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Background: High-intensity intermittent training has emerged as an option for treating major depressive disorder (MDD). However, short sprint training (sSIT), an efficient HIIT modality, has not been tested yet for this purpose. The sSIT has been proven to induce the same metabolic adaptations, with the advantage of promoting lower muscle fatigue than other HIIT protocols. Methods: Seventeen adult women diagnosed with moderate/severe MDD were randomly allocated into a sSIT group (n=9) or a control condition (n=8). The sSIT group completed, over two weeks, six 6-10-min sessions which consisted of 3-12 "all out" sprints of 5 s interspersed with low-intensity recovery of 30-45 s. The week before and after the intervention, both groups were evaluated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale of 21-itens (HAM-D21), and for physical fitness and incidental physical activity. Results: The sSIT group exhibited significant improvements for HAM-D21 scores (24.6±8.2 vs. 16.8±10.1), maximum aerobic power (140±15 vs. 155±15 W), countermovement jump (13.0±3.4 vs. 14.9±3.1 cm), % of body fatness (32.4±4.4 vs. 29.3±3.8%), and 4-days number of steps (13,626±11,309 vs. 16,643±15,371) after the training period when compared to the control group. Conclusion: Less than 1 hour of a sSIT protocol over two weeks have demonstrated to reduce depressive symptoms, while improving aerobic fitness and body composition, and increasing incidental physical activity in a sample of women diagnosed with MDD.

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Motivation states for physical activity and sedentarism potentially vary from moment to moment. The CRAVE scale (Cravings for Rest and Volitional Energy Expenditure) was developed to assess transient wants and desires to move. Three studies were conducted with the aims of: (1) translating and validating the scale in Brazilian Portuguese, (2) examining changes with exercise, and (3) determining the best single-item for Move and Rest subscales for English and Portuguese. In Study 1, six bilingual speakers translated the scale into Brazilian Portuguese [named Anseios por Repouso e Gastos com Energia (ARGE)]. The ARGE had good content validity coefficients across three dimensions (0.89-0.91), as determined by three independent, bilingual referees. 1,168 participants (mean age = 30.6, SD = 12.2) from across Brazil completed an online version of the ARGE. An Exploratory Factor Analysis found two clear, oblique, and inversely related factors (Move and Rest; GFI = 1.00, RMSR = 0.03). Reliability was good (Cronbach α's: 0.93 and 0.92). Two models of the scale (10 vs. 13 items) were compared with Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The previously validated version using 10 scored items (GFI = 1.00, RMSEA = 0.07, RMSR = 0.02) outperformed the version scored with 13 items. State anxiety and exercise behavior had small associations with Move and Rest (-0.20 to 0.26). In Study 2, ARGE Move scores had high correspondence post-session (ICC = 0.83) for 9 women performing short Sprint Interval Training (sSIT; 6 sessions). Large, but non-significant, effects were detected for changes in motivation states with sSIT. In Study 3, IRT analyses found that for the United States sample, "be physically active" and "be still" were the most representative items for Move and Rest, respectively, while for the Brazil sample they were "exert my muscles" and "be a couch potato." Overall, it was found that: (A) the ARGE scale demonstrated good psychometric properties, (B) the original scoring (with 10 items) resulted in the best model, (C) it had small associations with exercise behavior, and (D) the subscales were reduced to single items that varied by country, indicating potential cultural differences in the concept of motivation states for physical activity.

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There is evidence supporting that acute sprint interval training (SIT) might improve metabolic responses to postprandial glucose, but results are inconclusive. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of acute SIT on metabolic response and substrate utilization in individuals with overweight/obesity after an oral 75-gram glucose challenge. Thirty-three participants with overweight/ obesity (32.7 ± 8.3 years, 24 male, 9 female) participated in the study and a crossover design was followed. After the 75-gram glucose load, participants were randomly allocated to two groups: no exercise (resting) or SIT protocol. Metabolic data including respiratory quotient (RQ) and substrate utilization rates (fats and carbohydrates) were collected using the COSMED Q-NRG + ® calorimeter. The RQ was significantly lower in the acute SIT group (0.76 [0.01]; p < 0.0001) than in the resting group (0.80 [0.01]; p = 0.036) at the 120-min postprandial time point, and the RQ area under the curve (AUC) was also lower in the SIT group (mean difference of -6.62, 95% CI -12.00 to -1.24; p = 0.0161). The contribution of fat to energy expenditure increased after SIT during the postprandial period whereas the contribution of carbohydrates decreased. The AUC for fat contribution was significantly higher (mean difference 2311.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 578.8 to 4043.3; p = 0.0098) and the AUC for carbohydrate contribution was significantly lower (mean difference -2283.1, 95% CI -4040.2 to -527.1; p = 0.0117) in the SIT group than in the resting group. In conclusions, acute SIT might have a positive effect on metabolic responses to postprandial glucose and, accordingly, should be recommended for improving metabolism in people with overweight/obesity.

