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Objetivou-se discutir trajetórias de aprendizagem situadas na reabilitação social em Comunidades de Prática (CoP) presenciais e on-line para pessoas com estomia. Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa compreensiva com linha temporal aberta e amostragem de 18 artigos internacionais. A interpretação culminou nos pilares conceituais da CoP em saúde partindo de identidades e trajetórias rumo à participação central, à perificidade legítima e à reificação; transferência educacional em cenários presenciais e on-line com artefatos; exemplos e dilemas de implantação de designers ou arranjos colaborativos para diversos tipos de adoecimento e premência da avaliação interprofissional da trajetória; e, por fim, sabendo da existência das comunidades éticas, foram propostos subsídios para comunidades de prática destinadas às pessoas com estomias no Sistema Único de Saúde, tencionando a participação social-cuidativa e a reabilitação.(AU)

El objetivo fue discutir sobre trayectorias de aprendizaje situado para la rehabilitación social en Comunidades de Práctica (CoP) presenciales y online para personas con estomia. Se desempeñó una revisión narrativa comprensiva con línea de tiempo abierta para el muestreo de 18 artículos internacionales. La interpretación culminó en los pilares conceptuales de la CoP en salud, partiendo de las identidades y trayectorias rumbo a la participación central, perificidad legítima y reificación. Transferencia educativa en escenarios presenciales y online con artefactos, ejemplos y dilemas de implantación de diseñadores o arreglos colaborativos para diversos tipos de enfermedad y la urgencia de la evaluación interprofesional de la trayectoria y, finalmente, conociendo la existencia de las comunidades éticas, se propusieron subsidios para comunidades de práctica destinadas a las personas con estomias en el Sistema Brasileño de Salud, con la intención de la participación social-cuidadora y la rehabilitación.(AU)

The objective was to discuss situated learning trajectories for social rehabilitation in face-to-face and online Communities of Practice (CoP) for people with a stoma. A comprehensive narrative review was carried out with an open timeline, with a sample of 18 international articles. The interpretation culminated in the conceptual pillars of the healthcare CoP, starting from identities and trajectories towards central participation, legitimate peripherality and reification; educational transfer in face-to-face and online settings with artifacts; examples and dilemmas of implementing collaborative designs or arrangements for different types of illness and the urgency of an interprofessional evaluation of the trajectory; finally, knowing about the existence of ethical communities, subsidies were proposed for communities of practice targeted at people with a stoma in the Brazilian National Health System, aiming at social-care participation and rehabilitation.(AU)

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Cetaceans are well known for their unique behavioral habits, such as calls and tactics. The possibility that these are acquired through social learning continues to be explored. This study investigates the ability of a young beluga whale to imitate novel behaviors. Using a do-as-other-does paradigm, the subject observed the performance of a conspecific demonstrator involving familiar and novel behaviors. The subject: (1) learned a specific 'copy' command; (2) copied 100% of the demonstrator's familiar behaviors and accurately reproduced two out of three novel actions; (3) achieved full matches on the first trial for a subset of familiar behaviors; and (4) demonstrated proficiency in coping with each familiar behavior as well as the two novel behaviors. This study provides the first experimental evidence of a beluga whale's ability to imitate novel intransitive (non-object-oriented) body movements on command. These results contribute to our understanding of the remarkable ability of cetaceans, including dolphins, orcas, and now beluga whales, to engage in multimodal imitation involving sounds and movements. This ability, rarely documented in non-human animals, has significant implications for the development of survival strategies, such as the acquisition of knowledge about natal philopatry, migration routes, and traditional feeding areas, among these marine mammals.

