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Hip arthroplasties are surgical procedures widely performed all over the world, seeking to return functionality, relieve pain, and improve the quality of life of patients affected by osteoarthritis, femoral neck fractures, osteonecrosis of the femoral head, among other etiologies. Periprosthetic joint infections are one of the most feared complications due to the high associated morbidity and mortality, with a high number of pathogens that may be associated with its etiology. The aim of the present study was to analyze aspects correlated with the occurrence of infection, diagnosis and prevention of periprosthetic joint infections in the hip associated with Staphylococcus aureus after corrective surgery for hip fractures. This is a systematic review of the literature carried out in the databases indexed in the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) carried out in accordance with the precepts established by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Twenty studies that addressed the diagnosis and prevention of periprosthetic joint infections after hip fractures were selected for analysis. It is observed that there is no consensus in the literature on preventive measures for the occurrence of such infectious processes. Among the risk factors for the occurrence and severity of infections by S. aureus after hip arthroplasties, obesity, longer surgical time, older age, immunosuppression, recent use of antibiotics, and multicomorbidities were mentioned. The use of biomarkers for early diagnosis, as well as screening, decolonization, and antibiotic prophylaxis processes are among the preventive procedures proposed in the literature.
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Staphylococci are well-known opportunistic pathogens associated with suppurative diseases in humans and animals. Antimicrobial resistance is an emergent threat to humans and animals worldwide. This study investigated the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. (MRS) in hospitalized horses and contacting personnel (veterinarians and staff), and assessed possible interspecies transmission in a teaching veterinary hospital. Nasal swabs from horses (n = 131) and humans (n = 35) were collected. The microorganisms were identified by traditional biochemical tests and genotypic methods, i.e., PCR, internal transcript spacer PCR (ITS-PCR), and gene sequencing. Staphylococcal species were isolated in 18% (23/131) of the horses, of which 8% (11/131) were S. hyicus, 4 % (5/131) were S. aureus, 4% (5/131) were S. pseudintermedius, and 2% (2/131) were S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans. The mecA gene was detected in an S. pseudintermedius isolate. Staphylococcus spp. was isolated in 40% (14/35) of the human samples, all of which were S. aureus. In four samples of S. aureus, the clonal profile ST398 was identified; among them, a clonal similarity of 98.1% was observed between a horse and a contacting human. This finding supports the need for biosecurity measures to avoid the spread of multidrug-resistant staphylococci in humans and horses.
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Doenças dos Cavalos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Cavalos , Animais , Humanos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Staphylococcus aureus , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/veterinária , Resistência a Meticilina , Hospitais Veterinários , Staphylococcus/genética , Doenças dos Cavalos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Abstract Hip arthroplasties are surgical procedures widely performed all over the world, seeking to return functionality, relieve pain, and improve the quality of life of patients affected by osteoarthritis, femoral neck fractures, osteonecrosis of the femoral head, among other etiologies. Periprosthetic joint infections are one of the most feared complications due to the high associated morbidity and mortality, with a high number of pathogens that may be associated with its etiology. The aim of the present study was to analyze aspects correlated with the occurrence of infection, diagnosis and prevention of periprosthetic joint infections in the hip associated with Staphylococcus aureus after corrective surgery for hip fractures. This is a systematic review of the literature carried out in the databases indexed in the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) carried out in accordance with the precepts established by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Twenty studies that addressed the diagnosis and prevention of periprosthetic joint infections after hip fractures were selected for analysis. It is observed that there is no consensus in the literature on preventive measures for the occurrence of such infectious processes. Among the risk factors for the occurrence and severity of infections by S. aureus after hip arthroplasties, obesity, longer surgical time, older age, immunosuppression, recent use of antibiotics, and multicomorbidities were mentioned. The use of biomarkers for early diagnosis, as well as screening, decolonization, and antibiotic prophylaxis processes are among the preventive procedures proposed in the literature.
Resumo As artroplastias de quadril são procedimentos cirúrgicos largamente realizados em todo o mundo buscando retorno da funcionalidade, alívio da dor e melhora da qualidade de vida dos pacientes acometidos por quadros de osteoartrite, fraturas de colo de fêmur e osteonecrose da cabeça femoral, dentre outras etiologias. As infecções articulares periprotéticas são uma das complicações mais temidas pela elevada morbimortalidade associada, com elevado número de patógenos que podem estar associados à sua etiologia. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar aspectos correlacionados à ocorrência da infecção, diagnóstico e prevenção de infecções articulares periprotéticas no quadril associadas a Staphylococcus aureus após cirurgia corretiva de fraturas de quadril. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática de literatura realizada nas bases de dados indexadas na Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE, na sigla em inglês) realizada de acordo com os preceitos estabelecidos pela metodologia Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA, na sigla em inglês). Foram selecionados para análise 20 estudos que abordavam o diagnóstico e prevenção de infecções articulares periprotéticas após fraturas de quadril. Observa-se que não há consenso na literatura sobre medidas preventivas para ocorrência de tais processo infecciosos. Dentre os fatores de risco para ocorrência e gravidade das infecções por S. aureus após artroplastias de quadril foram citados obesidade, maior tempo cirúrgico, maior idade, quadros de imunossupressão, uso recente de antibióticos e multicomorbidades. O uso de bio-marcadores para diagnóstico precoce, bem como processos de triagem, descolonização e antibioticoprofilaxia estão entre os procedimentos preventivos propostos na literatura.
Assuntos
Infecções Estafilocócicas , Artroplastia de Quadril , Prótese de QuadrilRESUMO
Pyomyositis is a deep muscle infection of bacterial origin and subacute, which can evolve with multiple intramuscular abscesses. Despite being characterized as an affection of tropical zones, its incidence in temperate zones has been increasing due to immunosuppression factors, such as infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and some types of immunosuppressive treatments. Even though it has been known for over a century, it is a rare and potentially serious condition that can lead to septic shock and death. This is a case report of a descriptive nature, which found the relevance of knowledge about this condition for an early diagnosis, enabling positive prognostic repercussions.