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ABSTRACT Introduction Start-up belongs to the group of fast combination exercises involving power and speed dominated by the short-term exhaustion of the whole body's power aiming at its displacement at high speed to obtain good results in competition. It is very important to master the technique correctly and to distribute the power reasonably for the acceleration of the start. Objective Explore the effect of aerobic endurance training on speed strength in starts. Methods Taking 16 high-level runners from a university sports team as research objects, 16 athletes were tested according to their test indicators; they were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group (8 people each in the experimental group and the control group). Results According to the post-test results of the experiment, the athletic performance of both groups of runners after training was improved, but the improvement in the experimental group was more evident and significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Start-up aerobic endurance training is very useful for improving endurance and speed in runners. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução O arranque pertence ao grupo de exercício de combinação rápida envolvendo potência e velocidade dominado pela exaustão a curto prazo da potência de todo o corpo objetivando seu deslocamento em alta velocidade a fim de obter bons resultados na competição. É muito importante dominar a técnica corretamente e distribuir a energia razoavelmente para a aceleração do arranque. Objetivo Explorar o efeito do treinamento de resistência aeróbica sobre a força da velocidade em arranques. Métodos Tomando 16 corredores de alto nível de uma equipe esportiva universitária como objetos de pesquisa, 16 atletas foram testados, de acordo com seus indicadores de teste, eles foram designados aleatoriamente ao grupo experimental e ao grupo de controle (8 pessoas no grupo experimental e 8 no grupo de controle). Resultados De acordo com os resultados do pós-teste do experimento, o desempenho atlético dos dois grupos de corredores após o treinamento foi melhorado, mas a melhoria no grupo experimental foi mais evidente e significativa (p<0,05). Conclusão O treinamento de resistência aeróbica para arranque é muito útil para a melhoria da resistência e velocidade dos atletas corredores. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción El arranque pertenece al grupo de ejercicios combinados rápidos de potencia y velocidad dominados por el agotamiento a corto plazo de la potencia de todo el cuerpo con el objetivo de su desplazamiento en alta velocidad para obtener buenos resultados en la competición. Es muy importante dominar la técnica correctamente y distribuir la energía razonablemente para la aceleración de la salida. Objetivo Explorar el efecto del entrenamiento de resistencia aeróbica sobre la fuerza de velocidad en las salidas. Métodos Tomando como objeto de investigación a 16 corredores de alto nivel de un equipo deportivo universitario, se realizaron pruebas a 16 atletas que, según sus indicadores de prueba, fueron asignados aleatoriamente al grupo experimental y al grupo de control (8 personas en el grupo experimental y 8 en el grupo de control). Resultados Según los resultados de la prueba posterior al experimento, el rendimiento atlético de ambos grupos de corredores después del entrenamiento mejoró, pero la mejora en el grupo experimental fue más evidente y significativa (p<0,05). Conclusión El entrenamiento de resistencia aeróbica de arranque es muy útil para mejorar la resistencia y la velocidad de los corredores. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: The exercise of functional strength in a sprinter can play an essential performance gain to propulsion. Functional training can significantly affect the sprinter, preventing injury and making better use of physical training. The sprint interval training method has been widely recognized and applied. Objective: This paper explores the effect of functional strength training by the sprint interval training method on the strength quality of sprinters. Methods: This paper uses random sampling to select 30 male college sprinters as research subjects. The volunteers were divided into two groups according to the performance of the 100-meter speed project: All the essential data of the subjects who passed the T-test were without statistical difference P>0.05. Both groups perform daily training. Functional strength training was added to the experimental group by interval start training with a full 12-week cycle. The strength data of the athletes were measured before and after the experiment, measured, and discussed statistically. Results: The indicators showed significant differences, except for the normal left supine position support test, unchanged by the presented intervention(P<0.01). After the experiment, all indicators were statistically significant compared to the control group (P<0.01). The performance of the groups in the ball exercise, static jump, and vertical jump was significantly improved (P<0.01). Conclusion: Functional strength exercise can improve sprinters' body control and stability. The sprint interval method can also improve the speed of upward force transmission. This conclusion is significant for formulating the strength training plan designed for sprinters. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O exercício da força funcional no velocismo pode desempenhar um ganho de performance essencial à propulsão. O treinamento funcional pode afetar significativamente o velocista, tanto na prevenção de lesões quanto ao melhor aproveitamento do treinamento físico. O método de treinamento intervalado de arranque tem sido amplamente reconhecido e aplicado. Objetivo: Este artigo explora o efeito do treinamento de força funcional pelo método de treinamento intervalado de arranque sobre a qualidade da força dos velocistas. Métodos: Este artigo usa amostragem aleatória para selecionar 30 velocistas universitários masculinos como objetos de pesquisa. Os voluntários foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o desempenho do projeto de 100 metros de velocidade: Todos os dados essenciais dos sujeitos que passaram no teste T foram sem diferença estatística P>0,05. Ambos os grupos realizam um treinamento diário. Ao grupo experimental foi acrescentado o treinamento de força funcional pelo treinamento intervalado de arranque com ciclo completo de 12 semanas. Os dados de força dos atletas foram mensurados antes e após o experimento, mensurados e discutidos estatisticamente. Resultados: Os indicadores demonstraram diferenças significativas, exceto para o teste normal de apoio à posição supina esquerda, inalterado pela intervenção apresentada (P<0,01). Após o experimento, todos os indicadores foram estatisticamente significativos em comparação com o grupo controle (P<0,01). O desempenho dos