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Buffaloes and pigs play an important epidemiological roll in the Salmonella infection cycle, and asymptomatic animals can act as key component in the dissemination of the disease by horizontal, vertical, and cross-species transmission. Our study aimed and was able to confirm evidences of a cross-species transmission of Salmonella Agona between asymptomatic buffaloes and pigs. Also, we described Salmonella infection within the pig production phases, involving serotypes Agona, Senftenberg and Schwarzengrund. Rectal samples were collected from Jafarabadi buffaloes (n = 25) and Piau pigs (n = 32), located on a single farm. Salmonella Agona was isolated from lactating buffaloes, gilts, pregnant sows, and weaned pigs, Salmonella Schwarzengrund from lactating sows and Salmonella Senftenberg from gilts, pregnant sows, lactating sows, and weaned pigs. Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis protocol (PFGE) was performed and revealed four different profiles. Profile 1 (Salmonella Agona), isolated from a pregnant sow, a gilt and two lactating buffaloes, revealed a indistinguishable PFGE pattern, confirming evidences of potential cross-species transmission. Profile 2 (Salmonella Agona), 3 (Salmonella Senftenberg), and 4 (Salmonella Schwarzengrund), isolated from pigs, revealed important indistinguishable PFGE patterns, evidencing Salmonella infection within the pig production phases. Considering the epidemiological relevance of buffaloes and pigs in the cycle of Salmonella infection, confirmation of a potential cross-species transmission of Salmonella Agona and potential Salmonella infection within the pig production phases highlights the importance of the correct establishment of preventive health strategies in farms, in special the importance of avoiding contact between buffaloes and pigs, since cross-species transmission can occur, increasing the risk of spreading the disease.

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Abstract Mycoplasma suis, the etiological agent of swine hemoplasmosis, has been neglected in swine herds around the world. Swine hemoplasmosis is frequently associated with hemolytic anemia, disgalacty, infertility and immunosuppression, and it results in significant economic losses. This study investigates the occurrence of M. suis in non-technified swine herds in the northeastern region of Brazil using quantitative PCR (qPCR) based on the 16S rRNA gene. Between March and August 2013, blood samples from 147 swine were collected during slaughter in the city of Mossoró, state of Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil. One hundred and twelve samples (76.19%) were positive for M. suis by qPCR assays. The range of Cqs and quantification (copies of a M. suis-16S rRNA gene fragment/µL) was 20.86–37.89 and 1.64×101–6.64×107, respectively. One can conclude that M. suis infection have high occurrence (76,19%) in non-technified swine-rearing systems in Mossoró in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.

Resumo Mycoplasma suis, agente etiológico da hemoplasmose suína, tem sido negligenciado nas criações de suínos ao redor do mundo. A hemoplasmose suína é frequentemente associada à anemia hemolítica, disgalactia, infertilidade e imunossupressão, acarretando em perdas econômicas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar, por meio da PCR quantitativa (qPCR) baseada no gene rRNA 16S, a ocorrência de M. suis em amostras de sangue de suínos de criações não tecnificadas na cidade de Mossoró, Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Entre março a agosto de 2013, foram colhidas amostras de sangue de 147 suínos de criações não tecnificadas da referida região. Cento e doze amostras (76,19%) amostras mostraram-se positivas na qPCR para M. suis. A média dos Cqs e da quantificação (número de cópias do gene 16S rRNA de M. suis por microlitro) foi de 20,86 – 37,89 e 1,64 x 101 a 6,64 x 107, respectivamente. Conclui-se que a infecção por M. suis apresenta alta ocorrência (76,19%) em criações de suínos não tecnificadas na cidade de Mossoró, estado do Rio Grande do Norte.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract Mycoplasma suis, the etiological agent of swine hemoplasmosis, has been neglected in swine herds around the world. Swine hemoplasmosis is frequently associated with hemolytic anemia, disgalacty, infertility and immunosuppression, and it results in significant economic losses. This study investigates the occurrence of M. suis in non-technified swine herds in the northeastern region of Brazil using quantitative PCR (qPCR) based on the 16S rRNA gene. Between March and August 2013, blood samples from 147 swine were collected during slaughter in the city of Mossoró, state of Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil. One hundred and twelve samples (76.19%) were positive for M. suis by qPCR assays. The range of Cqs and quantification (copies of a M. suis-16S rRNA gene fragment/µL) was 20.8637.89 and 1.64×1016.64×107, respectively. One can conclude that M. suis infection have high occurrence (76,19%) in non-technified swine-rearing systems in Mossoró in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.(AU)

Resumo Mycoplasma suis, agente etiológico da hemoplasmose suína, tem sido negligenciado nas criações de suínos ao redor do mundo. A hemoplasmose suína é frequentemente associada à anemia hemolítica, disgalactia, infertilidade e imunossupressão, acarretando em perdas econômicas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar, por meio da PCR quantitativa (qPCR) baseada no gene rRNA 16S, a ocorrência de M. suis em amostras de sangue de suínos de criações não tecnificadas na cidade de Mossoró, Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Entre março a agosto de 2013, foram colhidas amostras de sangue de 147 suínos de criações não tecnificadas da referida região. Cento e doze amostras (76,19%) amostras mostraram-se positivas na qPCR para M. suis. A média dos Cqs e da quantificação (número de cópias do gene 16S rRNA de M. suis por microlitro) foi de 20,86 37,89 e 1,64 x 101 a 6,64 x 107, respectivamente. Conclui-se que a infecção por M. suis apresenta alta ocorrência (76,19%) em criações de suínos não tecnificadas na cidade de Mossoró, estado do Rio Grande do Norte.(AU)

