury, ankle syndesmosis instability, syndesmosis instability AND tight rope ankle instability, posterior maleolar fracture. Based on the information obtained, a bibliographic review of the total of 258 articles published in the PubMed, Hinari, SciELO and Medline databases was carried out using the search engine and reference manager EndNote. Development: It was expressed in the study aspects related to clinical management used in diagnostic and classification on the types of CT scan for fracture associated with posterior malleolar fracture. The rigid and dynamic fixation methods and its characteristics were mentioned as well. The arthroscopic approaches and its advantages for both diagnosis and treatment were presented. Conclusions: Distal tibioperoneal syndesmosis injuries are frequent ankle injury. Tomographic studies offer some advantages for determining how large the posterior malleolus fracture is. The arthroscopic approach offers multiple diagnostic and therapeutic advantages too.
Introdução: As lesões da sindesmose tibiofibular são frequentes isoladamente ou associadas a fraturas do maléolo posterior. O diagnóstico clínico é confirmado por exames de imagem. Os métodos de fixação podem ser rígidos ou dinâmicos. Objetivo: Atualizar aspectos das lesões da sindesmose tibiofibular quanto ao diagnóstico, métodos de fixação e uso da abordagem artroscópica. Método: A busca e análise das informações foi realizada em um período de 61 dias (1º de outubro a 30 de novembro de 2022) e foram utilizadas as seguintes palavras: syndesmosis injury, ankle syndesmosis instability, syndesmosis instability AND tight rope ankle instability, posterior maleolar fracture. Com base nas informações obtidas, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica de um total de 258 artigos publicados nas bases de dados PubMed, Hinari, SciELO e Medline, utilizando o gerenciador de busca e Gerenciador de referências do EndNote. Desenvolvimento: Foi feita referência a manobras clínicas para diagnóstico e classificações tomográficas em caso de fractura associada do maléolo posterior. Foram citados métodos de fixação rígidos e dinâmicos, onde foram descritas as características de cada um com base em vários fatores. As vantagens da abordagem artroscópica tanto para o diagnóstico quanto para o tratamento foram discutidas. Conclusões: As lesões da sindesmose tibiofibular distal são frequentes. Os estudos tomográficos oferecem vantagens na determinação da extensão da fratura do maléolo posterior. A abordagem artroscópica oferece múltiplas vantagens diagnósticas e terapêuticas.
RESUMO
Background: Intramedullary nailing of the fibula (FN) is a method of fixation that has proven to be useful for treating distal fibular fractures (DFs). FN minimizes soft tissue complications and provides similar stability to plating, with fewer hardware-related symptoms. Nevertheless, FN has been associated with syndesmotic malreduction and the incapacity of restoring length and rotation of the fibula. We aimed to evaluate the fibular position and syndesmotic reduction after fixation with FN compared with the uninjured ankle in the immediate postoperative period. Methods: Prospective cohort study. Patients with DF fractures treated with IN between January 2017 and January 2020 were included. Immediate postoperative bilateral ankle CT was obtained in all cases. Fibular rotation, length, and translation as well as syndesmotic diastasis were measured on both ankles and compared by 3 independent observers. Results: Twenty-eight patients were included (16 women). The mean age was 46 years (range 16-91). Fracture type distribution according to AO/ASIF classification included 19 patients with 44.B (67.9%), 8 patients with 44.C (28.6%), and 1 patient with a 44.A fracture (3.6%). No significant differences were identified considering fibular rotation (P = .661), syndesmotic diastasis (P = .147), and fibular length (P = .115) between the injured and uninjured ankle. Fibular translation had statistical differences (P = .01) compared with the uninjured ankle. The intraclass correlation coefficient showed an excellent concordance between observers except for fibular translation on the injured ankle. Conclusion: In this cohort, fixation of DF fractures with FN allows restoration of anatomical parameters of the ankle in terms of fibular rotation, length, and syndesmotic diastasis. However, fibular translation had significant differences compared with the uninjured ankle based on bilateral CT scan evaluation. Level of Evidence: Level II, prospective cohort study.