grupos em exercício de bola, salto estático e salto vertical foram significativamente aprimorados (P<0,01). Conclusão: O exercício de força funcional pode melhorar o controle e a estabilidade corporal dos velocistas. O método de treinamento intervalado de arranque também pode melhorar a velocidade de transmissão de força ascendente. Essa conclusão é significativa para a formulação no plano de treinamento de força destinado à velocistas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El ejercicio de la fuerza funcional en los velocistas puede suponer una ganancia de rendimiento esencial para la propulsión. El entrenamiento funcional puede afectar significativamente al velocista, tanto en la prevención de lesiones como en el mejor aprovechamiento del entrenamiento físico. El método de entrenamiento por intervalos de sprint ha sido ampliamente reconocido y aplicado. Objetivo: Este artículo explora el efecto del entrenamiento de fuerza funcional mediante el método de entrenamiento de intervalos de sprint en la calidad de la fuerza de los velocistas. Métodos: Este artículo utiliza un muestreo aleatorio para seleccionar 30 velocistas universitarios como sujetos de investigación. Los voluntarios se dividieron en dos grupos según el rendimiento del proyecto de velocidad de 100 metros: Todos los datos básicos de los sujetos que superaron el test-T fueron sin diferencia estadística P>0,05. Ambos grupos realizan un entrenamiento diario. Al grupo experimental se le añadió el entrenamiento de fuerza funcional por intervalos de sprint con un ciclo completo de 12 semanas. Los datos de fuerza de los atletas se midieron antes y después del experimento, y se analizaron estadísticamente. Resultados: Los indicadores mostraron diferencias significativas, a excepción de la prueba normal de apoyo a la posición supina izquierda, no modificada por la intervención presentada (P<0,01). Tras el experimento, todos los indicadores fueron estadísticamente significativos en comparación con el grupo de control (P<0,01). El rendimiento de los grupos en el ejercicio con balón, el salto estático y el salto vertical mejoró significativamente (P<0,01). Conclusión: El ejercicio de fuerza funcional puede mejorar el control corporal y la estabilidad de los velocistas. El método de entrenamiento por intervalos de sprint también puede mejorar la velocidad de transmisión de la fuerza ascendente. Esta conclusión es significativa para la formulación en el plan de entrenamiento de fuerza para los velocistas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: The sprint is a track and field event that combines strength and speed. It has a cyclical nature. Each muscle group involved in the starter completes hundreds of contractions. Maximum strength and the fastest muscle contraction are the best combinations. This is the explosive power of runners. Objective: Analyze the effects of sprint interval training on the speed of track and field athletes. Methods: In a random sampling, 30 college athletes were selected for the investigation. These runners were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group adopted the sprint interval training method with tire traction. The control group did not engage in this physical exercise. The speed training load of the athlete was gradually increased during the experimental period, lasting 10 weeks. Competitors performed short-distance tests after the physical training. Results: After ten weeks, the experimental group's performance on 30 meters was significantly improved (P<0.05). There was a statistical increase in acceleration in the 50m start (P<0.01). There was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the 30-meter starting speed (P>0.05). The experimental group significantly improved the 50m performance (P<0.05). Conclusion: Sprint interval training is effective in increasing the speed of athletes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O arranque é um evento de atletismo que combina força e velocidade. Tem um caráter cíclico. Cada grupo muscular envolvido no arranque completa centenas de contrações. A força máxima e a contração mais rápida do músculo são as melhores combinações. Este é o poder explosivo dos corredores. Objetivo: Analisa os efeitos do treinamento intervalado de arranque sobre a velocidade dos atletas corredores. Métodos: Numa amostragem aleatória, foram selecionados 30 atletas universitários para a investigação. Esses corredores foram divididos em grupos experimental e controle. O grupo experimental adotou o método de treinamento físico intervalado de arranque com a tração de pneus. O grupo de controle não se envolveu no exercício físico. A carga de treinamento de velocidade do atleta foi gradualmente aumentada durante o período experimental, com duração de 10 semanas. Os competidores realizaram testes de curta distância após o treinamento físico. Resultados: Após dez semanas, o desempenho do grupo experimental em 30 metros foi significativamente melhorado (P<0,05). Houve aumento estatístico na aceleração dos 50m de início (P<0,01). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos experimental e controle na velocidade de partida de 30 metros (P>0,05). O grupo experimental melhorou significativamente o desempenho dos 50 metros (P<0,05). Conclusão: O treinamento intervalado de arranque é efetivo em aumentar a velocidade dos atletas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El arranque es una parte atlética que combina fuerza y velocidad. Tiene un carácter cíclico. Cada grupo muscular implicado en el arranque completa cientos de contracciones. La fuerza máxima y la contracción muscular más rápida son las mejores combinaciones. Esta es la fuerza explosiva de los corredores. Objetivo: Analizar los efectos del entrenamiento por intervalos de sprint en la velocidad de los atletas que corren. Métodos: En un muestreo aleatorio, se seleccionaron 30 atletas universitarios para la investigación. Estos corredores se dividieron en grupos experimentales y de control. El grupo experimental adoptó el método de entrenamiento por intervalos de arranque con tirón de neumáticos. El grupo de control no realizó el ejercicio físico. La carga de entrenamiento de velocidad del atleta se incrementó gradualmente durante el periodo experimental, que duró 10 semanas. Los competidores realizaron pruebas de corta distancia después del entrenamiento físico. Resultados: Después de diez semanas, el rendimiento del grupo experimental en 30 metros mejoró significativamente (P<0,05). Hubo un aumento estadístico de la aceleración en la salida de 50 metros (P<0,01). No hubo diferencias significativas entre los grupos experimental y de control en la velocidad de salida de 30 metros (P>0,05). El grupo experimental mejoró significativamente el rendimiento en los 50 metros (P<0,05). Conclusión: El entrenamiento por intervalos de sprint es eficaz para aumentar la velocidad de los atletas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