A piomiosite é uma infecção muscular profunda, de origem bacteriana e caráter subagudo, que pode evoluir com abcessos intramusculares múltiplos. Apesar de ser caracterizada como uma afecção de zonas tropicais, sua incidência em zonas temperadas vem aumentando por fatores de imunossupressão, como a infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e alguns tipos de tratamentos imunossupressivos. Mesmo sendo conhecida há mais de um século, é uma condição rara e potencialmente grave, podendo levar ao choque séptico e óbito. Trata-se de um relato de caso de caráter descritivo, que constatou a relevância do conhecimento desta afecção para um diagnóstico precoce, possibilitando repercussões prognósticas positivas.
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INTRODUCCIÓN: La piomiositis es una infección bacteriana agudasubaguda del músculo esquelético. OBJETIVO: Estimar la incidencia de piomiositis en pacientes internados, describir e identificar factores de riesgo para bacteriemia y hospitalización, y evaluar diferencias entre Staphylococccus aureus sensible y resistente a meticilina (SASM y SARM). PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, observacional, con pacientes de 1 mes a 18 años de edad, internados entre el 1 de enero de 2008 y 31 de diciembre de 2018. Variables: sexo, edad, hacinamiento en el hogar, existencia de lesión previa, estacionalidad, localización anatómica e imágenes, antibioterapia previa, estadio clínico, parámetros de laboratorio, cultivos y antibiograma, días de tratamiento intravenoso (IV), de internación, de fiebre y bacteriemia. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 188 pacientes. Incidencia: 38,9 casos / 10.000 admisiones (IC95 % 33,7 - 44,9). Días de internación y tratamiento IV: 11 (RQ 8-15 y RQ 8-14, respectivamente). El desarrollo de bacteriemia se asoció a PCR elevada (p = 0,03) y fiebre prolongada (p < 0,001). No hubo diferencias en la evolución y parámetros de laboratorio entre SASM y SARM. La leucocitosis (p = 0,004), neutrofilia (p = 0,005) y bacteriemia (p = 0,001) se asociaron a mayor estadía hospitalaria. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio recaba la experiencia de más de 10 años de niños internados con diagnóstico de piomiositis y proporciona información sobre sus características. Se describen parámetros asociados a bacteriemia y estadía hospitalaria.
BACKGROUND: Pyomyositis is an acute-subacute bacterial infection of skeletal muscle. AIM: To estimate the incidence of pyomyositis in hospitalized patients, describe and identify risk factors for bacteremia and hospitalization, and evaluate differences between MSSA and MRSA. METHODS: Descriptive, retrospective, observational study with patients aged 1 month to 18 years hospitalized between January, 1, 2008 and December 1, 2018. Variables: sex, age, home overcrowding, previous injury, seasonality, anatomical location and images, previous antibiotherapy, clinical stage, laboratory, cultures and antibiogram, days of intravenous (IV) treatment, hospitalization, fever and bacteremia. RESULTS: 188 patients were included. Incidence: 38.9 cases/10,000 admissions (95% CI 33.7 - 44.9). Days of hospitalization and IV treatment: 11 (RQ 8-15 and RQ 8-14, respectively). The development of bacteremia was associated with elevated CRP (p = 0.03) and prolonged fever (p < 0.001). There were no differences in the evolution and laboratory parameters between MSSA and MRSA. Leukocytosis (p = 0.004), neutrophilia (p = 0.005), and bacteremia (p = 0.001) were associated with a longer hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: This study collects the experience of more than 10 years of hospitalized children diagnosed with pyomyositis and provides information on its characteristics. Parameters associated with bacteremia and hospital stay are described.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Piomiosite/epidemiologia , Argentina/epidemiologia , Drenagem/métodos , Incidência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Bacteriemia/epidemiologia , Polimiosite/cirurgia , Polimiosite/microbiologia , Polimiosite/diagnóstico por imagem , Distribuição por Idade , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Hospitais Pediátricos , Tempo de InternaçãoRESUMO
ABSTRACT Molecular imaging markers can be used to differentiate between infection and aseptic inflammation, determine the severity of infection, and monitor treatment responses. One of these markers is ubiquicidin(29-41) (UBI), a cationic peptide fragment that binds to the bacterial membrane wall and is labeled with gallium-68 (68Ga), a positron emitter radioisotope. The use of UBI in positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) for improved detection of lesions has been receiving considerable attention recently. Herein, we report the first case of 68Ga-UBI PET/CT performed in Brazil. The patient was a 39-year-old woman referred for a scan to confirm a clinical suspicion of chronic osteomyelitis of her fractured left tibia. PET images revealed radiotracer uptake near the posterior contour of the tibial fracture focus and the fixation plate, in the soft tissue around the distal half of the tibia, and in the non-consolidated fracture of the left distal fibula. Surgery for local cleaning was performed, and culture of a specimen collected from the surgical site confirmed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. In the present case, 68Ga-UBI PET/CT, a non-invasive imaging modality, identified the infection foci in vivo, indicating its potential for clinical use.