RESUMO
ANTECEDENTES El peroné flotante tras un traumatismo de alta energía es una entidad muy poco frecuente. Este es el primer reporte de caso asociado a luxación del tendón bicipital. OBJETIVO Presentar un caso de peroné flotante tras luxación divergente de tobillo asociado a luxación peronea proximal. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Mujer de 17 añ que, tras accidente de tráfico, sufrió caída y presentó dolor y deformidad del tobillo izquierdo, junto con dolor e impotencia funcional de la rodilla ipsilateral. En las radiografías, se apreció una luxación pura divergente del tobillo izquierdo de tipo IV. Se realizó reducción cerrada en urgencias. El estudio se complementó con una resonancia magnética que mostró una rotura completa de la sindesmosis y del ligamento deltoideo, así como una fractura no desplazada de la meseta tibial externa, junto con un desgarro de la cápsula tibioperonea proximal y desprendimiento completo del ligamento lateral externo y del tendón bicipital desde su inserción en la cabeza del peroné. Se realizó reanclaje de la sindesmosis y del ligamento deltoideo, así como del ligamento lateral externo y del tendón bicipital mediante anclajes óseos metálicos y reducción de peroné tanto proximal como distalmente, mediante sistema de sutura tipo botón. Se inmovilizó con férula cruropédica por cuatro semanas. RESULTADOS La paciente presentó recuperación completa de la fuerza a los cinco meses de seguimiento, con movilidad completa del tobillo y de la rodilla. CONCLUSIÓN El peroné flotante es muy poco frecuente; sólo se ha descrito un caso en la literatura. Implica la disrupción de la articulación tibioperonea proximal y distal, lo que puede provocar inestabilidad en la rodilla y en el tobillo. Por tanto, ante un traumatismo de alta energía en el tobillo, es necesaria la exploración minuciosa de la rodilla ipsilateral.
BACKGROUND Floating fibula after high-energy trauma is a very uncommon entity. The present is the first report of a case associated with avulsion of the bicipital tendon. PURPOSE To present a case of floating fibula after divergent ankle dislocation associated with proximal peroneal dislocation. MATERIALS AND METHODOS A 17-year-old woman who fell after a traffic accident and presented pain and deformity of the left ankle with pain and functional impotence in the ipsilateral knee. The radiographs showed a pure divergent type-IV left-ankle dislocation. Closed reduction was performed in the emergency room. The study was complemented with a magnetic resonance imaging scan which showed complete rupture of the syndesmosis and the deltoid ligament, as well as a non-displaced fracture of the external tibial plateau together with a tear of the proximal tibiofibular capsule and complete detachment of the external lateral ligament and bicipital tendon from its insertion in the peroneal head. The syndesmosis and deltoid ligament were reanchored, as well as the external lateral ligament and the bicipital tendon, using metallic bone anchors and fibula reduction both proximally and distally, using a suture-button system. The patient was immobilized with a long-leg splint for four weeks. RESULTS The patient presented complete recovery of strength at five months of follow-up. CONCLUSSION Floating fibula is a rare entity, with only one case described in the literature. It involves a disruption of the proximal and distal tibiofibular joint, which can lead to knee and ankle instability. Therefore, in cases of high-energy trauma to the ankle, a careful examination of the ipsilateral knee is necessary.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Traumatismos do Tornozelo/cirurgia , Traumatismos do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Fíbula/lesões , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Resultado do Tratamento , Procedimentos OrtopédicosRESUMO
Intraoperative fluoroscopic parameters have shown to be poor predictors for ankle syndesmosis reduction, with up to 52% of syndesmotic malreduction (SMR) reported in the literature. Anteroposterior Tibio-Fibular index (APTF) was previously described to evaluate sagittal tibiofibular alignment in lateral ankle radiographs with a high correlation between both ankles in uninjured subjects. Reproducible intraoperative measurements for sagittal syndesmotic reduction are lacking. We propose the use of the "cAPTF," calculated as the absolute difference between the APTF of the non-injured and the operated ankle, to evaluate sagittal syndesmotic reduction. OBJECTIVE: Determine the predictive capability of cAPTF