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OBJECTIVE: to systematically search for randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols vs. control without exercise or other exercise protocols, in patients with mental disorders experiencing depressive symptoms, and to provide some guidance based on the current HIIT literature to improve further interventions. METHODS: we searched for relevant studies, published by 18 August 2022 on PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO and SPORTDiscus databases, that used a HIIT protocol, involving adults (≥18 years) with a diagnosis of a mental disorder, participating in a HIIT or a control condition, and assessed for depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Four studies accounting for 108 participants (n HIIT = 55; n comparison groups = 53) met the inclusion criteria. Three out of the four studies included found significant improvements of depressive symptoms after 12 days to 8 weeks of intervention. However, there were no differences to other forms of low-to-moderate continuous exercise in 2/3 studies. CONCLUSIONS: The limited evidence suggests the effectiveness of HIIT interventions for improving depressive symptoms in people with mental illness. However, HIIT was not superior to other exercise treatments, although a trend for its superiority may be recognized. A number of methodological issues should be considered in further interventions to better characterize and identify the most efficient HIIT modalities for the treatment of depressive symptoms in these patients.

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Acute psychological responses to physical activity may help explain long-term adherence to it. Thus, we compared acute psychological responses to different exercise protocols with identical durations. Eighteen moderately active young adults [Mage = 23, SD = 3 years; MVO2max (maximum oxygen consumption) = 42.8, SD = 4.3 mL·kg-1·min-1; MBMI (body mass index) = 24, SD = 2 kg·m-2] completed three low-volume exercise sessions in a crossover research design: (a) sprint interval training (SIT), (b) burpee interval training (BIT) requiring 10 × 5 second efforts with 35 seconds of passive recovery, and (c) a single bout of vigorous intensity continuous training (VICT) requiring 6 minutes and 5 seconds of running at ∼85% of peak heart rate (HRpeak). We assessed participants' ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), affective valence, enjoyment, intention, preference, and self-reported recovery and wellness before, during, and after each session. BIT was associated with significantly greater enjoyment, preference, and exercise intention (at 5 × week) than VICT (p ≤ .05). SIT elicited greater RPE (M = 5.38, SD = 2.00) than both BIT (M = 2.88, SD = 1.23) and VICT (M = 3.55, SD = 1.38) (p ≤ .05), and we observed a higher increase in RPE over time with SIT versus BIT (p = .019). For affective valence, SIT (M = 0.55, SD = 2.12) elicited a more aversive response than both BIT (M = 2.55, SD = 1.09) and VICT (M = 1.94, SD = 1.51) (p ≤ .05), and there was a higher increase in this aversive response to SIT over time (p < .05). Forty-eight-hour postexercise session muscle soreness was significantly lower with VICT than with BIT (p = .03). Overall, BIT was associated with more positive psychological responses than SIT and VICT.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: The start of a sprint race is one of its most important stages. The reaction time at the start lays a psychological foundation for normal performance and performance improvement in its next three stages. Objective: To research the reaction time of athletes in the starting stage of the 100-meters sprint race. This helps analyze the internal reaction mechanism of the body, which receives signals and responds to actions. Methods: We use a bibliographical research, experimental comparison, and mathematical statistics to study the starting reaction time of sprinters. Results: The starting reaction time of male and female sprinters was basically at the same level. Conclusion: The starting time of Chinese sprinters needs to be improved. 400-m sprinters, especially, should devote more training to their starting reaction time. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: A partida é uma etapa importante na corrida de cem metros. A velocidade de reação no início estabelece a base psicológica para o desempenho normal e a melhoria do desempenho nas três fases seguintes. Objetivo: Investigar o tempo de reação de atletas no estágio inicial da corrida de 100 metros rasos. Isso ajudará a analisar o mecanismo de resposta interno do corpo, que recebe sinais e responde a ações. Métodos: Pesquisa bibliográfica com comparação experimental e estatísticas matemáticas para estudar o tempo de reação inicial de corredores. Resultados: O tempo de reação inicial de corredores do sexo feminino ou masculino foi basicamente o mesmo. Conclusões: O tempo de reação inicial dos corredores chineses precisa ser melhorado. Corredores dos 400 metros, especialmente, devem dedicar mais tempo de treinamento ao tempo de reação inicial. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação de resultados de tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La partida es una etapa importante en la corrida de cien metros. La velocidad de reacción en el inicio establece la base psicológica para el desempeño normal y la mejoría del desempeño en las tres fases siguientes. Objetivo: Investigar el tiempo de reacción de atletas en la etapa inicial de la corrida de 100 metros. Esto ayudará a analizar el mecanismo de respuesta interno del cuerpo, que recibe señales y responde a acciones. Métodos: Investigación bibliográfica con comparación experimental y estadísticas matemáticas para estudiar el tiempo de reacción inicial de corredores. Resultados: El tiempo de reacción inicial de corredores del sexo femenino o masculino fue básicamente el mismo. Conclusiones: El tiempo de reacción inicial de los corredores chinos necesita ser mejorado. Corredores de 400 metros, especialmente, deben dedicar más tiempo de entrenamiento al tiempo de reacción inicial. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de resultados de tratamiento.