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INTRODUCCIÓN. La epistemología, rama de la filosofía que estudia el proceso de investigación y su producto el conocimiento científico, implica ámbitos de la ciencia con enfoque positivismo y postpositivismo, interpretativismo, teoría crítica; y, transcomplejo, cada uno de ellos con los elementos paradigmáticos de: ontología, epistemología y metodología, su conocimiento y aplicabilidad en los diferentes ámbitos es fundamental porque sus enfoques generan ciencia. OBJETIVO. Desarrollar capacidades intelectuales en bases contextuales y teóricas en epistemología de la investigación social, indispensables para el ejercicio profesional en el ámbito de la investigación científica y del conocimiento científico. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio observacional, descriptivo, con población y muestra conocida de 30 modalidades de publicación, periodo junio a julio 2020. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: fuentes secundarias de información bibliográfica validadas en el ámbito de las ciencias sociales. La técnica de observación fue en buscadores bibliográficos PUBMED, Scielo, Scopus, Diccionario de Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud y la Real Academia Española. La tarea de revisar la literatura de investigación comprendió la identificación, selección, análisis crítico, descripción escrita, interpretación, discusión y conclusión de la información que existe sobre la epistemología de la investigación social, tema, que se registró con aplicación de un gestor de referencias bibliográficas, tipo Microsoft Word. RESULTADOS. Se logró obtener capacidades intelectuales al estructurar la cronológica de la epistemología de la investigación social, del conocimiento científico y nuevas perspectivas para el ejercicio profesional en el ámbito de la investigación científica. CONCLUSIÓN. Las perspectivas se orientan a integrar paradigmas pasados y futuros con visión de transcomplejidad, espacios organológicos de una gran red, conformación de cibercomunidades de investigación, uso de método integrador, nuevo lenguaje en equipos multidisciplinarios, agentes como el foco principal de la teoridad epistémica en espacio, tiempo y la relación entre las cosas.

INTRODUCTION. Epistemology, a branch of philosophy that studies the research process and its product, scientific knowledge, involves areas of science focussed in with positivism and postpositivism, interpretivism, critical theory; and, transcomplex, each one of them with the paradigmatic elements of: ontology, epistemology and methodology, their knowledge and applicability in the different fields is fundamental because their approaches generate science. OBJECTIVE. Develop intellectual capacities on contextual and theoretical bases in the epistemology of social research, essential for professional practice in the field of scientific research and scientific knowledge. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Observational, descriptive study, with population and a known sample of 30 publication modalities, period June to July 2020. The inclusion criteria were: secondary sources of bibliographic information validated in the field of social sciences. The observation technique was in bibliographic search engines PUBMED, Scielo, Scopus, Dictionary of Descriptors in Health Sciences and the Royal Spanish Academy. The task of reviewing the research literature included the identification, selection, critical analysis, written description, interpretation, discussion and conclusion of the information that exists on the epistemology of social research, subject, which was registered with the application of a reference manager bibliographic, Microsoft Word type. RESULTS. Intellectual capacities were obtained by structuring the chronology of the epistemology of social research, scientific knowledge and new perspectives for professional practice in the field of scientific research. CONCLUSION. The perspectives are aimed at integrating past and future paradigms with a vision of transcomplexity, organological spaces of a large network, formation of research cyber communities, use of integrative method, new language in multidisciplinary teams, agents as the main focus of epistemic theory in space, time and the relationship between things.

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Introducción: la Educación Basada en la Comunidad (EBC) representa una estrategia educativa que acerca la formación médica a la práctica real, y promueve una atención médica de mayor aceptabilidad que contempla la esfera social de los procesos de salud/enfermedad y aborda de forma adecuada las necesidades reales de la población. Existen, a la fecha, escasas publicaciones a nivel regional en las cuales los propios estudiantes reflexionen sobre este tipo de experiencias formativas. Objetivos: identificar y comunicar los principales aprendizajes obtenidos de una experiencia de EBC por parte de estudiantes de grado de Medicina. Metodología: se revisaron las sistematizaciones de experiencias confeccionadas por la primera cohorte que completó esta experiencia en el Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Se reflexionó sobre las principales dificultades observadas y los aprendizajes más significativos obtenidos a partir de dicha experiencia. Se establecieron dominios y codificaron los textos de las sistematizaciones generadas durante la cursada. Finalmente, se generó un mapa de conceptos a partir del cual se escribió este artículo. Resultados: esta experiencia tuvo para los estudiantes tres momentos bien definidos: una etapa inicial, caracterizada por incertidumbre y malestar; una intermedia, con aprendizaje estratégico y algo de transformación; y una avanzada, con aprendizaje profundo y situado. Conclusión: es recomendable que a las experiencias de EBC se les asigne el tiempo suficiente en las planificaciones y que finalicen con un proceso de reflexión promovido por el equipo docente. (AU)