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To evaluate inclusion levels and residual effects of diets containing yeast extract (YE) plus blood plasma (BP) on the performance of 36 to 60-days old piglets, 105 piglets were used (8.75±0.72kg), and they were distributed under a randomized block experimental design with five treatments (control - 2.0% BP; 1.0% BP plus 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, or 3.0% YE), seven repetitions, and three animals per experimental unit. Piglets were given experimental diets from 36 to 49 days of age. From 50 to 60 day of age, all piglets received the same diet. No effects from treatments (P>0.10) were observed on the performance variables from 36 to 49 day of age. From 50 to 60 day of age, an effect was observed from YE levels on the daily feed consumption (P 0.03), daily weight gain (p 0.01), and final weight (P 0.06), which increased quadratically up to 1.67, 1.67, and 1.55% YE levels, respectively. Piglets which were fed with the diet containing 1.0% BP + 2.0% YE were observed to have better feed conversion ratios (P 0.01) as compared to the control diet (2.0% BP). As it provides a better residual effect, the inclusion of 1.67% yeast extract may replace 50% of blood plasma in 36 to 49-days old piglet diets.(AU)

Para avaliar níveis de inclusão e o efeito residual de dietas contendo extrato de levedura (ExL) associado ao plasma sanguíneo (PS) sobre o desempenho de leitões dos 36 aos 60 dias, foram utilizados 105 leitões (8,75±0,72kg), distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com cinco tratamentos (controle - 2,0% de PS; 1,0% PS, associado ao 0; 1,0; 2,0 ou 3,0% de ExL), sete repetições e três animais por unidade experimental. As dietas experimentais foram fornecidas dos 36 aos 49 dias e, dos 50 aos 60 dias de idade, os animais passaram a receber dieta única para avaliar o efeito residual dos tratamentos experimentais. Não foram observados efeitos dos tratamentos (P>0,10) sobre as variáveis de desempenho dos 36 aos 49 dias de idade. Dos 50 aos 60 dias de idade, houve efeito dos níveis de ExL sobre o consumo de ração diário (P 0,03), ganho de peso diário (P 0,01) e peso final (P 0,06) que aumentaram de forma quadrática até os níveis de 1,67, 1,67 e 1,55% de ExL, respectivamente. Leitões alimentados com a dieta contendo 1,0% de PS + 2,0% de ExL apresentaram melhor (P 0,01) conversão alimentar em relação à dieta controle (2% de PS). Por proporcionar melhor efeito residual, a inclusão de 1,67% de extrato de levedura pode substituir 50% do plasma sanguíneo na dieta de leitões dos 36 aos 49 dias de idade.(AU)

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ABSTRACT: To evaluate inclusion levels and residual effects of diets containing yeast extract (YE) plus blood plasma (BP) on the performance of 36 to 60-days old piglets, 105 piglets were used (8.75±0.72kg), and they were distributed under a randomized block experimental design with five treatments (control - 2.0% BP; 1.0% BP plus 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, or 3.0% YE), seven repetitions, and three animals per experimental unit. Piglets were given experimental diets from 36 to 49 days of age. From 50 to 60 day of age, all piglets received the same diet. No effects from treatments (P>0.10) were observed on the performance variables from 36 to 49 day of age. From 50 to 60 day of age, an effect was observed from YE levels on the daily feed consumption (P<0.03), daily weight gain (p<0.01), and final weight (P<0.06), which increased quadratically up to 1.67, 1.67, and 1.55% YE levels, respectively. Piglets which were fed with the diet containing 1.0% BP + 2.0% YE were observed to have better feed conversion ratios (P<0.01) as compared to the control diet (2.0% BP). As it provides a better residual effect, the inclusion of 1.67% yeast extract may replace 50% of blood plasma in 36 to 49-days old piglet diets.

RESUMO: Para avaliar níveis de inclusão e o efeito residual de dietas contendo extrato de levedura (ExL) associado ao plasma sanguíneo (PS) sobre o desempenho de leitões dos 36 aos 60 dias, foram utilizados 105 leitões (8,75±0,72kg), distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com cinco tratamentos (controle - 2,0% de PS; 1,0% PS, associado ao 0; 1,0; 2,0 ou 3,0% de ExL), sete repetições e três animais por unidade experimental. As dietas experimentais foram fornecidas dos 36 aos 49 dias e, dos 50 aos 60 dias de idade, os animais passaram a receber dieta única para avaliar o efeito residual dos tratamentos experimentais. Não foram observados efeitos dos tratamentos (P>0,10) sobre as variáveis de desempenho dos 36 aos 49 dias de idade. Dos 50 aos 60 dias de idade, houve efeito dos níveis de ExL sobre o consumo de ração diário (P<0,03), ganho de peso diário (P<0,01) e peso final (P<0,06) que aumentaram de forma quadrática até os níveis de 1,67, 1,67 e 1,55% de ExL, respectivamente. Leitões alimentados com a dieta contendo 1,0% de PS + 2,0% de ExL apresentaram melhor (P<0,01) conversão alimentar em relação à dieta controle (2% de PS). Por proporcionar melhor efeito residual, a inclusão de 1,67% de extrato de levedura pode substituir 50% do plasma sanguíneo na dieta de leitões dos 36 aos 49 dias de idade.

RESUMO

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a eficácia da desfibrilação em resposta à fibrilação ventricular induzida e descrever as mudanças macroscópicas ocorridas nos corações de suínos após choque de descarga capacitiva exponencial truncada aplicado por protótipo de desfibrilador produzido no Brasil e por um desfibrilador de referência, líder de mercado internacional.MÉTODOS: Dezesseis suínos foram agrupados em quatro grupos de quatro animais, para verificar a eficácia da desfibrilação em resposta à fibrilação ventricular induzida, aplicando cargas de 50 J e 100 J, assim como avaliar a segurança dos desfibriladores usados, através de análises macroscópicas da pele e do coração. Foram avaliados eritema, edema, bolhas, líquido na cavidade pericárdica, queimaduras e tecido carbonizado pós-choque.RESULTADOS: Todos os suínos, após um minuto da indução à fibrilação ventricular, desenvolveram taquicardia que progrediu à fibrilação ventricular. Quando utilizada baixa energia, o equipamento protótipo obteve 25% de sucesso com um suíno revertido, enquanto o equipamento referência obteve 50% de sucesso, com duas reversões. Entretanto, com energia a 100 J, o equipamento protótipo reestabeleceu o ritmo sinusal em três suínos (75%) e o equipamento referência realizou somente uma desfibrilação eficaz (25%). A aplicação de energia 100 J associou-se com queimadura cutânea de Grau II em apenas um suíno com o desfibrilador protótipo e em quatro suínos com o equipamento referência. As lesões do tecido cardíaco ocorreram em igual número com ambos os desfibriladores.CONCLUSÕES: O desfibrilador protótipo, quando aplicado com energia 100 J, demonstrou maior eficácia na reversão da fibrilação ventricular e apresentou menor injúria que o desfibrilador de referência com a mesma energia. Este estudo ajudará a elevar o padrão tecnológico e a ampliar a oferta qualificada de equipamentos para a saúde produzidos no Brasil, substituindo e/ou diminuindo importações e oferecendo um dispositivo seguro de última geração.