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RESUMEN Fundamento : las infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria y de la comunidad causadas por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina, constituyen un problema de salud en el mundo. Esta situación se asocia al uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos y a la mutagénesis bacteriana, por tanto, el desarrollo de nuevos productos con actividad antimicrobiana constituye una prioridad para Cuba. Objetivo : evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana de la peroxiadenosina en cultivo in vitro de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina. Métodos : se realizó un estudio experimental de laboratorio en un modelo biológico (cultivo microbiano) en el Hospital Universitario Amalia Simoni de la provincia Camagüey, desde enero de 2016 hasta julio de 2020. La muestra se conformó con 60 cultivos biológicos de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a la meticilina, mediante un muestreo aleatorio simple, distribuidos en dos grupos, cada uno con 30 cultivos. Un grupo correspondió a una cepa salvaje de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a la meticilina, obtenida de la colección de cultivos del hospital y el otro a la cepa de referencia (ATCC 25923) de la American Type Culture Collection. Se estudiaron las variables: formación y concentración de la peroxiadenosina, preservación de la estructura aromática de la adenosina y el patrón de susceptibilidad a la meticilina. Resultados : la peroxiadenosina se formó a partir de la interacción del peróxido de hidrógeno con la adenosina. Los cultivos de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a la meticilina se mostraron sensibles a las concentraciones de peroxiadenosina sin diluir y 1:2, demostrado por la presencia de halos de inhibición en el cultivo. Conclusiones : la inhibición del crecimiento de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a la meticilina por la peroxiadenosina sugiere su evaluación como un nuevo producto antibacteriano eficaz contra este microorganismo.
ABSTRACT Background: infections associated with healthcare and the community caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) constitutes a health problem in the world. This situation is associated with the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials and bacterial mutagenesis, therefore, the development of new products with antimicrobial activity is a priority for Cuba. Objective: to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of peroxyadenosine in vitro culture of MRSA. Methods: an experimental laboratory study was carried out in a biological model (microbial culture) at the Amalia Simoni Hospital in Camagüey province, from January 2016 to July 2020. The sample consisted of 60 biological cultures through simple random sampling, distributed in two groups with 30 crops of each investigated layer. One group corresponded to a wild MRSA strain, obtained from the hospital culture collection and the other to the reference strain (ATCC 25923) from the American Type Culture Collection. The studied variables were: formation and concentration of peroxyadenosine, preservation of the aromatic structure of adenosine and the pattern of susceptibility to methicillin. Results: peroxyadenosine was formed from the interaction of hydrogen peroxide with adenosine. The MRSA cultures were sensitive to 1: 2 undiluted peroxyadenosine concentrations, demonstrated by the presence of inhibition halos in the culture. Conclusions: the inhibition of MRSA growth by peroxyadenosine suggests its evaluation as a new antibacterial product effective against this microorganism.
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BACKGROUND: Infective endocarditis (IE) secondary to Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) has high morbidity and mortality. The systematic use of echocardiography in SAB is controversial. We aimed to validate VIRSTA and Predicting Risk of Endocarditis Using a Clinical Tool (PREDICT) scores for predicting the risk of IE in Colombian patients with SAB and, consequently, to determine the need for echocardiography. METHODS: Cohort of patients hospitalized with SAB in 2 high complexity institutions in Medellin, Colombia, between 2012 and 2018. The diagnosis of IE was established based on the modified Duke criteria. The VIRSTA and PREDICT scores were calculated from the clinical records, and their operational performance was calculated. RESULTS: The final analysis included 922 patients, 62 (6.7%) of whom were diagnosed with IE. The frequency of IE in patients with a negative VIRSTA scale was 0.44% (2/454). The frequency of IE in patients with a negative PREDICT scale on day 5 was 4.8% (30/622). The sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) of the VIRSTA scale was 96.7% and 99.5%, respectively. For the PREDICT scale on day 5, the sensitivity and NPV were 51.6% and 95.1%, respectively. The discrimination, given by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, was 0.86 for VIRSTA and 0.64 for PREDICT. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with negative VIRSTA, screening echocardiography may be unnecessary because of the low frequency of IE. In PREDICT-negative patients, despite the low frequency of IE, it is not safe to omit echocardiography.
Assuntos
Bacteriemia , Endocardite Bacteriana , Endocardite , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Bacteriemia/diagnóstico , Ecocardiografia , Endocardite Bacteriana/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Staphylococcus aureusRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare primary immunodeficiency. Infections of lung, skin, lymph nodes, and liver are the hallmark of CGD and frequently the initial manifestation of the disease. The aim of the present paper is to describe the sites of infections and their causative agents in 38 pediatric patients with CGD. METHODS: This retrospective, single-center cohort study included CGD patients followed at the allergy and immunology unit of a tertiary hospital in São Paulo, Brazil over the last 40 years. Sites of infections and their causative agents were described. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients were included (36 males). The median age of onset of symptoms was 45 days (ranging from 7 days-7 years), and the median age at diagnosis was 23 months (ranging from 1 month-12 years). In all, 31.6% of the patients reported a family history of child deaths and 21% (eight cases) had another male family member with CGD. The most common infections were pneumonia (81.6%), skin infections (50.0%), adenitis (42.1%), and liver abscess (23.7%); 188 cultures were positive (85.6% bacteria; 14.4% fungi). The most prevalent bacterial agents were Staphylococcus sp. (12.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (11.2%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.3%). Aspergillus sp. and Candida sp. were 56% and 22.2% of the isolated fungi, respectively. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated in 5.6% and Mycobacterium bovis in one patient (0.9%). CONCLUSION: Staphylococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus sp. were the most frequent agents found in this cohort. M. tuberculosis should be considered in endemic area. Detection of infectious agents drives to the adequate treatment and benefits the evolution of patients with CGD.