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The effects of short sprint interval training (sSIT) with efforts of ≤10 s on maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2 max), aerobic and anaerobic performances remain unknown. To verify the effectiveness of sSIT in physically active adults and athletes, a systematic literature search was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The databases PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus were systematically searched on May 9, 2020, and updated on September 14, 2021. Inclusion criteria were based on PICO and included healthy athletes and active adults of any sex (≤40 years), performing supervised sSIT (≤10 s of "all-out" and non-"all-out" efforts) of at least 2 weeks, with a minimum of 6 sessions. As a comparator, a non-sSIT control group, another high-intensity interval training (HIIT) group, or a continuous training (CT) group were required. A total of 18 studies were deemed eligible. The estimated SMDs based on the random-effects model were -0.56 (95% CI: -0.79, -0.33, p < 0.001) for V̇O2 max, -0.43 (95% CI: -0.67, -0.20, p < 0.001) for aerobic performance, and -0.44 (95% CI: -0.70, -0.18, p < 0.001) for anaerobic performance after sSIT vs. no exercise/usual training. However, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) for all outcomes when comparing sSIT vs. HIIT/CT. Our findings indicate a very high effectiveness of sSIT protocols in different exercise modes (e.g., cycling, running, paddling, and punching) to improve V̇O2 max, aerobic, and anaerobic performances in physically active young healthy adults and athletes.

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OBJECTIVE: The impact of a vegan diet on sprint interval exercise performance is unknown. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to compare performance during a sprint interval exercise between omnivores and vegans. METHODS: Nine healthy omnivores (4 men and 5 women) and nine healthy vegans (4 men and 5 women), with similar levels of daily physical activity, performed four bouts (5-min rest between bouts) of a 30-s all-out sprint exercise on a cycle ergometer. Peak power, mean power, fatigue index, and time to reach maximal power output in each bout were recorded. RESULTS: There was a higher peak power in bouts 1 and 2 compared with bouts 3 and 4 (p < 0.02), and a higher mean power in bout 1 compared with bouts 2, 3 and 4 (p < 0.02). However, for all bouts, there were no significant difference between omnivores and vegans in peak power (7.60 ± 1.55 vs. 8.16 ± 1.27, 7.52 ± 1.6 vs 7.61 ± 0.73, 7.00 ± 1.44 vs. 7.00 ± 1.05 and 6.95 ± 1.42 vs. 6.49 ± 0.90 W.kg-1, all p > 0.05) and in mean power (5.35 ± 0.93 vs. 5.69 ± 0.84, 5.10 ± 0.88 vs. 5.21 ± 0.49, 4.79 ± 0.81 vs. 4.79 ± 0.45 and 4.81 ± 0.81 vs. 4.69 ± 0.47 W.kg-1, all p > 0.05). Fatigue index and time to reach maximal power output were not affected by diet or bouts (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that a vegan diet does not compromise sprint interval exercise performance.

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BACKGROUND: To the authors' knowledge, there have been no studies comparing the acute responses to "all out" efforts in concentric (isoinertial) vs. eccentric (isovelocity) cycling. METHODS: After two familiarization sessions, 12 physically active men underwent the experimental protocols consisting of a 2-min warm-up and 8 maximal efforts of 5 s, separated by 55 s of active recovery at 80 rpm, in concentric vs. eccentric cycling. Comparisons between protocols were conducted during, immediately after, and 24-h post-sessions. RESULTS: Mechanical (Work: 82,824 ± 6350 vs. 60,602 ± 8904 J) and cardiometabolic responses (mean HR: 68.8 ± 6.6 vs. 51.3 ± 5.7% HRmax, lactate: 4.9 ± 2.1 vs. 1.8 ± 0.6 mmol/L) were larger in concentric cycling (p < 0.001). The perceptual responses to both protocols were similarly low. Immediately after concentric cycling, vertical jump was potentiated (p = 0.028). Muscle soreness (VAS; p = 0.016) and thigh circumference (p = 0.045) were slightly increased only 24-h after eccentric cycling. Serum concentrations of CK, BAG3, and MMP-13 did not change significantly post-exercise. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest the appropriateness of the eccentric cycling protocol used as a time-efficient (i.e., ~60 kJ in 10 min) and safe (i.e., without exercise-induced muscle damage) alternative to be used with different populations in future longitudinal interventions.