AIMS: To evaluate the efficacy of defibrillation in response to induced ventricular fibrillation and to describe the macroscopic changes in porcine hearts after truncated exponential capacitive discharge shock applied by a prototype defibrillator produced in Brazil and a reference, international market leader defibrillator.METHODS: Sixteen pigs were divided into four groups of four animals each, to verify the effectiveness of the defibrillator in response to induced ventricular fibrillation by applying loads of 50 J to 100 J, and assess the safety of the defibrillator by macroscopic analysis of the skin and heart. Erythema, edema, blistering, fluid in the pericardial cavity, burns, and post-shock charred tissue were evaluated.RESULTS: All pigs, after one minute of inducing ventricular fibrillation, developed tachycardia and progressed to ventricular fibrillation. When used low energy, the prototype equipment obtained 25% of success, with one reversed pig, while the reference equipment has obtained a success rate of 50%, with two reversals. However, with energy 100 J, the prototype equipment reestablished sinus rhythm in three pigs (75%) and the reference product only made effective defibrillation in one (25%). The application of 100 J energy was associated with skin burns Grade II in only one pig with the prototype defibrillator and four pigs with the reference equipment. The heart tissue injuries occurred in equal numbers with both defibrillators.CONCLUSIONS: The prototype defibrillator, when applied with 100 J energy, was more effective in reversing ventricular fibrillation and showed less injury than the reference defibrillator with the same energy. This study may help to raise the technological standard and to increase the supply of qualified health equipment produced in Brazil, replacing and/or decreasing imports and providing a secure next-generation device.

RESUMO

Esta revisão de literatura visa abordar os principais problemas reprodutivos dentro de uma granja suína. O aborto pode ser categorizado em dois tipos: oriundo de causas infecciosas e oriundo de causas não infecciosas. O percentual de aborto aceitável na suinocultura tecnificada encontra-se entre 1 a 1,5%, entretanto, alguns estudos relatam taxa um pouco maiores em alguns rebanhos suínos. Existem diversos fatores predisponentes, tais como abortos sazonais, stress calórico e ambiental, baixo nível de higiene, deficiências nutricionais, entre outros. Entre as causas infecciosas, podemos destacar: doença de Aujeszky, parvovirose, leptospirose, circovirose, peste suína clássica, brucelose e PRRS. Observando todos esses fatores de influência no sucesso reprodutivo de uma granja, devemos sempre estar atentos a suas causas, de modo a prevenir sua ocorrência. (AU)

The literature review focused on the main reproductive disorders in pig herds, Abortion are general divided into two categories: abortions caused by infectious agents and caused by non-infectious agents. The acceptable rate of abortion in intensive pig farming is between 1 and 1,5%, however, studies shows higher rates are common in breeding farms. Several predisponent factors such as: seasonal abortion, caloric and environmental stress, sunburns, low level of hygiene, nutritional deficiency, and others, help to raise those rates. Among the infectious agents, which can cause abortion, there are Aujeszky disease virus, parvovirus, leptospirosis, circovirus, classic swine fever virus, brucellosis, PRRS virus and others. Looking through all those factors that have broad influence on the reproductive success of a pig herd, we it is recommended always being aware of the causes so it is possible to prevent them. (AU)

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Esta revisão de literatura visa abordar os principais problemas reprodutivos dentro de uma granja suína. O aborto pode ser categorizado em dois tipos: oriundo de causas infecciosas e oriundo de causas não infecciosas. O percentual de aborto aceitável na suinocultura tecnificada encontra-se entre 1 a 1,5%, entretanto, alguns estudos relatam taxa um pouco maiores em alguns rebanhos suínos. Existem diversos fatores predisponentes, tais como abortos sazonais, stress calórico e ambiental, baixo nível de higiene, deficiências nutricionais, entre outros. Entre as causas infecciosas, podemos destacar: doença de Aujeszky, parvovirose, leptospirose, circovirose, peste suína clássica, brucelose e PRRS. Observando todos esses fatores de influência no sucesso reprodutivo de uma granja, devemos sempre estar atentos a suas causas, de modo a prevenir sua ocorrência.

The literature review focused on the main reproductive disorders in pig herds, Abortion are general divided into two categories: abortions caused by infectious agents and caused by non-infectious agents. The acceptable rate of abortion in intensive pig farming is between 1 and 1,5%, however, studies shows higher rates are common in breeding farms. Several predisponent factors such as: seasonal abortion, caloric and environmental stress, sunburns, low level of hygiene, nutritional deficiency, and others, help to raise those rates. Among the infectious agents, which can cause abortion, there are Aujeszky disease virus, parvovirus, leptospirosis, circovirus, classic swine fever virus, brucellosis, PRRS virus and others. Looking through all those factors that have broad influence on the reproductive success of a pig herd, we it is recommended always being aware of the causes so it is possible to prevent them.