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Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Doença Granulomatosa Crônica/complicações , Micoses/microbiologia , Bactérias/imunologia , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecções Bacterianas/imunologia , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Fungos/imunologia , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Doença Granulomatosa Crônica/imunologia , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Micoses/diagnóstico , Micoses/imunologia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Staphylococcus spp. vem ganhando destaque em infecções na corrente sanguínea (ICS), apresentando alta prevalência, multirresistência e considerável poder de letalidade. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a prevalência e traçar o perfil de sensibilidade das espécies de Staphylococcus spp. isoladas de amostras de hemoculturas positivas obtidas de um hospital de atenção terciária da rede pública do Ceará, no período de janeiro de 2015 a dezembro de 2018. Dos 3292 exames de hemocultura realizados, apenas 15,88% tiveram resultado positivo, dos quais 24,85% eram cocos Gram positivos. S. aureus representou 1,53% das hemoculturas positivas com 50% das cepas resistentes à oxacilina. Os isolados de Staphylococcus sp. coagulase negativo obtiveram prevalência de 10,89%, representados por: S. epidermidis (n=23), S. haemolyticus (n=17), S. hominis (n=13), S. saprophyticus (n=2) e S. warneri (n=2). Verificou-se multirresistência em diversos isolados analisados, apresentando variações intra e interespécies. Portanto, nossos achados melhoram o entendimento da epidemiologia das ICS causadas por Staphylococcus spp., na instituição de estudo, bem como seu perfil de sensibilidade. A identificação precoce do agente infeccioso auxilia na escolha adequada do tratamento, aumentando as chances de cura e reduzindo o tempo de internação do paciente. (AU)
Staphylococcus spp. has been highlighted among bloodstream infections (BI), presenting high prevalence, multidrug resistance and considerable lethality. The present study aimed to analyze the prevalence and the susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from positive blood cultures from a tertiary care public hospital of Ceará, from January 2015 to December 2018. Of the 3292 blood cultures performed during this period, only 15.88% were positive, of which 24.85% were Gram positive cocci. S. aureus represented 1.53% of positive blood cultures, of which 50% were oxacilin resistant. Isolates of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. showed a prevalence of 10.89%, represented by: S. epidermidis (n = 23), S. haemolyticus (n = 17), S. hominis (n = 13), S. saprophyticus (n = 2) and S. warneri (n = 2). Multiresistance occurrence was verified in several of the analyzed isolates, presenting intra and inters species variations. Therefore, our findings improve the understanding of the epidemiology of BI caused by Staphylococcus spp. in the studied institution, as well as its susceptibility profile. Early identification of the infectious agent might aid in the appropriate choice of treatment, increasing the chance of cure and reducing the patient length stay in hospital. (AU)
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Humanos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Staphylococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Prevalência , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Retrospectivos , HemoculturaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objectives: to establish the prevalence of salvage of central venous catheters in newborns with bloodstream infection caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Methods: retrospective cross-sectional study with 136 newborns admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit between 2011 and 2017. The total of 143 infection events undergoing antibiotic therapy were evaluated. Results: among the 143 infection events, 39 catheters in which antibiotic therapy was used were saved and in 69 cases, the device was removed. Positive central blood culture and single lumen catheter were factors associated with salvage failure. The probability of salvage decreased with infections diagnosed from 15 days of using the catheter. Negative blood culture raised the chance of salvage by fourfold. Conclusions: the use of antibiotic therapy in the treatment of infections resulted in a low prevalence of salvage of the central venous catheter. The probability of salvage was associated with variables of the device.
RESUMEN Objetivos: establecer la prevalencia de rescate de catéteres venosos centrales en recién nacidos con infección del torrente sanguíneo causada por estafilococos coagulasa negativos. Métodos: estudio transversal retrospectivo con 136 recién nacidos ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales, entre 2011 y 2017. Se evaluaron 143 eventos de infección sometidos a terapia antibiótica. Resultados: de los 143 eventos de infección, se rescataron 39 catéteres en los que se utilizó antibioticoterapia y en 69 casos se retiró el dispositivo. El hemocultivo central positivo y el catéter de un lumen fueron factores asociados con el fracaso del rescate. La probabilidad de rescate disminuyó con las infecciones diagnosticadas a partir de los 15 días de uso del catéter. Los hemocultivos negativos multiplicaron por cuatro la posibilidad de recuperación. Conclusiones: el uso de terapia antibiótica en el tratamiento de infecciones resultó en una baja prevalencia de rescate del catéter venoso central. La probabilidad de rescate se asoció con las variables del dispositivo.
RESUMO Objetivos: estabelecer a prevalência de salvamento de cateteres venosos centrais em recém-nascidos com infecção de corrente sanguínea ocasionada por estafilococos coagulase-negativa. Métodos: estudo transversal, retrospectivo com 136 recém-nascidos internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal, entre 2011 a 2017. Foram avaliados 143 eventos de infecção submetidos à antibioticoterapia. Resultados: entre os 143 eventos de infecção, 39 cateteres nos quais se usou antibioticoterapia foram salvos e em 69 casos, o dispositivo foi removido. Hemocultura central positiva e cateter mono lúmen foram fatores associados à falha de salvamento. A probabilidade de salvamento diminuiu com infecções diagnosticadas a partir de 15 dias de uso do cateter. Hemocultura negativa elevou a chance de salvamento em quatro vezes. Conclusões: o uso da antibioticoterapia no tratamento das infecções resultou em baixa prevalência de salvamento do cateter venoso central. A probabilidade de salvamento mostrou-se associada às variáveis do dispositivo.
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Infective endocarditis (IE) is a microbial infection of the heart valves or the mural endocardium that leads to the formation of vegetations composed of thrombotic debris and microorganisms often associated with the destruction of the cardiac tissues. Most of the infections are bacterial (bacterial endocarditis), although fungi and other microorganisms can be etiological agents. Causative organisms differ among the major high-risk groups. Virulent microorganisms like Staphylococcus aureus, commonly found on the skin, can infect normal or deformed valves and are responsible for 20-30% of all IE cases. Staphylococcus aureus is the major offender in IE among intravenous drug abusers. Acute infective endocarditis is typically caused by infection of a previously normal heart valve by a highly virulent organism (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) that rapidly produces necrotizing and destructive lesions. These infections may be difficult to cure with antibiotics, and despite appropriate treatment, death can ensue within days to weeks. Here we present autopsy findings of a 31-year-old male patient who died of acute infective endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus as the causative organism.