Introduction: Community-Based Education (CBE) represents an educational strategy that brings medical training closer to real scenario practice, and promotes medical care of greater acceptability that contemplates the social sphere of health/disease processes and that adequately addresses the real needs of the population. To date, there are few publications at the regional level in which the students themselves reflect on this type of training experience. Objectives: to identify and communicate the main lessons learned from a CBE experience by Medicine-degree students.Methodology: the systematization of experiences made by the first cohort that completed this experience at the Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires was reviewed. We reflected on the main difficulties observed and the most significant lessons learned from this experience. Domains were established, and the texts of the systematization generated during the course were codified. Then, a concept map was generated from which this work was written. Results: this experience had three well-defined moments for the students: an initial stage, characterized by uncertainty and discomfort; an intermediate one, with strategic learning and some transformation; and an advanced one, with deep and situated learning. Conclusion: it is recommended that EBC experiences are assigned enough time in the planning and that they end with a reflection process promoted by the teaching team. (AU)

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Response facilitation has often been portrayed as a "low level" category of social learning, because the demonstrator's action, which is already in the observer's repertoire, automatically triggers that same action, rather than induces the learning of a new action. One way to rule out response facilitation consists of introducing a delay between the demonstrator's behavior and the observer's response to let their possible effects wear off. However, this may not rule out "delayed response facilitation" in which the subject could be continuously "mentally rehearsing" the demonstrated actions during the waiting period. We used a do-as-the-other-did paradigm in two orcas to study whether they displayed cognitive control regarding their production of familiar actions by (1) introducing a delay ranging from 60 to 150 s between observing and producing the actions and (2) interspersing distractor (non-target) actions performed by the demonstrator and by the subjects during the delay period. These two manipulations were aimed at preventing the mental rehearsal of the observed actions during the delay period. Both orcas copied the model's target actions on command after various delay periods, and crucially, despite the presence of distractor actions. These findings suggest that orcas are capable of selectively retrieving a representation of an observed action to generate a delayed matching response. Moreover, these results lend further support to the proposal that the subjects' performance relied not only on a mental representation of the specific actions that were requested to copy, but also flexibly on the abstract and domain general rule requested by the specific "copy command". Our findings strengthen the view that orcas and other cetaceans are capable of flexible and controlled social learning.

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Objetivo: descrever uma experiência de processo de aprendizagem sobre equidade, para reflexão sobre a prática social da Enfermagem. Método: relato de experiência, no qual se adotou a metodologia da problematização, com uso do procedimento do Arco de Maguerez, auxiliado por tecnologias digitais colaborativas e com múltiplas funcionalidades, via E-learning, que foi realizada entre agosto e dezembro de 2020, por uma universidade pública da região Norte do país. A experiência foi vinculada a uma atividade curricular intitulada "Exercício de Enfermagem" e contou com as participações de 36 alunos de graduação, 1 aluno de pós-graduação e 1 professor. O aporte teórico foi desenvolvido, via contribuições da Teoria da Atividade. Resultados: as estratégias mediadoras subsidiaram o aprendizado sobre práticas sociais, considerando as cinco etapas do Arco de Maguerez, explorando conceitos, determinantes estruturais e iniquidades em saúde e contextos macrossocial e microinstitucional, sinalizados por definições intermediárias em saúde a partir dos seguintes eixos temáticos: desigualdade, renda, racismo, assédio no SUS e vulnerabilidades. Os constructos sobre equidade e sobre vulnerabilidades sociais foram alinhados a estratégias de aprendizagem para avaliação formativa e somativas, considerando estudo de caso real escolhido pelo discente, as características da disciplina e os seus objetivos. Conclusão: a experiência oportunizou a discussão sobre equidade, por meio do protagonismo dos alunos e a inclusão de realidades e peculiaridades regionais, de modo crítico e reflexivo, sobre o papel social da Enfermagem em contextos de vulnerabilidade, embasando argumentações sobre transformações da sociedade e do sistema de saúde.(AU)