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The aim of this study was to compare the acute responses to three time-matched exercise regimens. Ten trained adults (age, maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), and body mass index (BMI) = 25.9 ± 5.6 yr, 50.9 ± 5.4 mL·kg-1·min-1, and 22.1 ± 1.8 kg·m-2) completed sprint interval training (SIT) requiring 14 × 5 s efforts with 35 s of recovery, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) consisting of 18 × 15 s efforts at ~90% of peak heart rate (HRpeak) with 15 s of recovery, and vigorous continuous training (CT) consisting of 8.75 min at ~85 %HRpeak, in randomized order. Heart rate, blood lactate concentration, rating of perceived exertion, affective valence, and enjoyment were monitored. Moreover, indices of neuromuscular function, autonomic balance, diet, mental stress, incidental physical activity (PA), and sleep were measured 24 h after each session to analyze the magnitude of recovery. Both HIIT and CT exhibited a greater %HRpeak and time ≥ 90 %HRpeak than SIT (p < 0.05). Blood lactate and rating of perceived exertion were higher in response to SIT and HIIT vs. CT (p < 0.05); however, there were no differences in enjoyment (p > 0.05). No differences were exhibited in any variable assessed along 24 h post-exercise between conditions (p > 0.05). These data suggest that HIIT and CT accumulate the longest duration at near maximal intensities, which is considered a key factor to enhance VO2max.

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Perceived lack of time is one of the most often cited barriers to exercise participation. High intensity interval training has become a popular training modality that incorporates intervals of maximal and low-intensity exercise with a time commitment usually shorter than 30 min. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of short-term run interval training (RIT) on body composition (BC) and cardiorespiratory responses in undergraduate college students. Nineteen males (21.5 ± 1.6 years) were randomly assigned to a non-exercise control (CON, n = 10) or RIT (n = 9). Baseline measurements of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate (HRrest), double product (DP) and BC were obtained from both groups. VO2max and running speed associated with VO2peak (sVO2peak) were then measured. RIT consisted of three running treadmill sessions per week over 4 weeks (intervals at 100% sVO2peak, recovery periods at 40% sVO2peak). There were no differences in post-training BC or VO2max between groups (p > 0.05). HRrest (p = 0.006) and DP (p ≤ 0.001) were lower in the RIT group compared to CON at completion of the study. RIT lowered HRrest and DP in the absence of appreciable BC and VO2max changes. Thereby, RIT could be an alternative model of training to diminish health-related risk factors in undergraduate college students.

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BACKGROUND: The combination of interval training and resistance training has showed interesting results in chronic heart failure patients, corroborating the benefits of physiological adaptations of both protocols. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the combination of interval training and resistance training program when compared to interval training alone and/or without intervention group on cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with chronic heart failure. METHODS: We search MEDLINE via PubMed, ScienceDirect, Sportdiscus, BIREME and Scielo, from their inception to December 2018. Were included both randomized and non-randomized controlled trials comparing the effect of combined training, interval training alone and/or WI group on VO2peak (expressed in ml/kg/min), in people with chronic heart failure patients. The meta-analysis was conducted via Review Manager v 5.3 software, using random effect model. RESULTS: Ten articles were selected (nine randomized controlled trial), involving 401 participants. Six studies compared combined training with interval training and six studies compared combined training with the without intervention group. Eighty percent of the trials presented moderate risk of bias and twenty percent low risk of bias. Data showed significant difference and major increase in VO2peak in favor to combined training group compared to interval training group (SMD=0.25; CI=0.04-0.46) and without intervention group (SMD=0.46; CI=0.29-0.64), respectively. CONCLUSION: The combination of interval training and resistance training showed more effective in increasing cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with heart failure than interval training alone and non-exercise therapy. However, further studies should be conducted to increase the understanding of this combined training method.