for SMR. METHOD: Prospective observational study. INCLUSION CRITERIA: patients with unstable ankle fractures requiring syndesmotic fixation, with a healthy contralateral ankle. Intraoperatively APTF was measured in both ankles after syndesmotic fixation. Postoperatively cAPTF was calculated. Only direct syndesmosis visualization through the lateral approach and AP and mortise views were used by surgeons to assess syndesmotic reduction. Quality of syndesmotic reduction was evaluated with bilateral postoperative CT. To estimate cAPTF discriminatory power for SMR, a receiver operative characteristic (ROC) curve was obtained and the area under the ROC curve was calculated. Youden index was used to determine the ideal cAPTF cut-off value for predicting SMR. For this determined cut-off value, sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratio were calculated. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients were included. Sixteen (30%) had SMR. Patients with SMR had a statistically significant higher cAPTF value than the well reduced (median 0.26 vs 0.09; P < 0.01). The cAPTF cut-off value to predict SMR was 0.161. A cAPTF greater than 0.161 had 100% sensitivity and 97,2% specificity for SMR. The area under the ROC curve was 0.99. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative cAPTF has excellent discriminatory power for predicting syndesmotic malreduction. We propose the routine use of intraoperative bilateral comparative fluoroscopy to assess sagittal syndesmotic reduction.
Assuntos
Fraturas do Tornozelo , Traumatismos do Tornozelo , Fraturas do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Fraturas do Tornozelo/cirurgia , Traumatismos do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Traumatismos do Tornozelo/cirurgia , Articulação do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Articulação do Tornozelo/cirurgia , Fluoroscopia , Fixação Interna de Fraturas , Humanos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Ankle syndesmosis injuries can be associated with a spiral mechanism on tibial shaft fractures. We are not aware if there is evidence of the incidence of ipsilateral syndesmotic lesson associated to high-energy tibial shaft fracture mechanisms. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of syndesmotic injuries associated with high-energy tibial shaft fractures. METHODS: 233 diaphyseal tibial fractures operated between January 2007 and January 2017, the fracture patterns were analyzed, they were classified according to AO, the talocrural angle was measured, they analyzed failures and reoperations and described a novel failure method. RESULTS: From a total of 234 fractures that met the inclusion criteria, 159 (64.96%) suffered closed fractures and 75 (32.05%) where open fractures. According to the AO classification system: 152 (64.10%) were simple patterns 42.A; 49 (20.94%) wedge type patterns 42.B and 33 (14.10%) complex patterns 42.C. Ten patients, a 4.27% of the sample, shown an increased talocrural angle in the postoperative radiographs, evidencing shortening of the fibula. Nine patients underwent surgery, the remaining patient was lost to follow-up. All the treated patients presented restoration of the normal talocrural angle. CONCLUSION: The incidence of syndesmotic injuries associated with high-energy tibial shaft fractures reaches 4.27%. We think that is necessary to evaluate the ankle and syndesmosis in all tibial shaft fractures, even with high-energy patterns, not only in spiral patterns.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Ankle fractures are among the most common injuries treated by orthopaedic surgeons. Malunion is one of the possible complications, and corrective surgery is often used to avoid long-term disability. However, few studies address medial malleolus malunion and the best revision surgery technique is controversial. We describe a new surgical technique, the "box resection". MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present two cases of medial malleolus malunion with secondary talus lateral translation and syndesmotic incongruence. In order to restore a congruent tibiotalar joint, we performed the described technique. RESULTS: We record significant improvement of AOFAS Score and range of motion in both cases, with resolution of pain symptoms. Postoperative radiographs show a congruent mortise with syndesmosis reduction. CONCLUSION: The box resection allowed immediate talus medial translation to its original position. It is a simple and effective solution, with a good functional outcome.