Objective: To describe an experience of the learning process about equity, for reflection on the social practice of Nursing. Method: Experience report, in which the problematization methodology was adopted, using the Maguerez Arch procedure, aided by collaborative digital technologies with multiple functionalities, via E-learning, which was carried out between August and December 2020, in a public university in the North region of the country. The experience was associated with a curricular activity entitled "Nursing Exercise" and had the participation of 36 undergraduate students, one graduate student and one teacher. The theoretical support was developed, via contributions from the Activity Theory. Results: The mediating strategies supported learning about social practices, considering the five steps of the Maguerez Arch, exploring concepts, structural determinants and inequities in health and macrosocial and micro-institutional contexts, signaled by intermediate definitions in health based on the following thematic axes: inequality, income, racism, harassment in the SUS and vulnerabilities. The constructs on equity and on social vulnerabilities were aligned with learning strategies for formative and summative evoluation, considering a real case study chosen by the student, the characteristics of the discipline and its objectives. Conclusion: The experience provided an opportunity to discuss equity, through the protagonism of students and the inclusion of realities and regional peculiarities, in a critical and reflective way, on the social role of Nursing in contexts of vulnerability, supporting arguments about transformations in society and the health system.(AU)

Objetivo: describir una experiencia de un proceso de aprendizaje sobre equidad, para la reflexión sobre la práctica social de Enfermería. Método: relato de experiencia, en la cual se adoptó la metodología de problematización, utilizando el procedimiento del Arco de Maguerez, auxiliado por tecnologías digitales colaborativas y con múltiples funcionalidades, vía E-learning, que fue realizada entre agosto y diciembre de 2020, en una universidad pública de la Región Norte del país. La experiencia estuvo vinculada a una actividad curricular, bajo el título de Ejercicio de Enfermería, y contó con la participación de 36 estudiantes de pregrado, uno de posgrado y un profesor. El marco teórico se desarrolló a partir de aportes de la Teoría de la Actividad. Resultados: las estrategias mediadoras subsidiaron el aprendizaje sobre prácticas sociales, considerando las cinco etapas del Arco de Maguerez explorando conceptos, determinantes estructurales e inequidades en salud y contextos macro-sociales y micro-institucionales señalados por definiciones intermedias en salud, a partir de los ejes temáticos desigualdad, renta, racismo, acoso en el SUS y vulnerabilidades. Las construcciones sobre ...(AU)

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Este trabajo, dirigido a estudiantes del área de servicios a la comunidad, realizado en Coruña (España), en marzo de 2022, analiza un proyecto de prevención de la salud, situado a medio camino entre las artes, la psicología, la educación y el trabajo social, que emplea la performance para facilitar la identificación del trauma y la incorporación de la experiencia como aprendizaje social. El hecho investigado es analizado desde la práctica discursiva y de producción de sentidos, con el fin de que los actores generen un discurso de resiliencia. Se opta por tres técnicas de investigación, el análisis documental, la observación participante y la indagación pública, con el fin de obtener profundidad en las conclusiones y garantizar la fiabilidad. Los resultados muestran la idoneidad de la performance para elaborar el duelo, al facilitar la expresión y la significación del dolor.(AU)