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The aim of this study was compare the potential of an antibiotic and homeopathic complex on the prevention and treatment of diarrhea in suckling piglets and to compare and evaluate the performance results and mortality during the lactation. Ninety eight litters, totaling 988 piglets, from females with reproductive cycles order of 5.92 ± 2.65. The litters were allotted to a randomized block experiment consisting of the control, antibiotic and homeopathic complex treatments. It was adopted the reproductive cycle order of the females as blocking criteria. On the second day of life, litters were weighed and submitted to oral application of 2.0mL colistin antibiotic or 4.0mL of homeopathic complex per piglet. The piglets were weaned at an average age of 22.97 ± 2.43 days. No effect of treatments on performance and mortality of piglets was noted. Difference was found in the percentage of efficiency in the treatment of diarrhea, and the homeopathic complex showed superior efficiency in relation to the antibiotic (95.2% versus 90.0%). It was concluded that the homeopathic complex was effective in the prevention and treatment of diarrhea of suckling piglets and may be used as a substitute to the antibiotic.

O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de comparar o potencial do antibiótico e de um complexo homeopático sobre a prevenção e tratamento de diarréia em leitões lactentes, bem como comparar e avaliar os resultados de desempenho e mortalidade durante a fase de aleitamento. Foram utilizadas 98 leitegadas, em um total de 988 leitões, de matrizes com ordem média de 5,92 ± 2,65 partos. As leitegadas foram distribuídas em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, composto pelos tratamentos controle, antibiótico e complexo homeopático. Adotou-se a ordem de parto das matrizes como critério de bloqueamento. No segundo dia de vida, as leitegadas foram submetidas à pesagem e aplicação, por via oral, de 2,0mL do antibiótico colistina ou 4,0mL de complexo homeopático por leitão. As leitegadas foram desmamadas com idade média de 22,97 ± 2,43 dias. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o desempenho e a mortalidade dos leitões. Foi constatada diferença quanto ao percentual de eficiência no tratamento de diarréia, o complexo homeopático apresentou eficiência superior em relação ao antibiótico (95,2% versus 90,0%). Concluiu-se que o complexo homeopático foi eficiente na prevenção e tratamento das diarréias dos leitões lactentes, e pode ser utilizado em substituição aos antibióticos.

RESUMO

The fluoroscopy-guided renal arteriography was evaluated in order to be used as an auxiliary method in investigations and as a way to experimentally induce kidney diseases in swine. The technique was effective to obtain sharp images as well as to determine the area of renal irrigation. Despite its easiness, trained professionals are required to perform it.

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The fluoroscopy-guided renal arteriography was evaluated in order to be used as an auxiliary method in investigations and as a way to experimentally induce kidney diseases in swine. The technique was effective to obtain sharp images as well as to determine the area of renal irrigation. Despite its easiness, trained professionals are required to perform it.(AU)

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Considerando-se que o processo de reparo ósseo em suínos mostra maior proximidade nos quadros histológicos entre as variáveis estudadas, quando comparado com outros modelos biológicos, teve-se como propósito no presente estudo comparar histologicamente o processo de reparo ósseo em suínos após osteotomias realizadas em osso alveolar e extra-alveolar, empregando-se instrumentos giratórios com refrigeração liquida, de baixa e ultravelocidade. Foram utilizados dezoito suínos da raça Large White com peso corporal entre 20 e 25 Kg, divididos em 3 grupos de seis animais cada, sendo cada grupo constituído por três animais para avaliação do reparo de osteotomias realizadas em osso alveolar e outros três em osso extra-alveolar, nos tempos pós-operatórios de 7, 14 e 28 dias. Foi observado que para o osso alveolar nos tempos pós-operatórios de 14 e 28 dias, os melhores resultados de reparo ósseo ocorreram nas osteotomias realizadas com brocas de baixa velocidade, ao passo que no tempo pós-operatório de sete dias, os resultados do reparo ósseo de osteotomias realizadas com brocas de ultravelocidade foram discretamente melhores, tanto nas áreas alveolares como extra-alveolares. Pela metodologia empregada, não se identificaram diferenças significativas no processo de reparo ósseo alveolar e extra-alveolar nos tempos pós-operatórios estudados.

The aim of this study was to compare histologically the process of bony repair in swine after osteotomy accomplished in alveolar and extra-alveolar bone using rotative instruments of drop and ultra speed and liquid refrigeration. Eighteen swine of the race Large White between 20 and 25 Kg were divided in 3 groups of six animals, being each group constituted by three animals for evaluation of the osteotomy repair accomplished in alveolar and other bone three in extra-alveolar bone. The postoperative evaluation happened in the times of 7, 14 and 28 days. It was observed that for the alveolar bone in the final postoperative times, of fourteen and twenty-eight days, the best results of bony repair were observed in osteotomy accomplished with drills of low rotation, while in the postoperative time of seven days, the results of the bony repair of osteotomy accomplished with drills of high rotation they were better. The authors consider that the process of bony repair in swine display larger proximity in the histoloogical pictures among the studied variables, when compared with other biological models. As most of the works told in the literature refers the use of dogs, the authors consider that the present work guarantees your importance in the sense of looking for a closer model of the man, so much in the alveolar as extra-alveolar areas. For the used methodology, they didn’t identify significant differences in the process of alveolar and extraalveolar bony repair in the studied postoperative times.

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Considerando-se que o processo de reparo ósseo em suínos mostra maior proximidade nos quadros histológicos entre as variáveis estudadas, quando comparado com outros modelos biológicos, teve-se como propósito no presente estudo comparar histologicamente o processo de reparo ósseo em suínos após osteotomias realizadas em osso alveolar e extra-alveolar, empregando-se instrumentos giratórios com refrigeração liquida, de baixa e ultravelocidade. Foram utilizados dezoito suínos da raça Large White com peso corporal entre 20 e 25 Kg, divididos em 3 grupos de seis animais cada, sendo cada grupo constituído por três animais para avaliação do reparo de osteotomias realizadas em osso alveolar e outros três em osso extra-alveolar, nos tempos pós-operatórios de 7, 14 e 28 dias. Foi observado que para o osso alveolar nos tempos pós-operatórios de 14 e 28 dias, os melhores resultados de reparo ósseo ocorreram nas osteotomias realizadas com brocas de baixa velocidade, ao passo que no tempo pós-operatório de sete dias, os resultados do reparo ósseo de osteotomias realizadas com brocas de ultravelocidade foram discretamente melhores, tanto nas áreas alveolares como extra-alveolares. Pela metodologia empregada, não se identificaram diferenças significativas no processo de reparo ósseo alveolar e extra-alveolar nos tempos pós-operatórios estudados

