RESUMO
Stony soils have been increasingly used for agriculture production; however, little is known about their hydraulic properties due to problems, such as sample deformation and hydraulic continuity between samples and suction devices when the sampling and measurements are accomplished with traditional techniques. In this study, the traditional ring sampling technique was replaced by the sampling of undisturbed soil blocks coated with paraffin wax to preserve their structure. A saturated paste of fine-grained mineral particles was used to ensure contact and hydraulic continuity between samples and suction devices (sand table and ceramic plates). This allowed us to determine 30 water retention curves for three stony soils with coarse particle contents (> 2 mm) ranging from zero to 69 %. The van Genuchten model was fitted to the measured retention data and the root mean square errors were between 0.0034 and 0.0331 m3 m3, with no outliers or odd behavior in the retention curves. These results showed that consistent water retention curves for stony soils can be determined with the technique proposed. Fine-grained minerals sandwiched between the surface of suctions sources and sampled blocks improve hydraulic continuity between them. These techniques can be applied to determine water retention properties in structured soil samples with coarse particles where it is unfeasible to collect structured soil samples with metal sampling rings.(AU)
Assuntos
Solo , Água/análiseRESUMO
Wildfires affect different physical, chemical, and hydraulic soil properties, and the magnitude of their effects varies depending on intrinsic soil properties and wildfire characteristics. As a result of climate change, the frequency and intensity of wildfires have increased, and understanding their impact and predicting the temperature to which soils were exposed in previous events is becoming increasingly critical. Hence, the objectives of this study were to develop a soil-heating laboratory procedure to (a) identify changes in soil properties at different temperatures and (b) to infer the temperature ranges to which heated soils have been exposed. Saturated (Ks) and unsaturated (Ku) hydraulic conductivity, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), wet aggregate stability (WAS), soil water repellency index (RIm), and soil organic matter content (SOM) were measured in six laboratory heated (LH) soils at 300, 500, 700, and 900 °C for 2 h. Bulk density (BD) and soil texture were measured in unheated (UH) and wildfire-unheated (WH) samples. UH samples were used as baselines to quantify changes in soil properties, and WH and LH samples were compared to determine the temperatures to which WH soils were exposed. The results show that in the studied temperature range, WAS exhibited a U-shaped trend, opposite to that of pH and EC. Ks and Ku (negative tension of -3 cm) tend to increase with temperature, reaching a maximum of 1.27·10-4 and 5.62·10-5 (m/s) at 900 °C, respectively. RIm was highly dependent on texture; loam soils had an average minimum and maximum of 1.84 and 2.73, at 900 and 300 °C, respectively, while sandy loam soils had an average minimum and maximum of 1.29 and 2.08 at 300 and 900 °C, respectively. Finally, the parameters that provided laboratory variation and a temperature range consistent with the results observed in naturally heated soils were WAS, RIm, pH, and EC.
Assuntos
Solo , Incêndios Florestais , Temperatura Alta , Solo/química , TemperaturaRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Knowledge of the hydraulic properties of the soil is of crucial importance to an understanding of the interactions between vegetation, soil and water. There is little information available about the hydraulic properties of Podzol soils found in tropical regions. The aim of this study was to present the soil morphology and hydraulic properties of a toposequence situated in a permanent plot at the Ilha do Cardoso State Park (Cananéia, SP, Brazil). Ultradetailed soil maps were used to define a toposequence inside the permanent plot. Five profiles, representing the main types of soil, were opened along the toposequence, in which Podzols are dominant. The levels of bulk density, sand content, porosity and permeability in these soils were all high. Consequently, these soils have a high level of hydraulic conductivity with low water retention. This behavior undergoes an alteration in the Bh and Bs horizons due to the accumulation of organic and metallic compounds and a changing structure that modifies the pore distribution. Furthermore, the characterization of the hydro-physical functioning of soils in natural environments is an important source of encouragement to further investigative study of soil water dynamics and its relationship to the native vegetation.(AU)
Assuntos
Áreas Alagadas/análise , Áreas Alagadas/classificação , GeomorfologiaRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Knowledge of the hydraulic properties of the soil is of crucial importance to an understanding of the interactions between vegetation, soil and water. There is little information available about the hydraulic properties of Podzol soils found in tropical regions. The aim of this study was to present the soil morphology and hydraulic properties of a toposequence situated in a permanent plot at the Ilha do Cardoso State Park (Cananéia, SP, Brazil). Ultradetailed soil maps were used to define a toposequence inside the permanent plot. Five profiles, representing the main types of soil, were opened along the toposequence, in which Podzols are dominant. The levels of bulk density, sand content, porosity and permeability in these soils were all high. Consequently, these soils have a high level of hydraulic conductivity with low water retention. This behavior undergoes an alteration in the Bh and Bs horizons due to the accumulation of organic and metallic compounds and a changing structure that modifies the pore distribution. Furthermore, the characterization of the hydro-physical functioning of soils in natural environments is an important source of encouragement to further investigative study of soil water dynamics and its relationship to the native vegetation.