INTRODUCCIÓN: La consolidación viciosa del maléolo interno es una posible complicación en las fracturas maleolares. Su tratamiento es difícil y controvertido, por el momento no hay una solución estándar. Proponemos una nueva técnica quirúrgica para el tratamiento de estos casos que denominamos "resección en caja". MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Presentamos dos casos de consolidación viciosa del maléolo interno, asociados con traslación lateral del astrágalo y incongruencia de la sindesmosis, donde aplicamos la técnica quirúrgica descrita. RESULTADOS: En ambos casos, obtuvimos una mejora significativa en el puntaje AOFAS y en el rango de movilidad, así como en la resolución de las molestias por dolor. Las radiografías muestran mortajas congruentes y anatómicas, con una reducción satisfactoria de la sindesmosis. CONCLUSIÓN: La técnica de "resección en caja" es simple y eficaz produciendo un buen resultado clínico y funcional.
Assuntos
Fraturas do Tornozelo , Traumatismos do Tornozelo , Fraturas do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Fraturas do Tornozelo/cirurgia , Articulação do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Articulação do Tornozelo/cirurgia , Fixação Interna de Fraturas , Humanos , Tíbia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Our understanding of the management of ankle fractures has significantly improved in recent years. Computerized axial tomography and better biomechanical insights have renewed the underlying concepts for both diagnosis and treatment. Notwithstanding, some aspects of the management of malleolar fractures still lack consensus. This review aims to update concepts on the study and management of ankle fractures. Stability, radiological studies, computerized axial tomography, management of associated ligament injuries (deltoid ligament and syndesmosis), and posterior malleolus fractures are covered in the article. The authors opinions and the evidence are discussed for each question.
El conocimiento acerca del manejo de las fracturas de tobillo ha tenido un gran crecimiento los últimos años. La tomografía axial computarizada y el mejor entendimiento biomecánico han renovado conceptos tanto del diagnóstico como del tratamiento. Pese a ello, actualmente existen consideraciones sobre el manejo de fracturas maleolares sin consenso. Esta revisión pretende actualizar conceptos sobre el estudio y manejo de las fracturas de tobillo. Serán discutidos los conceptos de estabilidad, estudios radiológicos, uso de tomografía axial computarizada, manejo de lesiones ligamentarias asociadas (ligamento deltoideo y sindesmosis) y manejo de fracturas del maléolo posterior. Se planteará la opinión de los autores y la evidencia en la literatura para cada pregunta propuesta.
Assuntos
Fraturas do Tornozelo/cirurgia , Traumatismos do Tornozelo/cirurgia , Fraturas Ósseas/complicações , Fraturas do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Traumatismos do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Articulação do Tornozelo , Fixação Interna de Fraturas , Humanos , Instabilidade Articular/diagnóstico por imagem , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Abstract: Introduction: Ankle fractures are among the most common injuries treated by orthopaedic surgeons. Malunion is one of the possible complications, and corrective surgery is often used to avoid long-term disability. However, few studies address medial malleolus malunion and the best revision surgery technique is controversial. We describe a new surgical technique, the «box resection¼. Material and methods: We present two cases of medial malleolus malunion with secondary talus lateral translation and syndesmotic incongruence. In order to restore a congruent tibiotalar joint, we performed the described technique. Results: We record significant improvement of AOFAS Score and range of motion in both cases, with resolution of pain symptoms. Postoperative radiographs show a congruent mortise with syndesmosis reduction. Conclusion: The box resection allowed immediate talus medial translation to its original position. It is a simple and effective solution, with a good functional outcome.