The aim of this study was to compare histologically the process of bony repair in swine after osteotomy accomplished in alveolar and extra-alveolar bone using rotative instruments of drop and ultra speed and liquid refrigeration. Eighteen swine of the race Large White between 20 and 25 Kg were divided in 3 groups of six animals, being each group constituted by three animals for evaluation of the osteotomy repair accomplished in alveolar and other bone three in extra-alveolar bone. The postoperative evaluation happened in the times of 7, 14 and 28 days. It was observed that for the alveolar bone in the final postoperative times, of fourteen and twenty-eight days, the best results of bony repair were observed in osteotomy accomplished with drills of low rotation, while in the postoperative time of seven days, the results of the bony repair of osteotomy accomplished with drills of high rotation they were better. The authors consider that the process of bony repair in swine display larger proximity in the histoloogical pictures among the studied variables, when compared with other biological models. As most of the works told in the literature refers the use of dogs, the authors consider that the present work guarantees your importance in the sense of looking for a closer model of the man, so much in the alveolar as extra-alveolar areas. For the used methodology, they didn’t identify significant differences in the process of alveolar and extraalveolar bony repair in the studied postoperative times

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Background: Streptococcus suis is a bacterium that causes several diseases in swines and can infect humans; in addition, it represents an important risk factor for professionals from this area. In cases of outbreak, despite some animals may remain as asymptomatic disease carriers, mortality can vary between 4 and 14%. Virulence of this bacterium may be associated with different serotypes exist, as well as with cellular proteins present in the capsule, or by mutations in the genomes of different serotypes, or even between samples of the same serotype. The strains of serotype 2 are considered to be the most virulent, although they can have moderate virulence, or even being less virulent. The objective of this work is to analyze genetic variability in S. suis samples. Materials, Methods & Results: Forty S. suis samples provided by the Laboratório Microvet (Minas Gerais, Brazil) and isolated between 1995 and 2003 on a farm located in Ponte Nova, MG, have been used. The lyophilized samples were reactivated in BHI, for 24 h, at 37°C; after that, they were cultivated and isolated in Todd Hewitt nutrient medium plus agar-agar and 10% defibrinated sheep blood and kept at 37°C, for 18 h. Serotyping of samples was conducted by Microvet and the data was compiled for comparison with the results. Genomic DNA was extracted from 3x106 cells, using DNAzol kit (Invitrogen®), under the protocol proposed by the manufacturer, followed by PCR individually for each primer pair - dpr and aroA, using 200 µM dNTP, 3.4 mM MgCl2, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Invitrogen®), 1.6x amplification buffer and 0.20 µM of the primers in a final volume of 25 µL. The annealing temperature was 59°C, for aroA gene, and 60°C, for dpr gene. The amplified fragments of genes were digested with 0.2 µL of the restriction enzymes Alu I, AflIII, EcoRI and MPS I, at 37°C, for 2 h. All products were analyzed by separation on 3% agarose gel. Eight in the forty samples analyzed showed polymorphisms in the dpr gene for cleavage site of Alu I enzyme, thus generating samples with two and three DNA fragments. Analysis with the other endonucleases does not show differences; besides, no cleavage has occurred in the fragment. All samples analyzed for the aroA gene were observed to be identical for the cleavage sites of the used enzymes. During the analysis of serotypes, 39 (97.5%) samples were identified as type 2 and one (2.5%) as type 3. Discussion: The dpr gene showed different patterns between the assessed S. suis colonies, what indicates the existence of polymorphisms in the restriction sites. These data partially corroborate those already reported in the literature, where the percentage of amino acid polymorphisms was 17.9% in the dpr gene. In this study, changes identified in the dpr gene are not conclusive; still, modifications in nucleotide bases of certain genes may be related to expressions of differential proteins, associated with pathogenicity and virulence of pathogens. Even with the use of antibiotics and hygienic-sanitary control measures, records of difficult-to-control outbreaks are constant in the swine populations from which the samples were isolated. The sample of serotype 3 was collected from healthy animal, whereas the serotype 2 samples were collected from sick animals. These factors reinforce the idea that alterations in genomes of bacteria may be establishing new mechanisms to escape, hence favoring the survival of pathogens.(AU)