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ABSTRACT Introduction There is no previous study examining muscle damage responses from training load changes in individuals trained exclusively with repeated sprint exercise. Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of training load changes on physical performance and exercise-induced muscle damage in male college athletes who were trained using a 30m repeated sprint protocol. Methods Twelve participants completed the 6-week training period (three sessions/week), which consisted of progressively increasing intensity training in the first 5 weeks. On the first day of the training period, all sprints were performed at 70-80% of maximum effort. In the first session of the 5th week (Maximal intensity training; MIT), all sprints (10×30m sprints) were performed at maximal speed. The sets (10 sprints at maximal speed in each set) were repeated until exhaustion (Exhaustive training; ET) in the first training session of the 6th week, followed by two sessions of the normal training. Isometric strength, 30m sprint performance, flexibility, serum creatine kinase (CK) and cortisol were measured periodically during the examination period. Results Isometric strength, 30m sprint performance, and flexibility were significantly decreased following the ET, and did not recover during the following 9-day period, which consisted of two training sessions and 6 days of recovery. Cortisol was significantly elevated immediately after the ET but was not changed after training on first day and during MIT. CK was significantly elevated after training every week, but the increase at 24 hours after ET was significantly higher than after the first day and MIT. Conclusions Dramatically increasing the volume of maximal intensity repeated sprint exercise results in greater relative muscle damage even in trained individuals, which will significantly limit their performance. Further training sessions, even at normal intensity and volume with insufficient time for muscle recovery, may prolong the duration of fatigue. Level of evidence II; Diagnostic Studies - Investigating a diagnostic test.

RESUMO Introdução Não existe nenhum estudo anterior que tenha analisado as respostas às lesões musculares decorrentes das alterações da carga de treinamento em indivíduos treinados exclusivamente com exercícios repetitivos de corrida. Objetivos A proposta deste estudo foi examinar o efeito das alterações da carga de treinamento sobre o desempenho físico e as lesões musculares induzidas pelo exercício em atletas universitários do sexo masculino que foram treinados usando um protocolo de sprint (treinamento de alta intensidade) de 30 metros repetido. Métodos Doze participantes concluíram o período de treinamento de 6 semanas (três sessões/semana), que consistiu em aumentar progressivamente o treinamento de intensidade nas primeiras 5 semanas. No primeiro dia do período de treinamento, todos os sprints foram realizados com 70% a 80% do esforço máximo. Na primeira sessão da 5ª semana (treinamento de intensidade máxima, TIM), todos os sprints (10 × 30 m) foram realizados na velocidade máxima. As séries (10 sprints na velocidade máxima em cada série) foram repetidas até a exaustão (treinamento exaustivo, TE) na primeira sessão de treinamento da 6ª semana, seguidas de duas sessões de treinamento normal. A força isométrica, o desempenho no sprint de 30 metros, a flexibilidade, a creatina quinase sérica (CK) e o cortisol foram medidos periodicamente durante o período de treinamento. Resultados A força isométrica, o desempenho no sprint de 30 metros e a flexibilidade diminuíram significativamente depois do TE e não foram recuperados durante o período de 9 dias seguintes, que consistiu em duas sessões de treinamento e 6 dias de recuperação. O cortisol teve elevação significativa imediatamente após o TE, mas não teve alteração depois do treinamento no primeiro dia e durante o TIM. A CK teve aumento significativo depois do treinamento em cada semana, mas o aumento 24 horas depois de TE foi expressivamente maior do que depois do primeiro dia e do TIM. Conclusões O aumento drástico da intensidade máxima do exercício de sprint repetido resulta em maior dano muscular relativo, mesmo em indivíduos treinados, o que limitará substancialmente seu desempenho. Outras sessões de treinamento, mesmo em intensidade e volume normais, com tempo insuficiente para recuperação muscular, podem prolongar a duração da fadiga. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Diagnósticos - Investigação de exame diagnóstico.

RESUMEN Introducción No existe ningún estudio anterior que haya analizado las respuestas a las lesiones musculares provenientes de las alteraciones de la carga de entrenamiento en individuos entrenados exclusivamente con ejercicios repetitivos de carrera. Objetivos La propuesta de este estudio fue examinar el efecto de las alteraciones de la carga de entrenamiento sobre el desempeño físico y las lesiones musculares inducidas por el ejercicio en atletas universitarios del sexo masculino que fueron entrenados usando un protocolo de sprint (entrenamiento de alta intensidad) de 30 metros repetido. Métodos Doce participantes concluyeron el período de entrenamiento de seis semanas (tres sesiones/semana), que consistió en aumentar progresivamente el entrenamiento de intensidad en las primeras cinco semanas. En el primer día del período de entrenamiento, todos los sprints fueron realizados con 70% a 80% del esfuerzo máximo. En la primera sesión de la 5ª semana (entrenamiento de intensidad máxima, EIM), todos los sprints (10 × 30 m) fueron realizados en la velocidad máxima. Las series (10 sprints en la velocidad máxima en cada serie) fueron repetidas hasta la extenuación (entrenamiento exhaustivo, EE) en la primera sesión de entrenamiento de la 6ª semana, seguidas de dos sesiones de entrenamiento normal. La fuerza isométrica, el desempeño en el sprint de 30 metros, la flexibilidad, la creatina quinasa sérica (CK) y el cortisol fueron medidos periódicamente durante el período de entrenamiento. Resultados La fuerza isométrica, el desempeño en el sprint de 30 metros y la flexibilidad disminuyeron significativamente después del EE y no fueron recuperados durante el período de 9 días siguientes, que consistió en dos sesiones de entrenamiento y seis días de recuperación. El cortisol tuvo elevación significativa inmediatamente después del EE, pero no tuvo alteración después del entrenamiento en el primer día y durante el EIM. La CK tuvo aumento significativo después del entrenamiento en cada semana, pero el aumento 24 horas después de EE fue expresivamente mayor que después del primer día y del EIM. Conclusiones El aumento drástico de la intensidad máxima del ejercicio de sprint repetido resulta en mayor daño muscular relativo, aún en individuos entrenados, lo que limitará sustancialmente su desempeño. Otras sesiones de entrenamiento, aún en intensidad y volumen normales, con tiempo insuficiente para recuperación muscular, pueden prolongar la duración de la fatiga. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios Diagnósticos - Investigación de examen diagnóstico.