Resumen: Introducción: La consolidación viciosa del maléolo interno es una posible complicación en las fracturas maleolares. Su tratamiento es difícil y controvertido, por el momento no hay una solución estándar. Proponemos una nueva técnica quirúrgica para el tratamiento de estos casos que denominamos «resección en caja¼. Material y métodos: Presentamos dos casos de consolidación viciosa del maléolo interno, asociados con traslación lateral del astrágalo y incongruencia de la sindesmosis, donde aplicamos la técnica quirúrgica descrita. Resultados: En ambos casos, obtuvimos una mejora significativa en el puntaje AOFAS y en el rango de movilidad, así como en la resolución de las molestias por dolor. Las radiografías muestran mortajas congruentes y anatómicas, con una reducción satisfactoria de la sindesmosis. Conclusión: La técnica de «resección en caja¼ es simple y eficaz produciendo un buen resultado clínico y funcional.
RESUMO
Distal tibiofibular syndesmosis is a complex anatomical structure that is essential for the stability and function of the ankle. Ankle fractures are a common source of chronic syndesmosis instability with associated functional impairments and early development of osteoarthritis. Case presentation: we described a case of a 28-year-old patient who presented with symptomatic ankle subluxation and chronic syndesmosis instability. Eight months earlier, the patient sustained a minimally displaced ankle fracture that had been treated conservatively elsewhere. The surgical approach included the anatomical realignment of the distal fibula with a lengthening derotational osteotomy and tibiofibular syndesmosis reconstruction using an autologous semitendinosus tendon graft. One year after surgery, the ankle function was restored, and the patient was asymptomatic. Conclusion: The instability of ankle fractures should be carefully evaluated during the treatment decision-making. Surgical treatment of syndesmosis instability should be performed even in chronic cases to restore function. The reconstruction of syndesmosis with semitendinous tendon graft associated with fibular length and realignment improves the ankle stability and function.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: To present the short- to midterm clinical outcomes of a series of patients with isolated acute syndesmosis instability treated with arthroscopy and percutaneous suture-button fixation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A review of 17 patients treated through the arthroscopic approach. The mean age of the patients was 27.8 years and the mean follow-up was 31.5 months. Clinical and functional evaluations were based on the VAS, AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score and time of return to preinjury level of activities. Imaging analysis was performed with stress radiographs, MRI and CT scan with stress. RESULTS: The average VAS was 0.5 and the mean AOFAS score was 95.5. Out of the 17 patients, 15 were able to return to their preinjury level of activities. The mean time of return to activities was 5.06 months. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic approach and percutaneous suture-button fixation provided satisfactory clinical and functional results for selected patients with ASI at short- to midterm follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, retrospective case series.
Assuntos
Traumatismos do Tornozelo , Artroscopia , Suturas , Traumatismos do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Traumatismos do Tornozelo/cirurgia , Parafusos Ósseos , Fixação Interna de Fraturas , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Técnicas de SuturaRESUMO
Resumen: Introducción: La lesión de la sindesmosis tibioperonea se presenta por lo regular acompañada de la fractura de los maléolos ya sea medial o lateral, muy rara vez la sindesmosis puede lesionarse sin que exista una fractura de alguna de las estructuras óseas que conforman el tobillo, representa alrededor de 1% de todas las lesiones. Al ser muy raras, no se diagnostican en el evento agudo y suelen tratarse como un simple esguince de tobillo. Material y métodos: Serie de casos con lesión de la sindesmosis sin fractura de tobillo, tratadas con colocación de doble tornillo situacional, apoyo diferido y retiro de los implantes a los dos meses. Posteriormente, a los seis meses de la cirugía inicial se aplica el test de inestabilidad de tobillo de Cumberland (CAIT), el cual cuenta con nueve reactivos donde se mide el grado de inestabilidad del tobillo. Resultados: Durante un año se detectaron cuatro casos de lesión de la sindesmosis sin fractura de un total de 349 casos quirúrgicos tratados en el hospital, exclusivamente en pacientes masculinos, todos ellos menores de 40 años. Seis meses después de la cirugía se aplicó el CAIT encontrando una inestabilidad residual en 100% de los casos tratados, algunos en mayor medida que los demás. Discusión: Este resultado es poco alentador y nos hace reconsiderar el tratamiento establecido para mejorar la estabilidad final del tobillo.