Este trabalho, dirigido a estudantes da área de serviços à comunidade, realizado na Corunha (Espanha), em março de 2022, analisa um projeto de prevenção da saúde, situado a meio caminho entre as artes, a psicologia, a educação e o trabalho social, que emprega a performance para facilitar a identificação do trauma e a incorporação da experiência como aprendizagem social. O fato investigado é analisado desde a prática discursiva e de produção de sentidos, com a finalidade de que os atores gerem um discurso de resiliência. São escolhidas três técnicas de investigação, análise documental, observação participante e inquérito público, a fim de aprofundar as conclusões e garantir a fiabilidade. Os resultados mostram a adequação da performance para elaborar o duelo, ao facilitar a expressão e a significação da dor.(AU)

This work, aimed at students in the area of community services, carried out in Coruña (Spain) in March 2022, analyses a health prevention project, located halfway between the arts, psychology, education and social work, which uses performance to facilitate the identification of trauma and the incorporation of the experience as social learning. The researched event is analysed from the perspective of discursive practice and the production of meaning, with the aim of the actors generating a discourse of resilience. Three research techniques were chosen, documentary analysis, participant observation and public enquiry, in order to obtain depth in the conclusions and guarantee reliability. The results show the suitability of the performance for the elaboration of grief, by facilitating the expression and meaning of grief.(AU)

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Abstract: Health professionals are often the first to detect abuse. Intimate partner aggression can be approached by studying the personality of the aggressor. From this perspective, dark personality and the use of moral disengagement mechanisms are two key variables. In this study, information was collected from 348 individuals, mostly women, and a questionnaire was applied to determine what their sexual behavior was like with their partner. The Short Dark Tetrad (SD4) test was used to identify dark personality and the Propensity to Moral Disengagement to identify moral disengagement. Data were collected via Google forms and multivariate decision tree analysis (CHAID growth method) was performed. Results show that men score higher on the variables of dark personality variables and use of moral disengagement mechanisms than on the three variables that, along with sex, increase the presence of dark personality and moral disengagement mechanisms: infidelity, pornography consumption, and maintaining homosexual relationships. Infidelity and pornography consumption are characteristics present in all dimensions of dark personality. Moreover, these three variables are defining characteristics of relationships with high sadism scores. Nursing staff are possibly able to detect the presence of these variables in aggressors and thus initiate a process of victim protection. Therefore, this study proposes that nursing staff should be trained to perform this detection.

Resumen: Los profesionales de la salud son a menudo los primeros en detectar abusos. La agresión en la pareja íntima se puede abordar a partir del estudio de la personalidad del agresor. Desde esta perspectiva, la personalidad oscura y el uso de mecanismos de desconexión moral son las dos variables principales. Para ello, se recopiló información de 348 personas, casi todas mujeres, y se les aplicó un cuestionario para determinar el comportamiento de la pareja íntima: la prueba Short Dark Tetrad (SD4) para identificar la personalidad oscura y la escala Propensity to Moral Disengagement. Los datos se recopilaron a través de formularios de Google y se aplicó el análisis estadístico multivariado del árbol de decisión. Los resultados muestran cómo los hombres obtienen puntajes más altos en las variables de personalidad oscura y en el uso de mecanismos de desconexión moral. Además, la infidelidad, el consumo de pornografía, el mantenimiento de las relaciones homosexuales, la infidelidad y el consumo de pornografía se asocian con el logro de puntajes más altos en personalidad oscura y desconexión moral. Además, el mantenimiento de las relaciones homosexuales junto con la infidelidad y el consumo de pornografía son características que definen las relaciones con altas puntuaciones de sadismo cotidiano. Se estima que el equipo de enfermería puede detectar la presencia de estas variables en los agresores y así iniciar un proceso de protección a la víctima. Se propone formar al personal de enfermería para llevar a cabo esta detección.