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Background: Streptococcus suis is a bacterium that causes several diseases in swines and can infect humans; in addition, it represents an important risk factor for professionals from this area. In cases of outbreak, despite some animals may remain as asymptomatic disease carriers, mortality can vary between 4 and 14%. Virulence of this bacterium may be associated with different serotypes exist, as well as with cellular proteins present in the capsule, or by mutations in the genomes of different serotypes, or even between samples of the same serotype. The strains of serotype 2 are considered to be the most virulent, although they can have moderate virulence, or even being less virulent. The objective of this work is to analyze genetic variability in S. suis samples. Materials, Methods & Results: Forty S. suis samples provided by the Laboratório Microvet (Minas Gerais, Brazil) and isolated between 1995 and 2003 on a farm located in Ponte Nova, MG, have been used. The lyophilized samples were reactivated in BHI, for 24 h, at 37°C; after that, they were cultivated and isolated in Todd Hewitt nutrient medium plus agar-agar and 10% defibrinated sheep blood and kept at 37°C, for 18 h. Serotyping of samples was conducted by Microvet and the data was compiled for comparison with the results. Genomic DNA was extracted from 3x106 cells, using DNAzol kit (Invitrogen®), under the protocol proposed by the manufacturer, followed by PCR individually for each primer pair - dpr and aroA, using 200 µM dNTP, 3.4 mM MgCl2, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Invitrogen®), 1.6x amplification buffer and 0.20 µM of the primers in a final volume of 25 µL. The annealing temperature was 59°C, for aroA gene, and 60°C, for dpr gene. The amplified fragments of genes were digested with 0.2 µL of the restriction enzymes Alu I, AflIII, EcoRI and MPS I, at 37°C, for 2 h. All products were analyzed by separation on 3% agarose gel. Eight in the forty samples analyzed showed polymorphisms in the dpr gene for cleavage site of Alu I enzyme, thus generating samples with two and three DNA fragments. Analysis with the other endonucleases does not show differences; besides, no cleavage has occurred in the fragment. All samples analyzed for the aroA gene were observed to be identical for the cleavage sites of the used enzymes. During the analysis of serotypes, 39 (97.5%) samples were identified as type 2 and one (2.5%) as type 3. Discussion: The dpr gene showed different patterns between the assessed S. suis colonies, what indicates the existence of polymorphisms in the restriction sites. These data partially corroborate those already reported in the literature, where the percentage of amino acid polymorphisms was 17.9% in the dpr gene. In this study, changes identified in the dpr gene are not conclusive; still, modifications in nucleotide bases of certain genes may be related to expressions of differential proteins, associated with pathogenicity and virulence of pathogens. Even with the use of antibiotics and hygienic-sanitary control measures, records of difficult-to-control outbreaks are constant in the swine populations from which the samples were isolated. The sample of serotype 3 was collected from healthy animal, whereas the serotype 2 samples were collected from sick animals. These factors reinforce the idea that alterations in genomes of bacteria may be establishing new mechanisms to escape, hence favoring the survival of pathogens.

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O estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito sedativo do azaperone e de sua associação com a xilazina ou dexmedetomidina na espécie suína, assim como verificar a possibilidade de o agente butirofenônico contrabalançar os efeitos causados pelos agonistas α2-adrenérgicos nos parâmetros cardiovasculares. Foram estudados 18 suínos hígidos da linhagem Dambread X MS 50, de 50 dias de idade, pesando 17,3kg (±1,7). Todos os animais foram submetidos a anestesia com isofluorano para instrumentação necessária ao protocolo experimental e, 30 minutos após a recuperação anestésicas, os parâmetros basais foram mensurados e os animais alocados aleatoriamente em três grupos de seis animais cada: GA (Azaperone 2mg kg-1 + Cloreto de sódio 0,5ml - IM), GAD (Azaperone 2mg kg-1 + Dexmedetomidina 3µg kg-1 - IM), GAX (Azaperone 2mg kg-1 + Xilazina 2mg kg-1 - IM). Os parâmetros foram novamente avaliados aos 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos após administração dos fármacos correspondentes aos grupos do estudo. A frequência cardíaca teve seus valores reduzidos em todos os grupos, porém essa redução foi maior no GAX. Durante o estudo não foi observado efeito bifásico sobre a pressão arterial, com hipertensão seguida de hipotensão. O GAX apresentou redução de PaO2 e aumento de PaCO2, assim como observou-se melhor efeito sedativo nesse grupo. Os resultados permitem concluir que a associação de azaperone com xilazina promoveu melhor sedação e miorrelaxamento e menor resposta a estímulos.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sedative effects of azaperone and its association with xylazine or dexmedetomidine in swine, as well as verifying the possibility of the butyrophenone agent to counterbalance the effects caused by α2-adreneceptor agonists on the cardiovascular and hemodynamic parameters. For this, eighteen healthy swines of the Dambread X MS 50 lineage aged 50 days-old, weighing around 17.3kg (±1.7) were used. All animals were submitted an isoflurane anesthesia by face mask throughout the period of instrumentation. Basal parameters were measured 30 minutes after recovering from general anesthesia. All swines were randomly assigned into three groups of six animals each: AG (azaperone 2mg kg-1 + sodium chloride 0.5ml - IM), ADG (azaperone 2mg kg-1 + dexmedetomidine 3µg kg-1 - IM) and AXG (azaperone 2mg kg-1 + xylazine 2mg kg-1 - IM). Parameters were again measured at the following times: 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after administrating the corresponding drugs to each group. The heart rate had its values reduced in all groups; however this reduction was more significative in AXG. During the study was not observed a biphasic effect over the arterial pressure with an initial increase followed by a gradual decrease. AXG presented reduction of PaO2 and an increase in PaCO2 as well as a better sedative effect. The results allow to conclude that the association of azaperone with xylazine promoted a better tranquilization and muscular relaxation.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the sedative effects of azaperone and its association with xylazine or dexmedetomidine in swine, as well as verifying the possibility of the butyrophenone agent to counterbalance the effects caused by 2-adreneceptor agonists on the cardiovascular and hemodynamic parameters. For this, eighteen healthy swines of the Dambread X MS 50 lineage aged 50 days-old, weighing around 17.3kg (±1.7) were used. All animals were submitted an isoflurane anesthesia by face mask throughout the period of instrumentation. Basal parameters were measured 30 minutes after recovering from general anesthesia. All swines were randomly assigned into three groups of six animals each: AG (azaperone 2mg kg-1 + sodium chloride 0.5ml - IM), ADG (azaperone 2mg kg-1 + dexmedetomidine 3µg kg-1 - IM) and AXG (azaperone 2mg kg-1 + xylazine 2mg kg-1 - IM). Parameters were again measured at the following times: 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after administrating the corresponding drugs to each group. The heart rate had its values reduced in all groups; however this reduction was more significative in AXG. During the study was not observed a biphasic effect over the arterial pressure with an initial increase followed by a gradual decrease. AXG presented reduction of PaO2 and an increase in PaCO2 as well as a better sedative effect. The results allow to conclude that the association of azaperone with xylazine promoted a better tranquilization and muscular relaxation.

O estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito sedativo do azaperone e de sua associação com a xilazina ou dexmedetomidina na espécie suína, assim como verificar a possibilidade de o agente butirofenônico contrabalançar os efeitos causados pelos agonistas 2-adrenérgicos nos parâmetros cardiovasculares. Foram estudados 18 suínos hígidos da linhagem Dambread X MS 50, de 50 dias de idade, pesando 17,3kg (±1,7). Todos os animais foram submetidos a anestesia com isofluorano para instrumentação necessária ao protocolo experimental e, 30 minutos após a recuperação anestésicas, os parâmetros basais foram mensurados e os animais alocados aleatoriamente em três grupos de seis animais cada: GA (Azaperone 2mg kg-1 + Cloreto de sódio 0,5ml - IM), GAD (Azaperone 2mg kg-1 + Dexmedetomidina 3µg kg-1 - IM), GAX (Azaperone 2mg kg-1 + Xilazina 2mg kg-1 - IM). Os parâmetros foram novamente avaliados aos 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos após administração dos fármacos correspondentes aos grupos do estudo. A frequência cardíaca teve seus valores reduzidos em todos os grupos, porém essa redução foi maior no GAX. Durante o estudo não foi observado efeito bifásico sobre a pressão arterial, com hipertensão seguida de hipotensão. O GAX apresentou redução de PaO2 e aumento de PaCO2, assim como observou-se melhor efeito sedativo nesse grupo. Os resultados permitem concluir que a associação de azaperone com xilazina promoveu melhor sedação e miorrelaxamento e menor resposta a estímulos.

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INTRODUÇÃO: A síndrome compartimental abdominal (SCA) é uma complicação frequente da cirurgia de controle de dano, podendo ocorrer em até 33% dos casos. A medida da pressão intra-abdominal para diagnóstico da SCA é avaliada através da pressão intravesical. OBJETIVO: Avaliar, através de modelo experimental, as repercussões da colocação de compressas sobre a pressão intravesical e em diferentes regiões do abdome. MÉTODO: Foram utilizados 10 porcos machos, entre 45 e 60 dias, com peso entre 15 e 18 kg, submetidos a laparotomia exploradora para colocação de compressas e avaliação de medidas de pressão no espaço supra-hepático (Psh), espaço infra-hepático (Pih), espaço subfrênico esquerdo (Psfe), veia cava inferior (Pvci), veia porta (Pvp) e bexiga (Pv). Foi também avaliada a pressão arterial média (PAM) e o débito cardíaco. As diferentes medidas de pressão foram comparadas no mesmo animal com diferentes tipos de fechamento da parede abdominal: bolsa de Bogotá (CCB), total da aponeurose (CCAF), pele (CCPF) e total da pele e aponeurose (CF). Os resultados foram submetidos a análise estatística. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença (p>0,05) entre as medidas de PAM em todas as fases de fechamento do abdome. A pressão de veia cava inferior e a pressão intravesical foram diferentes (p<0,05) entre os grupos CF e CCAF. Psfe, Psfd e Psh foram diferentes (p<0,05) entre CF e CCB, CF e CCPF e CF e CCAF. Foram diferentes (p<0,05) Pv e Psfd, Pv e Psh e Psfe e Psfd nos grupos CCB, CCPF e CCAF. No grupo CCAF ainda foram diferentes (p<0,05) Pv e Psfe e Psh e Psfd. A avaliação de Pvp mostrou-se diferente (p<0,05) em relação ao grupo controle (CF) nos grupos CCB, CCPF e CCAF, e ainda entre CCB e CCAF. CONCLUSÃO: A pressão intra-abdominal não é uniforme quando são colocadas compressas na cavidade peritoneal. A pressão vesical é menor que em outras regiões da cavidade peritoneal. As pressões não ultrapassaram níveis de Síndrome Compartimental Abdominal.

INTRODUCTION: Abdominal compartment syndrome is a frequent complication of damage control surgery and can occur in approximately 33% of cases. Diagnosis of abdominal compartment syndrome depends on measurement of abdominal pressure which is usually assessed through intravesical pressure. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the consequences of liver packing with sponges to the intravesical pressure and to pressures in different sites of the abdomen in an animal experimental model. METHODS: 10 adult male pigs, aged 45 to 60 days, weighing 15 to 18 kg, underwent laparotomies for liver packing and evaluation of pressures in suprahepatic space (Psh), infrahepatic space (Pih), left subphrenic space (Psfe), inferior vena cava (Pvci), portal vein (Pvp) and bladder (Pv). Other variables such as mean arterial pressure and cardiac output, were also measured. Different pressure measurements were compared in the same animal with different types of closures of the abdominal wall: Bogota bag (CCB), total closure of aponeurosis (CCAF), skin closure (CCPF) and total skin and aponeurosis closure (CF). Results were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: There was no difference (p>0,05) between mean arterial blood pressure in all phases of abdominal closure. Pressure in inferior vena cava and intravesical pressure were different (p<0,05) in groups CF and CCAF. Psfe, Psfd and Psh were different (p<0,05) between CF vs CCB, CF vs CCPF and CF vs CCAF. Pv vs Psfd, Pv vs Psh and Psfe vs Psfd were different (p<0,05) in groups CCB, CCPF and CCAF. In group CCAF, Pv vs Psfe and Psh vs Psfd were also different (p<0,05). Evaluation of Pvp has shown to be different (p<0,05) when compared to control group (p<0,05) in groups CCB, CCPF and CCAF, and also between CCB and CCAF. CONCLUSION: Intra-abdominal pressure is not uniform when sponges are placed in the abdomen. Intravesical pressure is lower than pressures in other sites of the peritoneal cavity. No pressure measurement reached levels of abdominal compartment...