Abstract: Introduction: The lesion of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis is commonly accompanied by the fracture of the maleollus either medial or lateral, rarely, the syndesmosis can be injured without there being a fracture of any of the bone structures that make up the ankle, accounting for about 1% of all injuries. Being very rare, they are not diagnosed at the acute event, and are usually treated as a simple sprained ankle. Material and methods: Series of cases with ankle fractureless syndesmosis lesion, treated with situational double screw placement, deferred support and implant removal at two months. After six months of initial surgery, the Cumberland ankle instability (CAIT) test is applied which measures the degree of ankle instability. Results: For one year, 4 cases of fractureless synosmosis lesions were found out of a total of 349 surgical cases treated in the hospital, exclusively in male patients, all under the age of 40. Six months after surgery, CAIT was applied, encountering residual instability in 100% of treated cases. Discussion: This result is unencouraging and makes us reconsider the treatment established to improve the final stability of the ankle.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Parafusos Ósseos , Fraturas Ósseas , Instabilidade Articular/cirurgia , Articulação do Tornozelo , Fixação Interna de Fraturas , TornozeloRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The lesion of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis is commonly accompanied by the fracture of the maleollus either medial or lateral, rarely, the syndesmosis can be injured without there being a fracture of any of the bone structures that make up the ankle, accounting for about 1% of all injuries. Being very rare, they are not diagnosed at the acute event, and are usually treated as a simple sprained ankle. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Series of cases with ankle fractureless syndesmosis lesion, treated with situational double screw placement, deferred support and implant removal at two months. After six months of initial surgery, the Cumberland ankle instability (CAIT) test is applied which measures the degree of ankle instability. RESULTS: For one year, 4 cases of fractureless synosmosis lesions were found out of a total of 349 surgical cases treated in the hospital, exclusively in male patients, all under the age of 40. Six months after surgery, CAIT was applied, encountering residual instability in 100% of treated cases. DISCUSSION: This result is unencouraging and makes us reconsider the treatment established to improve the final stability of the ankle.
INTRODUCCIÓN: La lesión de la sindesmosis tibioperonea se presenta por lo regular acompañada de la fractura de los maléolos ya sea medial o lateral, muy rara vez la sindesmosis puede lesionarse sin que exista una fractura de alguna de las estructuras óseas que conforman el tobillo, representa alrededor de 1% de todas las lesiones. Al ser muy raras, no se diagnostican en el evento agudo y suelen tratarse como un simple esguince de tobillo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Serie de casos con lesión de la sindesmosis sin fractura de tobillo, tratadas con colocación de doble tornillo situacional, apoyo diferido y retiro de los implantes a los dos meses. Posteriormente, a los seis meses de la cirugía inicial se aplica el test de inestabilidad de tobillo de Cumberland (CAIT), el cual cuenta con nueve reactivos donde se mide el grado de inestabilidad del tobillo. RESULTADOS: Durante un año se detectaron cuatro casos de lesión de la sindesmosis sin fractura de un total de 349 casos quirúrgicos tratados en el hospital, exclusivamente en pacientes masculinos, todos ellos menores de 40 años. Seis meses después de la cirugía se aplicó el CAIT encontrando una inestabilidad residual en 100% de los casos tratados, algunos en mayor medida que los demás. DISCUSIÓN: Este resultado es poco alentador y nos hace reconsiderar el tratamiento establecido para mejorar la estabilidad final del tobillo.