RESUMO
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a microbial infection of the heart valves or the mural endocardium that leads to the formation of vegetations composed of thrombotic debris and microorganisms often associated with the destruction of the cardiac tissues. Most of the infections are bacterial (bacterial endocarditis), although fungi and other microorganisms can be etiological agents. Causative organisms differ among the major high-risk groups. Virulent microorganisms like Staphylococcus aureus, commonly found on the skin, can infect normal or deformed valves and are responsible for 20-30% of all IE cases. Staphylococcus aureus is the major offender in IE among intravenous drug abusers. Acute infective endocarditis is typically caused by infection of a previously normal heart valve by a highly virulent organism (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) that rapidly produces necrotizing and destructive lesions. These infections may be difficult to cure with antibiotics, and despite appropriate treatment, death can ensue within days to weeks. Here we present autopsy findings of a 31-year-old male patient who died of acute infective endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus as the causative organism.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Staphylococcus aureus , Endocardite Bacteriana/patologia , Autopsia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/patologiaRESUMO
Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas de las infecciones invasivas por Staphylococcus aureusen niños e identificar los factores pronósticos de gravedad y mortalidad.Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, en pacientes < 16 años hospitalizados en 2010-2015 por infecciones invasivas por S. aureus en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical, de Asunción, Paraguay. Los pacientes se distribuyeron según si habían requerido ingresar a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos o no, y se compararon variables clínicas, de laboratorio y evolutivas.Resultados: De los 107 pacientes incluidos, 50 (el 47 %) presentaron bacteremia; 50 (el 47 %), neumonía; y 21 (el 19 %), sepsis con focos múltiples. En los pacientes que ingresaron en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (el 41 %), el uso previo de antibiótico (p < 0,05), la presencia de bacteremia (p = 0,01), de comorbilidad (p < 0,05) y la presentación con focos sépticos múltiples (p < 0,01) fueron más frecuentes. La mortalidad global fue del 15 %. Factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad fueron, entre otros, la presencia, de hipotensión al ingresar (p < 0,01), focos sépticos múltiples (p < 0,01), bacteremia (p < 0,01), leucopenia (p < 0,01), anemia grave (p < 0,01) y acidosis metabólica (p < 0,01). Conclusiones: Los factores pronósticos de gravedad fueron el uso previo de antibióticos, la bacteremia, la presencia de comorbilidad y la presentación con focos sépticos múltiples. La mortalidad fue significativa; los factores de riesgo asociados fueron la presencia, al ingresar, de hipotensión, focos sépticos múltiples, leucopenia, anemia grave y acidosis metabólica
Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics of invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections in children and identify the prognostic factors of severity and mortality. Materials and methods: Observational study in patients < 16 years old hospitalized between 2010 and 2015 due to invasive S. aureus infections at the Instituto de Medicina Tropical, in Asunción, Paraguay. Patients were distributed based on whether or not they required admission to the intensive care unit, and clinical, laboratory, and evolutionary outcome measures were compared. Results: Out of the 107 included patients, 50 (47 %) developed bacteremia; 50 (47 %), pneumonia; and 21 (19 %), multifocal disease. Among the patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit (41 %), prior antibiotic use (p < 0.05), the presence of bacteremia (p = 0.01), the presence of comorbidities (p < 0.05), and multifocal disease (p < 0.01) were more frequent. The overall mortality rate was 15 %. The mortality-associated risk factors were the presence, at the time of admission, of hypotension (p < 0.01), multifocal disease (p < 0.01), bacteremia (p < 0.01), leukopenia (p < 0.01), severe anemia (p < 0.01), and metabolic acidosis (p < 0.01), among others. Conclusions: The prognostic factors of severity included prior antibiotic use, bacteremia, the presence of comorbidities, and presentation with multifocal disease. Mortality was significant; associated risk factors included the presence, at the time of admission, of hypotension, multifocal disease, leukopenia, severe anemia, and metabolic acidosis.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Staphylococcus aureus , Paraguai , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , HospitalizaçãoRESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción: El estafilococo dorado es una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad en el mundo. En Cuba, es un germen a tener en cuenta como causa de infección intrahospitalaria. Objetivo: Caracterizar, clínica y epidemiológicamente, una muestra de pacientes con infecciones causadas por estafilococo dorado. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en el Hospital Militar "Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy" de Matanzas, durante el período de enero a diciembre del año 2014. La población estuvo constituida por la totalidad de los pacientes hospitalizados con el diagnóstico de infección por estafilococo dorado (120 casos), identificados por el departamento de Microbiología; luego se revisaron las historias clínicas de las cuales se obtuvo la información. Resultados: Existió un predominio del sexo masculino (64,2 por ciento), los mayores de 60 años fueron los más afectados (36,7 por ciento). La diabetes mellitus fue la enfermedad asociada más frecuente (40,8 por ciento) y la mayoría de las infecciones fueron de origen comunitario (67,5 por ciento). Los aislamientos predominaron en las muestras tomadas de las lesiones en piel y los hemocultivos con un 50,8 por ciento y 19,2 por ciento, respectivamente. Se evidenció baja sensibilidad a la vancomicina (49,2 por ciento) y al cotrimoxazol (38,3 por ciento). Conclusiones: Las infecciones por estafilococo dorado fueron más frecuentes en pacientes masculinos geriátricos de su origen extrahospitalario. El germen presentó alta resistencia a los antibióticos y de estos, los aminoglucósidos mostraron la mayor sensibilidad antimicrobiana(AU)
Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. In Cuba, it is a germ to be taken into account as a cause of nosocomial infection. Objective: To characterize, clinically and epidemiologically, a sample of patients with infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted at the Military Hospital "Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy "of Matanzas, during the period from January to December of the year 2014. The population was constituted by all the patients hospitalized with the diagnosis of infection by Staphylococcus aureus (120 cases), identified by the department of Microbiology; then the medical records from which the information was obtained were reviewed. Results: There was a predominance of males (64.2 percent) those over 60 were the most affected (36.7 percent). Diabetes mellitus was the most frequent associated disease (40.8 percent) and the majority of infections were of community origin (67.5 percent). Positivity predominated in samples taken from skin lesions and blood cultures with 50.8 percent and 19.2 percent, respectively. Low sensitivity to vancomycin (49.2 percent) and cotrimoxazole (38.3 percent) was evidenced. Conclusions: Staphylococcus aureus infections were more frequent in geriatric male patients of out-of-hospital origin. The germ showed high resistance to antibiotics and of these, the aminoglycosides showed the highest antimicrobial sensitivity(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Infecções Estafilocócicas/sangue , Estudos Transversais , Hemocultura , Aminoglicosídeos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos , Epidemiologia DescritivaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics of invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections in children and identify the prognostic factors of severity and mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational study in patients < 16 years old hospitalized between 2010 and 2015 due to invasive S. aureus infections at the Instituto de Medicina Tropical, in Asunción, Paraguay. Patients were distributed based on whether or not they required admission to the intensive care unit, and clinical, laboratory, and evolutionary outcome measures were compared. RESULTS: Out of the 107 included patients, 50 (47 %) developed bacteremia; 50 (47 %), pneumonia; and 21 (19 %), multifocal disease. Among the patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit (41 %), prior antibiotic use (p < 0.05), the presence of bacteremia (p = 0.01), the presence of comorbidities (p < 0.05), and multifocal disease (p < 0.01) were more frequent. The overall mortality rate was 15 %. The mortality-associated risk factors were the presence, at the time of admission, of hypotension (p < 0.01), multifocal disease (p < 0.01), bacteremia (p < 0.01), leukopenia (p < 0.01), severe anemia (p < 0.01), and metabolic acidosis (p < 0.01), among others. CONCLUSIONS: The prognostic factors of severity included prior antibiotic use, bacteremia, the presence of comorbidities, and presentation with multifocal disease. Mortality was significant; associated risk factors included the presence, at the time of admission, of hypotension, multifocal disease, leukopenia, severe anemia, and metabolic acidosis.
Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas de las infecciones invasivas por Staphylococcus aureus en niños e identificar los factores pronósticos de gravedad y mortalidad. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, en pacientes < 16 años hospitalizados en 2010- 2015 por infecciones invasivas por S. aureus en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical, de Asunción, Paraguay. Los pacientes se distribuyeron según si habían requerido ingresar a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos o no, y se compararon variables clínicas, de laboratorio y evolutivas. Resultados: De los 107 pacientes incluidos, 50 (el 47 %) presentaron bacteremia; 50 (el 47 %), neumonía; y 21 (el 19 %), sepsis con focos múltiples. En los pacientes que ingresaron en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (el 41 %), el uso previo de antibiótico (p < 0,05), la presencia de bacteremia (p = 0,01), de comorbilidad (p < 0,05) y la presentación con focos sépticos múltiples (p < 0,01) fueron más frecuentes. La mortalidad global fue del 15 %. Factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad fueron, entre otros, la presencia, de hipotensión al ingresar (p < 0,01), focos sépticos múltiples (p < 0,01), bacteremia (p < 0,01), leucopenia (p < 0,01), anemia grave (p < 0,01) y acidosis metabólica (p < 0,01). Conclusiones: Los factores pronósticos de gravedad fueron el uso previo de antibióticos, la bacteremia, la presencia de comorbilidad y la presentación con focos sépticos múltiples. La mortalidad fue significativa; los factores de riesgo asociados fueron la presencia, al ingresar, de hipotensión, focos sépticos múltiples, leucopenia, anemia grave y acidosis metabólica.
Assuntos
Bacteriemia/epidemiologia , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/microbiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Infecções Estafilocócicas/mortalidadeRESUMO
Absctract Introduction: The emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant strains in hospitals, mainly in intensive care units (ICU), has become a serious public health problem. Objective: To analyze the temporal trends of bacterial resistance phenotypes of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates obtained from ICU patients of a tertiary hospital in Cartagena, Colombia, between 2010 and 2015. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out between January 2010 and December 2015. Methicillin-resistant and Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus and S. epidermidis isolates (MRSA, MSSA, MRSE and MSSE) were used. Culture medium microdilution technique was used to detect minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: 313 Staphylococcus spp. isolates were identified, and most of them were methicillin-resistant (63.6%). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) strains represented 13.7% and 27.8%, respectively, of the total sample. The highest antibiotic resistance values in MRSA and MRSE isolates were observed for the following antibiotics: erythromycin (57.6% and 81.2%, respectively), clindamycin (54.6% and 71.0%), ciprofloxacin (48.4% and 36.4%) and trimethoprim-sulfametoxazole (36.4% and 51.4%). Conclusions: The results reported here suggest the need to rethink the control strategies designed to minimize antibiotic resistance in the hospital in which the study was conducted.