Resumo: Os profissionais de saúde são, muitas vezes, os primeiros a detectar abusos. A agressão por parceiro íntimo pode ser abordada a partir do estudo da personalidade do agressor. Nessa perspectiva, a personalidade sombria e o uso de mecanismos de desengajamento moral são as duas principais variáveis. Para isso, foram coletadas informações de 348 pessoas, quase todas mulheres, e aplicou-lhes um questionário para determinar o comportamento do parceiro íntimo: o teste Short Dark Tetrad para identificar personalidade sombria e a escala Propensity to Moral Disengagement. Os dados foram coletados por meio de formulários do Google e a análise estatística multivariada em árvore de decisão foi aplicada. Os resultados mostram como os homens obtêm escores mais altos nas variáveis de personalidade sombria e no uso de mecanismos de desengajamento moral. Além disso, infidelidade, consumo de pornografia, manutenção de relacionamentos homossexuais, infidelidade e consumo de pornografia estão associados à obtenção de escores mais altos em personalidade sombria e desengajamento moral. Além disso, a manutenção de relacionamentos homossexuais, juntamente com a infidelidade e o consumo de pornografia, são características que definem relacionamentos com altos escores de sadismo cotidiano. Estima-se que a equipe de enfermagem possa detectar a presença dessas variáveis nos agressores e, assim, iniciar um processo de proteção à vítima. Propõe-se que a equipe de enfermagem possa ser treinada para realizar essa detecção.

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A century after the Flexner report in 1910, the book entitled "Educating Physicians: A Call for Reform of Medical School and Residency" was published, which called for strengthening the formation of professional identity, integrating basic sciences with clinical learning and implementing competency assessment. Traditional education is not compatible with these recommendations. One learns to do by doing it, and the way to achieve this is to "play the whole game".

Un siglo después del informe Flexner en 1910 se publicó el libro titulado "Educating Physicians: A Call for Reform of Medical School and Residency", que hizo un llamado a fortalecer la formación de la identidad profesional, integrar las ciencias básicas con el aprendizaje clínico e implementar la evaluación por competencias. La educación tradicional no es compatible con estas recomendaciones. A hacer se aprende haciendo, y la forma de lograrlo es "jugar el juego completo".

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Resumen El objetivo fue conocer la exposición y desensibilización a la violencia en jóvenes de cinco contextos en distintas instituciones educativas y de readaptación social de la ciudad de San Luis Potosí. Método: se realizó un estudio analítico transversal comparativo de 25 instituciones de educación media superior, ubicados en Zonas Rurales (ZR), en Polígonos de Violencia (PV), Cercanas a Polígonos de Violencia (CPV), en Zonas Alejadas de los Polígonos de Violencia (ZAPV), y en un Centro de Internamiento Juvenil (CIJ) con un total de 1720 participantes; 851 (49.5 %) hombres y 869 (50.5%) mujeres. Resultados: Se encontraron medias significativamente más altas en desensibilización a la violencia en participantes del CIJ, seguidos por participantes de las ZAPV, y al final el ZR. Referente a la exposición a la violencia fue mayor en aquellos provenientes de las ZAPV después en jóvenes del CIJ y finalmente los de ZR. Conclusiones: La desensibilización a la violencia se presenta como consecuencia a la exposición de la violencia y las conductas que atentan contra la seguridad social. Finalmente, se encontró que las actividades artísticas y los padres unidos funcionan como factores de protección contra la desensibilización a la violencia.