Assuntos
Articulação do Tornozelo , Parafusos Ósseos , Fraturas Ósseas , Instabilidade Articular , Adulto , Tornozelo , Fixação Interna de Fraturas , Humanos , Instabilidade Articular/cirurgia , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Removal of the syndesmotic screw is a currently-disputed procedure. Most of the publications that promote avoid this procedure considered that the rate of complications is high. The aim of this work was to determine the rate of complications related to the removal of the syndesmotic screw to learn about the safety and compare the results with the international literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive, observational, retrospective and cross-sectional study in which took a sample of all cases operated of removal of the syndesmotic screw at our hospital from February 2015 January 2016 for the prevalence of the complications associated with this procedure. The statistical analysis was descriptive. RESULTS: A total of 207 patients were studied. Five patients with complications were observed (2.41%). Two cases with wound dehiscence, two cases with superficial infection (1.92%), and a case with subsequent diastasis of the syndesmosis, with pain associated to instability (0.48%) which required revision surgery. CONCLUSIONS: In the sample of our hospital, the prevalence of complications related to the syndesmotic screw removal was less than that reported in the literature so far; Thus we could say that is a safe procedure, with low risk for infection and post-traumatic instability of the ankle.
ANTECEDENTES: El retiro del tornillo de situación es un procedimiento actualmente cuestionado. La mayoría de las publicaciones que exhortan a evitar este procedimiento consideran que la tasa de complicaciones es elevada. El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer la tasa de complicaciones relacionadas con el retiro del tornillo de situación para comprobar la seguridad del procedimiento y comparar los resultados con la literatura internacional. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo y transversal en el cual se tomó una muestra de todos los casos operados de retiro de tornillo de situación en nuestro hospital de Febrero de 2015 a Enero de 2016 para obtener la prevalencia de las complicaciones relacionadas con este procedimiento. El análisis estadístico fue descriptivo. RESULTADOS: Se estudió un total de 207 pacientes. Se observaron cinco pacientes con complicaciones (2.41%). Dos casos con dehiscencia de la herida, dos casos con infección superficial (1.92%) y un caso con diástasis subsecuente de la sindesmosis con dolor asociado a inestabilidad (0.48%), el cual requirió de cirugía de revisión. CONCLUSIONES: En la muestra estudiada de nuestro hospital, la prevalencia de complicaciones relacionadas con el retiro del tornillo situacional fue menor que la reportada en la literatura hasta el momento; por ende, podríamos afirmar que es un procedimiento seguro, con una baja tasa de infección e inestabilidad postraumática del tobillo.
Assuntos
Traumatismos do Tornozelo , Parafusos Ósseos , Remoção de Dispositivo , Fixação Interna de Fraturas , Estudos Transversais , Remoção de Dispositivo/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Prevalência , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Resumen: Antecedentes: El retiro del tornillo de situación es un procedimiento actualmente cuestionado. La mayoría de las publicaciones que exhortan a evitar este procedimiento consideran que la tasa de complicaciones es elevada. El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer la tasa de complicaciones relacionadas con el retiro del tornillo de situación para comprobar la seguridad del procedimiento y comparar los resultados con la literatura internacional. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo y transversal en el cual se tomó una muestra de todos los casos operados de retiro de tornillo de situación en nuestro hospital de Febrero de 2015 a Enero de 2016 para obtener la prevalencia de las complicaciones relacionadas con este procedimiento. El análisis estadístico fue descriptivo. Resultados: Se estudió un total de 207 pacientes. Se observaron cinco pacientes con complicaciones (2.41%). Dos casos con dehiscencia de la herida, dos casos con infección superficial (1.92%) y un caso con diástasis subsecuente de la sindesmosis con dolor asociado a inestabilidad (0.48%), el cual requirió de cirugía de revisión. Conclusiones: En la muestra estudiada de nuestro hospital, la prevalencia de complicaciones relacionadas con el retiro del tornillo situacional fue menor que la reportada en la literatura hasta el momento; por ende, podríamos afirmar que es un procedimiento seguro, con una baja tasa de infección e inestabilidad postraumática del tobillo.