Resumen Introducción. La aparición y la diseminación de cepas resistentes en hospitales, principalmente en unidades de cuidado intensivo (UCI), se han convertido en un serio problema de salud pública. Objetivo. Analizar la tendencia de los fenotipos de resistencia de Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus epidermidis resistentes y susceptibles a meticilina aislados en pacientes atendidos en UCI de un hospital de alta complejidad de Cartagena, Colombia, del 2010 al 2015. Materiales y métodos. Estudio analítico transversal realizado entre enero de 2010 y diciembre de 2015. Se utilizaron aislamientos de S. aureus y S. epidermidis meticilino-susceptibles y meticilino-resistentes (SARM, SASR, SERM y SESM). La técnica de susceptibilidad empleada fue el método microdilución en caldo para la detección de la concentración mínima inhibitoria. Resultados. Se identificaron 313 aislamientos de Staphylococcus spp., la mayoría resistentes a meticilina (63.6%). Las cepas SARM y SERM correspondieron al 13.7% y al 27.8% del total de aislamientos, respectivamente. Los mayores porcentajes de resistencia en SARM y SERM correspondieron a eritromicina (57.6% y 81.2%, respectivamente), clindamicina (54.6% y 71.0%), ciprofloxacina (48.4% y 36.4%) y trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol (36.4% y 51.4%). Conclusión. Los resultados encontrados sugieren el replanteamiento de las estrategias de control de la resistencia antimicrobiana en el hospital objeto de estudio.
RESUMO
Resumen Introducción: La piomiositis es la infección del músculo esquelético, entidad poco frecuente en pediatría. Objetivo: Describir las características de 21 niños con piomiositis. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo-analítico de niños ingresados con diagnóstico de piomiositis entre mayo de 2016 y abril de 2017 en el Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Resultados: Tasa de hospitalización de 21,5/10.000 admisiones (IC 95% 4,65- 71,43). La mediana de edad fue de 5,4 años (rango 1,25-11,6). El 90,4% presentaba algún factor predisponente. La localización más frecuente fue en miembros inferiores. La proteína C reactiva (PCR) estuvo elevada en todos los pacientes, con una media de 124 mg/L (DS 96), siendo significativamente más elevada en los pacientes que tuvieron hemocultivos positivos 206 (DS 101) vs 98 (DS 81), (p = 0,02). Se obtuvo rescate microbiológico en 17 pacientes (80,9%): Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina (SARM) (n: 15) y Streptococcus pyogenes (n: 2). Se presentó con bacteriemia 23,8% de los pacientes. El 81% requirió drenaje quirúrgico. Conclusión: Staphylococcus aureus RM adquirido en la comunidad (SARMAC) es el patógeno predominante. En la selección del tratamiento empírico adecuado debería tenerse en cuenta: el patrón de resistencia local y el valor de PCR.
Background: Pyomyositis is the infection of skeletal muscle, a rare pathology in children. Aim To describe the characteristics of pyomyositis in pediatric patients. Methods: Prospective analytical study of hospitalized children diagnosed with pyomyositis from May 2016 to April 2017 at the Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Results: Twenty-one patients with pyomyositis were identified. Annual rate: 21.5/10,000 admissions (95% CI 4.65-71.43). The median age was 5.4 years (range 1.25-11.6). The lower limbs were the most affected site. C-reactive protein (CRP) was elevated in all patients, with a mean of 124 mg/L (SD 96), being significantly higher in patients with bacteremia: 206 (DS 101) vs 98 (DS 81), p = 0.02. Bacterial cultures were positive in 17/21 (80.9%): 15 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and 2 Streptococcus pyogenes. Blood cultures were positive in 5 (23.8%). Conclusion: MRSA-community acquired is the predominant pathogen in our setting. In the selection of the appropriate empirical treatment, the local resistance pattern and the CRP value should be taken into account.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Infecções Estafilocócicas/diagnóstico , Bacteriemia/diagnóstico , Piomiosite/diagnóstico , Argentina , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Clindamicina/uso terapêutico , Vancomicina/uso terapêutico , Drenagem , Estudos Prospectivos , Ultrassonografia , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Extremidade Inferior , Piomiosite/microbiologia , Piomiosite/tratamento farmacológico , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Hospitais Pediátricos , Antibacterianos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Tropical pyomyositis is an infectious disease that affects skeletal muscle and may appear as a diffuse inflammation or a rapidly progressive myonecrotic process. The predisposition of this disease in diabetics is already mentioned in several studies. The pathogenesis is possibly related to changes in neutrophils and the reversal of the immune response pattern that occurs in situations such as parasitic diseases. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common microorganism, accounting for 90% of cases of tropical pyomyositis. The diagnosis is sometimes late because patients usually do not seek care by the first symptoms, and because it is a rare disease and physicians are not very familiar with it. CASE REPORT: A 42-year-old male patient with diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and hypoalbuminemia developed tropical pyomyositis with multiple muscle abscesses in quadriceps, soleus and anterior tibial, triceps and biceps brachialis and pronator round, requiring prolonged antibiotic therapy and surgical drainage. CONCLUSION: Pyomyositis is a little known disease and if not diagnosed early can be fatal.
