RESUMO
Introduction: Language production is a finely regulated process, with many aspects which still elude comprehension. From a motor perspective, speech involves over a hundred different muscles functioning in coordination. As science and technology evolve, new approaches are used to study speech production and treat its disorders, and there is growing interest in the use of non-invasive modulation by means of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Methods: Here we analyzed data obtained from Scopus (Elsevier) using VOSViewer to provide an overview of bibliographic mapping of citation, co-occurrence of keywords, co-citation and bibliographic coupling of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) use in speech research. Results: In total, 253 documents were found, being 55% from only three countries (USA, Germany and Italy), with emerging economies such as Brazil and China becoming relevant in this topic recently. Most documents were published in this last decade, with 2022 being the most productive yet, showing brain stimulation has untapped potential for the speech research field. Discussion: Keyword analysis indicates a move away from basic research on the motor control in healthy speech, toward clinical applications such as stuttering and aphasia treatment. We also observe a recent trend in cerebellar modulation for clinical treatment. Finally, we discuss how NIBS have established over the years and gained prominence as tools in speech therapy and research, and highlight potential methodological possibilities for future research.
RESUMO
Early identification and adequate treatment of children who stutter is important, since it has an impact on speech development. Considering the importance of aiding pediatricians to recognize children at risk for developing persistent stuttering, the aim of the present study was to correlate speech fluency characteristics of children, whose parents reported stuttering behaviors, to the risk factors of persistent stuttering. The participants were 419 children aged 2:0 to 11:11 years, who were divided into two groups: children with stuttering complaints (CSC), composed of children whose parents reported the presence of stuttering behaviors; and children with no stuttering complaint (CNSCs), composed of children with no stuttering behaviors. Risk variables were gathered based on a questionnaire answered by parents involving the following variables: sex, presence of family history of stuttering, whether stuttering behaviors were observed for more than 12 months, whether stuttering behaviors began before 5 years of age, increased effort to speak (i.e., syllable and sound repetitions and fixed articulatory positions), negative family attitude towards the child's speech, and negative attitude towards the child's own speech. The diagnosis of stuttering was determined by a formal speech assessment by a pathologist (SLP). The risk analysis indicated that increased effort to speak, negative family attitude towards the child's speech, and complaints of stuttering for more than 12 months were associated with a higher risk of stuttering in children. Therefore, when pediatricians are faced with complaints about the presence of stuttering behaviors and these factors are present, they should immediately refer the patient to an SLP for specific assessment.
Assuntos
Gagueira , Criança , Humanos , Pediatras , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Fala , Gagueira/diagnóstico , Gagueira/terapiaRESUMO
As áreas clínica e de avaliação psicológica, embora mantenham estreito contato, nem sempre se relacionam harmonicamente, e muitas vezes os conhecimentos nelas produzidos se contradizem. Este trabalho abordou uma dessas situações, referente ao diagnóstico de um paciente com gagueira. Embora a avaliação psicológica sustente a inadequação do uso de técnicas verbais para esses indivíduos, a clínica revelou os malefícios causados quando eles são poupados de falar. Assim, é apresentada a avaliação de um paciente disfluente, realizada por meio de uma entrevista e do procedimento de desenhos-estórias. Os dados foram analisados sob o referencial psicanalítico, agregado a estudos referentes à dimensão subjetiva da gagueira. A avaliação revelou conteúdos relacionados à condição psíquica do paciente como o sofrimento e os ganhos ocasionados pela patologia. São debatidas as limitações e potencialidades do procedimento de desenhos-estórias na compreensão da subjetividade da pessoa disfluente, bem como os benefícios terapêuticos que ele proporcionou ao paciente.
Despite being in close contact with one another, the Clinical area and the Psychological Evaluation one are not always harmoniously related. The knowledge produced by both of them is often contradictory. The present paper deals with one of these situations which refers to the diagnosis of a patient who speaks with a stutter. Although the Psychological Evaluation claims that the use of oral techniques with such patients is inadequate, the Clinical one has revealed the harm caused to them when they are prevented from speaking. The evaluation of a patient who is not fluent is presented - it has been carried out through an interview and a Drawings-Stories Procedure. The data have been analyzed under a psychoanalytical reference which has been added to studies that refer to the subjective dimension of the stutter. The evaluation has revealed contents related to the patients psychic condition such as suffering and pathological benefits. There has been a debate over the limitations and potentialities of the Drawings-Stories Procedure in the understanding of the subjectivity of the person who is not fluent, as well as the therapeutic benefits with which it has provided the patient.
Las áreas clínica y de evaluación psicológica, aunque mantengan estrecho contacto, no siempre se relacionan harmonicamente, porque muchas veces los conocimientos producidos en ellas se contradicen. Este trabajo abordó una de esas situaciones, referente al diagnóstico de un paciente con tartamudez. Aunque la evaluación psicológica sustente La inadecuación del uso de técnicas verbales para esos individuos, la clínica reveló los males causados cuando ellos no practican el habla. Así, se presenta la evaluación de un paciente afásico, realizada por medio de una entrevista y del procedimiento de dibujos-historias. Los datos fueron analizados con un referencial psicoanalítico, agregado a estudios relativos a la dimensión subjetiva de la tartamudez. La evaluación reveló contenidos relacionados a La condición psíquica del paciente como el sufrimiento y los beneficios ocasionados por la patología. Se debaten las limitaciones y potencialidades del procedimiento de dibujos-historias en la comprensión de la subjetividad de la persona afásica, así como los beneficios terapêuticos que proporcionó al paciente.
RESUMO
Este estudo investigou, nos relatos de pessoas gagas não submetidas à terapia para a gagueira, as estratégias de enfrentamento empregadas para superar as dificuldades e enfrentar as situações de comunicação. Os participantes foram três homens e uma mulher, com idades variando entre 31 e 54 anos, gagos desde a infância, sem nenhuma outra história de doença neurológica ou dano cerebral. As entrevistas foram gravadas em áudio e amostras de fala dos participantes, nas situações de conversa espontânea e de leitura, foram gravadas em vídeo. Essas amostras foram utilizadas na avaliação da severidade da gagueira. A análise dos resultados mostrou que os participantes adquiriram, ao longo de suas vidas, estratégias de enfrentamento eficientes para lidar com sua fala, como as instruções, a preparação prévia do conteúdo da fala e o parar e recomeçar. Muitas das estratégias de enfrentamento, utilizadas pelos participantes, encontram respaldo na literatura especializada, em termos de eficácia.
The present paper intends to investigate, by using reports of people who stutter and who are not undergoing therapy for their stuttering, the coping (strategies) used to overcome their difficulties and face situations involving communication. The participants were three men and one woman, with ages varying between 31 and 54, stutterers since childhood, with no other history of neurological disease or brain damage. The interviews were recorded in audio, and speech samples of the participants, in situations of spontaneous conversation and reading, were recorded on video. These samples were utilized in evaluating the severity of the stuttering. Analysis of the results showed the participants acquired, throughout their lives, efficient ways to cope with their stuttering. Some of the coping (strategies) are used by all of the participants, such as rules, previous preparation of the subject of speech and stopping and starting. Many of the coping utilized by the participants can be found in specialized literature, in terms of efficiency.