RESUMO

The emergence of secondary forests in deforested tropical regions represents an opportunity to mitigate biodiversity loss and climate change, but there is still debate on how fast and to which level these forests can recover biodiversity. Recent studies have shown that the recovery of plant and vertebrate species richness is relatively fast, but the pace of recovery for other groups remains unclear. Soil macroinvertebrates play critical roles on litter decomposition and seed dispersal, therefore the pace of their recovery has consequences for the entire forest ecosystem. We investigated how fast broad taxonomic groups of soil macrofauna recover in the first 30 years of forest regeneration using forests older than 50 years as reference. We surveyed the number, diversity and abundance of 19 broad taxonomic groups of soil macrofauna in 85 sites located in Brazilian Amazon, covering forests of different ages and clearing frequencies. Forest age and clearing frequency were obtained accurately from Landsat images in forests up to 30 years old. We used regression analysis to determine (a) the effects forest age and clearing frequency on macrofauna groups in secondary forests up to 30 years old; and (b) the changes in macrofauna groups between young forests (up to 10 years old), median age forests (between 10 and 30 years old) and forests older than 50 years. We found that the number and diversity of macrofauna groups recover rapidly in the first 10 years of forest regrowth, but show slower change among older forests. This rapid recovery was also observed in the abundance of several taxonomic groups and for predators and detritivores as functional groups. Forest clearing frequency had no effect on the number or the diversity of macrofauna groups, but the abundance of ants increased as forest was cleared more often. Our results for soil macrofauna align with those in plant and vertebrate studies showing that secondary forests quickly recover a large part of their biodiversity and ecological functions. Therefore, global-scale conservation strategies are needed to ensure the opportunity for secondary forests to grow. ​.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The effectiveness of a program of payment for environmental services (PES) in the Brazilian Amazon was analyzed through an accurate mapping of deforested areas. The Bolsa Floresta Program (BFP) in Amazonas state (Brazil) was chosen as an example of a PES program that aims to compensate farmers for their commitment to zero deforestation of primary forests while opening swiddens only in secondary vegetation areas. However, the official measurement of opened swiddens is not effective since only deforested areas larger than 6.25 ha are mapped, whereas most areas opened for cassava crops are approximately 1 ha in size. The effectiveness of the BFP was evaluated in the Uatumã Sustainable Development Reserve (SDR). We tested a methodology for mapping areas from 0.45 ha upwards that have been opened for cassava swiddens. The years 2006 (before the implementation of the BFP), 2011, 2015 and 2019 were analyzed. The results indicated that 88% of the areas opened for swiddens were between 0.45 and 6.25 ha in size. After the implantation of the BFP, the cumulative total deforested area decreased, and there was a reduction in deforested areas in primary forests. An intensification of swidden cultivation was also observed, which could cause a decline in productivity. The monitoring by land-use zoning showed that the majority of opened areas were located in intensive use zones, following the rules of the SDR management plan. The results show the efforts of local families to fulfill the BFP rules.

A efetividade de um programa de pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA) na Amazônia brasileira foi analisada através de um mapeamento detalhado de áreas desmatadas. O Programa Bolsa Floresta (PBF), no estado do Amazonas (Brasil), foi escolhido como um exemplo de PSA que visa compensar agricultores por aderirem ao desmatamento zero da floresta primária ao abrir roças somente em áreas de capoeira. Porém, a medição oficial das roças não é efetiva, visto que apenas áreas desmatadas maiores que 6,25 ha estão sendo mapeadas, enquanto a maioria das áreas abertas para cultivo de mandioca possuem áreas de aproximadamente 1 ha. A eficácia do PBF foi avaliada na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (RDS) do Uatumã. Testamos uma metodologia de mapeamento de áreas a partir de 0,45 ha abertas para roças de mandioca. Foram analisados ​​os anos de 2006 (antes da implantação do PBF), 2011, 2015 e 2019. Os resultados indicam que 88% das áreas abertas para roças tinham entre 0,45 e 6,25 ha. Após a implantação do PBF, a área total desmatada acumulada diminuiu e houve redução das áreas desmatadas em floresta primária. Também observamos uma intensificação da roça, o que pode ocasionar queda na produtividade. O monitoramento do zoneamento do uso da terra mostrou que a maioria das áreas abertas estão localizadas na zona de uso intensivo, seguindo as regras do plano de manejo da RDS. Os resultados mostraram os esforços das famílias para cumprir as regras do BFP.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT The effectiveness of a program of payment for environmental services (PES) in the Brazilian Amazon was analyzed through an accurate mapping of deforested areas. The Bolsa Floresta Program (BFP) in Amazonas state (Brazil) was chosen as an example of a PES program that aims to compensate farmers for their commitment to zero deforestation of primary forests while opening swiddens only in secondary vegetation areas. However, the official measurement of opened swiddens is not effective since only deforested areas larger than 6.25 ha are mapped, whereas most areas opened for cassava crops are approximately 1 ha in size. The effectiveness of the BFP was evaluated in the Uatumã Sustainable Development Reserve (SDR). We tested a methodology for mapping areas from 0.45 ha upwards that have been opened for cassava swiddens. The years 2006 (before the implementation of the BFP), 2011, 2015 and 2019 were analyzed. The results indicated that 88% of the areas opened for swiddens were between 0.45 and 6.25 ha in size. After the implantation of the BFP, the cumulative total deforested area decreased, and there was a reduction in deforested areas in primary forests. An intensification of swidden cultivation was also observed, which could cause a decline in productivity. The monitoring by land-use zoning showed that the majority of opened areas were located in intensive use zones, following the rules of the SDR management plan. The results show the efforts of local families to fulfill the BFP rules.