Abstract: Background: Removal of the syndesmotic screw is a currently-disputed procedure. Most of the publications that promote avoid this procedure considered that the rate of complications is high. The aim of this work was to determine the rate of complications related to the removal of the syndesmotic screw to learn about the safety and compare the results with the international literature. Material and methods: A descriptive, observational, retrospective and cross-sectional study in which took a sample of all cases operated of removal of the syndesmotic screw at our hospital from February 2015 January 2016 for the prevalence of the complications associated with this procedure. The statistical analysis was descriptive. Results: A total of 207 patients were studied. Five patients with complications were observed (2.41%). Two cases with wound dehiscence, two cases with superficial infection (1.92%), and a case with subsequent diastasis of the syndesmosis, with pain associated to instability (0.48%) which required revision surgery. Conclusions: In the sample of our hospital, the prevalence of complications related to the syndesmotic screw removal was less than that reported in the literature so far; Thus we could say that is a safe procedure, with low risk for infection and post-traumatic instability of the ankle.
Assuntos
Humanos , Parafusos Ósseos , Traumatismos do Tornozelo , Remoção de Dispositivo/efeitos adversos , Fixação Interna de Fraturas , Prevalência , Estudos Transversais , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Resumen: Introducción: La fractura del tobillo es una de las lesiones más frecuentes del sistema musculoesquelético; existen estudios de población que reportan un aumento en la incidencia de estas fracturas a partir de los años 70 asociado al incremento en la difusión a través de los medios de las actividades deportivas de contacto. Las fracturas trans- y suprasindesmales afectan la sindesmosis y, de no tratarse adecuadamente, dejarán inestabilidad articular. El tratamiento más común es la colocación de un tornillo; existe controversia en la altura a la que este se debe colocar con respecto a la línea articular tibioastragalina. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo y transversal de expedientes clínicos y radiográficos de pacientes operados de fractura bimaleolar; se les dividió en dos grupos: aquellos con el tornillo transindesmal a 2 o 2.5 cm y aquellos con el tornillo a 3.5 cm o más proximal. Se recolectaron 34 casos en total (grupo A: 16 pacientes; grupo B: 18), 22 del sexo masculino y 12 del femenino, de edades entre 19 y 45 años. Resultados: Se aplicó la escala funcional de Olerud-Molander y se midió el claro medial del tobillo para considerar el grado de reducción de la sindesmosis. Se compararon los resultados de ambos grupos. Discusión: El sitio de localización del tornillo de situación a 2.0 cm presentó un porcentaje de 75% de estabilidad articular y 25% de inestabilidad articular, la funcionalidad articular fue relativamente menor en comparación con la colocación del tornillo a 3.5 cm, donde se logró una estabilidad articular de 83.3% y 16.3% de inestabilidad articular.
Abstract: Background: Ankle fractures are one of the most frequent lesions of the musculoskeletal system; there are studies that report an increase in the incidence of these fractures starting in the 1970s, associated with the increased media outreach of sporting activities. Supra- and transyndesmal fractures often lead to injury of the syndesmosis, which, if not treated properly, will leave joint instability. The most common treatment is the placement of a transyndesmal screw; there is controversy on the height in which it should be located with regard to the distal tibial joint line. Material and method: A descriptive, observational, retrospective and transversal study with clinical and radiographic records of patients operated on bimalleolar fractures; they were divided into two groups: those with the transyndesmal screw at 2 or 2.5 cm and those with the screw at 3.5 cm or more proximal. There was a total of 34 cases (group A: 16 patients; group B: 18), 22 male and 12 female, aged between 19 and 45 years. Results: We applied the Olerud-Molander ankle score for the clinical evaluation and measured the radiographic medial space of the ankle to consider the degree of reduction. The results in both groups were compared. Discussion: The location of the screw at 2.0 cm presented a percentage of 75% of joint stability and 25% of joint instability, the joint functionality was relatively smaller in comparison to the placement of the screw at 3.5 cm, with which we achieved a joint stability of 83.3% and 16.3% of joint instability.