INTRODUÇÃO: A piomiosite tropical é uma doença infecciosa que afeta o músculo esquelético, aparecendo como uma inflamação difusa ou um processo mionecrótico rapidamente progressivo. A predisposição desta enfermidade em diabéticos já é referida em vários estudos. A patogênese possivelmente está relacionada a alterações nos neutrófilos e na inversão do padrão de resposta imune que acontece em situações como parasitoses. Staphylococcus aureus é o microorganismo mais comum, representando 90% dos casos de piomiosite tropical. O diagnóstico pode ser tardio porque os pacientes geralmente não buscam cuidados com os primeiros sintomas e, por ser uma doença rara, pode surpreender um médico ainda não familiarizado com esta entidade clínica. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente do sexo masculino com 42 anos de idade com diabetes mellitus, hipotireoidismo, anemia, trombocitopenia e hipoalbuminemia que desenvolveu piomiosite tropical com múltiplos abscessos musculares em quadríceps, sóleo e tibial anterior, tríceps e bíceps braquial e pronador redondo, necessitando de antibioticoterapia prolongada e drenagem cirúrgica. CONCLUSÃO: A piomiosite não é uma doença bem conhecida e pode ser fatal se não for diagnosticada precocemente.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Complicações do Diabetes/microbiologia , Piomiosite/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas , AbscessoRESUMO
Resumen: En el año 2001, Staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente (SAMR) adquirido en la comunidad emergió en Uruguay. Los gérmenes identificados en infecciones de piel y partes blandas variaron, alcanzando 60% el SAMR adquirido en la comunidad. Trabajos nacionales recientes muestran un cambio en las infecciones en niños hospitalizados. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de SAMR y su sensibilidad a los antibióticos en niños con tratamiento ambulatorio. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, prospectivo. Inclusión: todos los niños que consultaron en un Departamento de Emergencia Pediátrico por lesiones de piel y partes blandas con tratamiento ambulatorio y aislamiento de germen. Se realizó seguimiento telefónico a las 72 horas. Período: 10 de diciembre de 2015 al 31 de marzo de 2016. Resultados: se incluyeron 194 consultas por infecciones de piel y partes blandas en las que se indicaron tratamiento ambulatorio y se identificó agente etiológico. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue impétigo 181/194 (93%). Etiología: SA 152 (SA meticilino sensible [SAMS] 151, SAMR 1), EBHGA 3, EBHGB 3, coinfecciones 32 (16%), otros 4. Las 32 coinfecciones fueron SAMS con otro agente. Tratamiento antibiótico utilizado: tópico más oral 99, tópico 54, oral 21, sin antibiótico 20. Se logró seguimiento telefónico en 166 pacientes (86%). Presentaron buena evolución 165, reconsultaron cinco niños, ninguno fue hospitalizado. Conclusiones: SA solo o asociado sigue siendo el principal agente en infecciones de piel y partes blandas que reciben tratamiento ambulatorio en la población estudiada. SAMR fue el responsable del 47% de las infecciones estafilocóccicas de tratamiento ambulatorias en estudio previo. En esta serie, SAMR representa el 0,6% (p <0,05). El descenso de las infecciones producidas por SAMR coincide con los hallazgos en los pacientes hospitalizados realizado en el mismo hospital. La vigilancia periódica permite reevaluar las recomendaciones de tratamiento empírico inicial y modificarlas si fuera necesario.
Summary: There was an outbreak of community-acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Uruguay in 2001. The identified germs found in skin and soft tissue infections (S and ST) varied, and reached 60%. Recent studies in Uruguay have shown changes in the types of infections acquired by hospitalized children. Objective: to determine MRSA prevalence and susceptibility to antibiotics in outpatient children . Methodology: a descriptive prospective study. Target: outpatient children consulting at ER for S and ST lesions who received germ isolation. Telephone follow-up after 72 hours. Time period : from December 10th 2015 to March 31st, 2016. Results: S and ST appointments: 797 (7 % of the total). Ambulatory visits: 691. Outpatients with identified etiologic agent: 194. Females: 102, mean and median age: 4 years of age. More frequent diagnosis: impetigo 181/194 (93%) Etiology: SA 152(MSSA 151, MRSA 1), beta hemolytic streptococci: BHGA 3, BHGB 3, coinfections 32 (16%), others 4. 32 of coinfections were MSSA plus another agent. Treatment with antibiotics: 99 received topical plus oral treatment, 54 received topical treatment, 21 received oral treatment, 20 received treatment that did not include antibiotics . Follow-up: 166 patients (86%). Good evolution: 165, repeated appointments: 5, hospitalized: none. Conclusions: Single SA or associated SA continues to be the main agent of S and ST infections that receive outpatient treatment. MRSA was responsible for 47% of ambulatory staphylococcal infections in the previous study. MRSA represents 0.6 (p¼0.05) in this series. Continuous surveillance has enabled us to reassess the initial empirical epidemiological treatment and to change it if necessary.
Resumo: Em 2001, o Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA) adquirido na comunidade surgiu no Uruguai. Os germes identificados nas infecções da pele e tecidos moles (P e PB) variaram, chegando a 60% do MRSA adquirido na comunidade. Estudos nacionais recentes mostram uma mudança nas infecções nas crianças hospitalizadas. Objetivo: determinar a prevalência de MRSA e sua sensibilidade aos antibióticos em crianças com tratamento ambulatorial. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, prospectivo. Amostra: todas as crianças que consultaram a um Serviço de Emergência Pediátrica por lesões de P e PB com tratamento ambulatorial e isolamento de germes. Se realizou seguimento telefónico às 72 horas. Período: do 10 de dezembro de 2015 a 31 de março de 2016. Resultados: foram incluídas 194 consultas por infecções por P e PB, nas quais indicou-se tratamento ambulatorial e identificou-se agente etiológico. O diagnóstico mais frequente foi o impetigo 181/194 (93%). Etiologia: SA 152 (SAMS 151, SAMR 1), EBHGA 3, EBHGB 3, coinfecções 32 (16%), outras 4. As 32 coinfecções foram SAMS com outro agente. Tratamento antibiótico utilizado: oral tópico 99, tópico 54, oral 21, sem antibiótico 20. Se realizou seguimento telefónico para o caso de 166 pacientes (86%). Apresentaram boa evolução 165, reconsultaram 5 crianças, nenhuma foi internada. Conclusões: a infecção por SA isoladamente ou associada permanece como o principal agente nas infecções por P e PB que recebem tratamento ambulatorial na população estudada. O MRSA foi responsável por 47% das infecções estafilocócicas do tratamento ambulatorial num estudo anterior. Nesta série, o MRSA representa 0,6% (p <0,05). A diminuição das infecções produzidas por MRSA coincide com os dados achados em pacientes hospitalizados no mesmo hospital. A vigilância periódica torna possível reavaliar as recomendações empíricas iniciais de tratamento e modificá-las, se for necessário.