RESUMO A efetividade de um programa de pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA) na Amazônia brasileira foi analisada através de um mapeamento detalhado de áreas desmatadas. O Programa Bolsa Floresta (PBF), no estado do Amazonas (Brasil), foi escolhido como um exemplo de PSA que visa compensar agricultores por aderirem ao desmatamento zero da floresta primária ao abrir roças somente em áreas de capoeira. Porém, a medição oficial das roças não é efetiva, visto que apenas áreas desmatadas maiores que 6,25 ha estão sendo mapeadas, enquanto a maioria das áreas abertas para cultivo de mandioca possuem áreas de aproximadamente 1 ha. A eficácia do PBF foi avaliada na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (RDS) do Uatumã. Testamos uma metodologia de mapeamento de áreas a partir de 0,45 ha abertas para roças de mandioca. Foram analisados os anos de 2006 (antes da implantação do PBF), 2011, 2015 e 2019. Os resultados indicam que 88% das áreas abertas para roças tinham entre 0,45 e 6,25 ha. Após a implantação do PBF, a área total desmatada acumulada diminuiu e houve redução das áreas desmatadas em floresta primária. Também observamos uma intensificação da roça, o que pode ocasionar queda na produtividade. O monitoramento do zoneamento do uso da terra mostrou que a maioria das áreas abertas estão localizadas na zona de uso intensivo, seguindo as regras do plano de manejo da RDS. Os resultados mostraram os esforços das famílias para cumprir as regras do BFP.

RESUMO

The effectiveness of a program of payment for environmental services (PES) in the Brazilian Amazon was analyzed through an accurate mapping of deforested areas. The Bolsa Floresta Program (BFP) in Amazonas state (Brazil) was chosen as an example of a PES program that aims to compensate farmers for their commitment to zero deforestation of primary forests while opening swiddens only in secondary vegetation areas. However, the official measurement of opened swiddens is not effective since only deforested areas larger than 6.25 ha are mapped, whereas most areas opened for cassava crops are approximately 1 ha in size. The effectiveness of the BFP was evaluated in the Uatumã Sustainable Development Reserve (SDR). We tested a methodology for mapping areas from 0.45 ha upwards that have been opened for cassava swiddens. The years 2006 (before the implementation of the BFP), 2011, 2015 and 2019 were analyzed. The results indicated that 88% of the areas opened for swiddens were between 0.45 and 6.25 ha in size. After the implantation of the BFP, the cumulative total deforested area decreased, and there was a reduction in deforested areas in primary forests. An intensification of swidden cultivation was also observed, which could cause a decline in productivity. The monitoring by land-use zoning showed that the majority of opened areas were located in intensive use zones, following the rules of the SDR management plan. The results show the efforts of local families to fulfill the BFP rules.(AU)

A efetividade de um programa de pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA) na Amazônia brasileira foi analisada através de um mapeamento detalhado de áreas desmatadas. O Programa Bolsa Floresta (PBF), no estado do Amazonas (Brasil), foi escolhido como um exemplo de PSA que visa compensar agricultores por aderirem ao desmatamento zero da floresta primária ao abrir roças somente em áreas de capoeira. Porém, a medição oficial das roças não é efetiva, visto que apenas áreas desmatadas maiores que 6,25 ha estão sendo mapeadas, enquanto a maioria das áreas abertas para cultivo de mandioca possuem áreas de aproximadamente 1 ha. A eficácia do PBF foi avaliada na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (RDS) do Uatumã. Testamos uma metodologia de mapeamento de áreas a partir de 0,45 ha abertas para roças de mandioca. Foram analisados ​​os anos de 2006 (antes da implantação do PBF), 2011, 2015 e 2019. Os resultados indicam que 88% das áreas abertas para roças tinham entre 0,45 e 6,25 ha. Após a implantação do PBF, a área total desmatada acumulada diminuiu e houve redução das áreas desmatadas em floresta primária. Também observamos uma intensificação da roça, o que pode ocasionar queda na produtividade. O monitoramento do zoneamento do uso da terra mostrou que a maioria das áreas abertas estão localizadas na zona de uso intensivo, seguindo as regras do plano de manejo da RDS. Os resultados mostraram os esforços das famílias para cumprir as regras do BFP.(AU)

Assuntos