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INTRODUÇÃO: Diferentes parâmetros hemodinâmicos, incluindo os indicadores estáticos de pré-carga cardíaca como o índice de volume diastólico final ventrículo direito (IVDFVD) e parâmetros dinâmicos como a variação de pressão de pulso (VPP) têm sido usados na tomada de decisão para considerar o processo da expansão volêmica em pacientes em estado grave. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a reanimação por fluidos guiados tanto por VPP ou IVDFVD após choque hemorrágico induzido experimentalmente. MÉTODO: vinte e seis suínos anestesiados e ventilados mecanicamente foram alocados em três grupos: controle (Grupo I), VPP (Grupo II) e IVDFVD (Grupo III). Foi induzido choque hemorrágico por retirada de sangue até atingir a pressão arterial média de 40mmhg, que foi mantida por 60 minutos. Parâmetros foram medidos no tempo basal (B), no tempo do choque (Choque 0), sessenta minutos depois do choque (Choque 60), imediatamente depois da ressuscitação com hidroxietilamido 6% (130/0. 4) (R0), uma hora (R60) e duas horas (R120) depois ressuscitação. Os pontos de avaliação da reanimação por fluidos foram determinados pelo retorno aos valores basais iniciais de VPP e IVDFVD. A análise estatística dos dados foi baseada em ANOVA para medidas repetidas seguidos pelo teste de Bonferroni (P<0.05%). RESULTADOS: O volume e tempo para ressuscitação foram maiores no grupo III do que no grupo II (Grupo III = 1305±331ml e Grupo II = 965±245ml; p<0.05 e Grupo III = 24.8± 4.7min e Grupo II = 8.8 ± 1.3 min, p<0.01, respectivamente). Todos os parâmetros estáticos e dinâmicos, bem como os biomarcadores de oxigenação tecidual foram afetados pelo choque hemorrágico e quase todos os parâmetros foram totalmente restaurados após a reanimação em ambos os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Neste estudo em modelo de choque hemorrágico, a reanimação guiada pelo VPP utilizou menor quantidade de fluido e menor quantidade de tempo do que quando guiado por IVDFVD derivado de cateter de artéria pulmonar.

INTRODUCTION: Different hemodynamic parameters, including static indicators of cardiac preload as right ventricular end-diastolic volume index (RVEDVI) and dynamic parameters as pulse pressure variation (PPV) have been used in the decision-making process regarding volume expansion in critically ill patients. The objective of this study was to compare fluid resuscitation guided by either PPV or RVEDVI after experimentally-induced hemorrhagic shock. METHODS: 26 anesthetized and mechanically ventilated pigs were allocated into control (Group-I), PPV (Group-II) and RVEDVI (Group- III). Hemorrhagic shock was induced by blood withdrawal to target mean arterial pressure of 40mmHg, maintained for 60 minutes. Parameters were measured at baseline, time of shock, sixty minutes after shock, immediately after resuscitation with hydroxyethyl starch 6% (130/0.4), one hour and two hours thereafter. The endpoint of fluid resuscitation was determined as the baseline values of PPV and RVEDVI. Statistical analysis of data was based on ANOVA for repeated measures followed by the Bonferroni test (P<0.05). RESULTS: Volume and time to resuscitation were higher in Group-III than in Group-II (Group-III = 1305±331ml and Group-II = 965±245ml; p<0.05 and Group-IIII = 24.8±4.7min and Group-II = 8.8±1.3 min, p<0.05, respectively). All static and dynamic parameters and biomarkers of tissue oxygenation were affected by hemorrhagic shock and nearly all parameters were restored after resuscitation in both groups. CONCLUSION: In the proposed model of hemorrhagic shock, resuscitation to the established endpoints was achieved within a smaller amount of time and with less volume when guided by PPV than when guided by pulmonary artery catheter-derived RVEDVI.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the sedative effects of azaperone and its association with xylazine or dexmedetomidine in swine, as well as verifying the possibility of the butyrophenone agent to counterbalance the effects caused by 2-adreneceptor agonists on the cardiovascular and hemodynamic parameters. For this, eighteen healthy swines of the Dambread X MS 50 lineage aged 50 days-old, weighing around 17.3kg (±1.7) were used. All animals were submitted an isoflurane anesthesia by face mask throughout the period of instrumentation. Basal parameters were measured 30 minutes after recovering from general anesthesia. All swines were randomly assigned into three groups of six animals each: AG (azaperone 2mg kg-1 + sodium chloride 0.5ml - IM), ADG (azaperone 2mg kg-1 + dexmedetomidine 3µg kg-1 - IM) and AXG (azaperone 2mg kg-1 + xylazine 2mg kg-1 - IM). Parameters were again measured at the following times: 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after administrating the corresponding drugs to each group. The heart rate had its values reduced in all groups; however this reduction was more significative in AXG. During the study was not observed a biphasic effect over the arterial pressure with an initial increase followed by a gradual decrease. AXG presented reduction of PaO2 and an increase in PaCO2 as well as a better sedative effect. The results allow to conclude that the association of azaperone with xylazine promoted a better tranquilization and muscular relaxation.

O estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito sedativo do azaperone e de sua associação com a xilazina ou dexmedetomidina na espécie suína, assim como verificar a possibilidade de o agente butirofenônico contrabalançar os efeitos causados pelos agonistas 2-adrenérgicos nos parâmetros cardiovasculares. Foram estudados 18 suínos hígidos da linhagem Dambread X MS 50, de 50 dias de idade, pesando 17,3kg (±1,7). Todos os animais foram submetidos a anestesia com isofluorano para instrumentação necessária ao protocolo experimental e, 30 minutos após a recuperação anestésicas, os parâmetros basais foram mensurados e os animais alocados aleatoriamente em três grupos de seis animais cada: GA (Azaperone 2mg kg-1 + Cloreto de sódio 0,5ml - IM), GAD (Azaperone 2mg kg-1 + Dexmedetomidina 3µg kg-1 - IM), GAX (Azaperone 2mg kg-1 + Xilazina 2mg kg-1 - IM). Os parâmetros foram novamente avaliados aos 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos após administração dos fármacos correspondentes aos grupos do estudo. A frequência cardíaca teve seus valores reduzidos em todos os grupos, porém essa redução foi maior no GAX. Durante o estudo não foi observado efeito bifásico sobre a pressão arterial, com hipertensão seguida de hipotensão. O GAX apresentou redução de PaO2 e aumento de PaCO2, assim como observou-se melhor efeito sedativo nesse grupo. Os resultados permitem concluir que a associação de azaperone com xilazina promoveu melhor sedação e miorrelaxamento e menor resposta a estímulos.