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PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the combined effects of resistance and sprint training, with very short efforts (5 s), on aerobic and anaerobic performances, and cardiometabolic health-related parameters in young healthy adults. METHODS: Thirty young physically active individuals were randomly allocated into four groups: resistance training (RTG), sprint interval training (SITG), concurrent training (CTG), and control (CONG). Participants trained 3 days/week for 2 weeks in the high-intensity interventions that consisted of 6-12 "all out" efforts of 5 s separated by 24 s of recovery, totalizing ~ 13 min per session, with 48-72 h of recovery between sessions. Body composition, vertical jump, lower body strength, aerobic and anaerobic performances, heart rate variability (HRV), and redox status were evaluated before and after training. Total work (TW), rating of perceived exertion (CR-10 RPE) and mean HR (HRmean) were monitored during sessions. Incidental physical activity (PA), dietary intake and perceived stress were also controlled. RESULTS: Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) significantly increased in SITG and CTG (P < 0.05). Lower body strength improved in RTG and CTG (P < 0.05), while countermovement jump (CMJ) was improved in RTG (P = 0.04) only. Redox status improved after all interventions (P < 0.05). No differences were found in TW, PA, dietary intake, and psychological stress between groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: RT and SIT protocols with very short "all out" efforts, either performed in isolation, or combined, demonstrated improvement in several physical fitness- and health-related parameters. However, CT was the most efficient exercise intervention with improvement observed in the majority of the parameters.

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As one of the most popular sport modalities in Brazil, and with an exponential growth in Europe, futsal is characterized by intermittent stimulus of anaerobic high intensity sprints. The running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) is one of the most common tests to assess anaerobic power in futsal athletes, however, it presents both time and physical challenges. Therefore, we aimed to correlate RAST with a simpler test, the vertical jump (VJ), in teenage male futsal athletes; Methods: Thirteen volunteers were enrolled and underwent two visits to the laboratory, one for the VJ and the other for the RAST in a randomized order; Results: The association test indicates a strong and significant correlation between VJ and RAST. We conclude that VJ can be used as an alternative to RAST in teenage male futsal athletes.

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Abstract Interval training (HIIT / SIT) combined with resistance training (RT) has been highlighted as a strategy for the improvement of health-related physical fitness markers (HRPF) in adults. Thus, the aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the efficacy of combined training (HIIT / SIT + RT) with other exercise protocols on HRPF markers in adults. A systematic search was performed in MEDLINE via PebMed, Cochrane-CENTRAL, SPORTDiscus, LILACS, SCIELO and Scopus databases between January and March 2017, using the following keywords in English and Portuguese: physical fitness, high-intensity interval training, sprint interval training, resistance training and adults. The quality of studies was evaluated using the PEDro scale. After applying both inclusion and exclusion criteria, nine articles were selected (n = 231). The extraction of means and standard deviations from studies was performed independently by two authors and the RevMan software was used to perform the meta-analysis. Combined training interventions lasted from 6 to 12 weeks and generated greater increase in maximal oxygen uptake than other forms of exercise. The combination of interval training and strength training may be considered more effective to improve aerobic capacity levels in adults.

Resumo O treinamento intervalado (HIIT/SIT) combinado com o treinamento de resistência (TR) tem se destacado como estratégia para a melhora de indicadores de aptidão física relacionados à saúde (AFRS) em adultos. Assim, o objetivo desta meta-análise foi comparar a efetividade do treinamento combinado (HIIT/SIT + TR) com outros protocolos de exercício sobre os indicadores de AFRS em adultos. Foi realizado a busca sistemática nas bases de dados eletrônicas MEDLINE via PubMed, Cochrane-CENTRAL, SPORTDiscus, LILACS, SCIELO e Scopus, entre janeiro e março de 2017, com a utilização dos seguintes descritores, em inglês e português: physical fitness, hight-intensity interval training, sprint interval training, resistance training e adults. A qualidade dos estudos foi avaliada por meio da escala PEDro. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, nove artigos foram selecionados (n= 231). A extração das médias e desvios padrões dos estudos foi realizada de forma independente por dois autores e utilizou-se o programa RevMan na condução da meta-análise. As intervenções com treinamento combinado (HIIT/SIT + TR) tiveram duração de 6 a 12 semanas e produziram maiores aumentos de absorção máxima de oxigênio que outras formas de exercício. A combinação do treinamento intervalado e treinamento de força pode ser considerada mais eficaz para a melhora dos níveis de capacidade aeróbica em adultos.

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