Abstract The aim of this research was to measure the exposure and desensitization to violence in young people from five contexts in different educational institutions and a Juvenile Detention Center in the city of San Luis Potosí and its surroundings in Mexico. Desensitization to violence is a phenomenon that is generated due to constant exposure to violence, resulting in a decrease in emotional responses, adverse judgments, and opposition to violent acts, it can lead to a normalization of violent acts and with it a minimization of their seriousness, which promotes positive emotions in the individual such as pleasure, fun or entertainment when exposed to said acts or events. Method: a comparative cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in 25 institutions of higher secondary education, located in rural areas and in polygons identified as violent, near to polygons and far from them, and in a Juvenile Detention Center with a total of 1720 male participants. Results: Significantly higher means were found in desensitization to violence in participants from the internment center, later from those of the areas that were initially identified as far from the polygons of violence, and finally the lowest in the rural context. Regarding exposure to violence, it was higher in those participants far from the polygons of violence, then in young people from the internment center, and finally those from the rural context. In addition, of the three areas analyzed, lower levels of schooling were found in people in a situation of internment. Conclusions: Desensitization to violence occurs as a consequence of exposure to violence and behaviors that threaten social security. Also, it was found that artistic activities and being part of a family, with father and mother together, worked as a protective factor against desensitization to violence. Some plausible explanations for these findings are suggested.

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Resumen Pocos estudios han documentado la percepción de víctimas y victimarios con respecto a los factores facilitadores e instigadores de la violencia de pareja. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la percepción de víctimas y victimarios de violencia de pareja con respecto a factores facilitadores e instigadores de la violencia. Participaron 27 víctimas de violencia de pareja con edades entre 18 y 71 años (media = 34.25) y 27 victimarios jurídicamente confirmados, con edades entre 19 y 62 años (media = 40), quienes respondieron un cuestionario integrado por una lista sobre factores facilitadores e instigadores de la violencia de pareja y de datos sociodemográficos. Ambos grupos coincidieron en señalar al estrés y consumo de sustancias como propiciadoras de violencia, así como a la madre de su pareja como instigadoras. El diseño de intervenciones para tratar o prevenir violencia de pareja requieren identificar los factores que la facilitan, incluyendo a las familias circundantes ya que podrían no sólo tolerar o justificar la violencia, sino incluso inducirla. Finalmente, se discuten algunas diferencias notorias entre perpetradores y víctimas respecto de otras variables propiciadoras de violencia en el contexto de la teoría del aprendizaje social.

Abstract Few studies have documented the opinion of victims and perpetrators regarding the facilitating and instigating factors of intimate partner violence. The objective of this study was to evaluate the perception of victims and perpetrators of intimate partner violence regarding facilitating and instigating factors of violence. Participants were 27 victims of intimate partner violence aged between 18 and 71 years (mean = 34.25) and 27 legally confirmed offenders, aged between 19 and 62 years (mean = 40), who answered a questionnaire consisting of a list of facilitating factors and instigators of intimate partner violence and sociodemographic data. Both groups agreed in pointing to stress and substance use as propitiators of violence, as well as the mother of their partner as instigators. The design of interventions to treat or prevent intimate partner violence requires identifying the factors that facilitate it, including the surrounding families, since they may not only tolerate or justify the violence, but even induce it. Finally, some notorious differences between perpetrators and victims are discussed with respect to other variables that promote violence in the context of social learning theory.

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In neglected communities, waste and organic residues are not only a vector of several problems, like diseases and water pollution, but also a contributor to increasing forms of vulnerability and marginalization. At the same time, these communities also have presented innovative local initiatives and transformative learning about natural resources management that can be a vehicle for achieving more sustainable food systems. In the south of Brazil, community-based organic residue management has shown an extraordinary potential to improve food security and livelihoods for (≈1600) community members of a vulnerable urban territory. In this context, the overall objective of this article is (a) To better understand what Social Learning (SL) processes related to successful organic residues management in neglected communities exist and (b) To identify what knowledge systems are created in one empirical case. The study case is based on a communitarian waste management project, the Bucket Revolution Project (BRP). The analytical framework builds upon social learning theory and its triple-loop process focusing on four specific phenomena. The applied mixed-methods approach was made in four steps: 1. a focus group to investigate collective community issues; 2. semi-structured interviews to investigate specific and individual issues in the context of the BRP; 3. social media analysis to better understand the BRP narratives; and finally 4. participant observation in community and institutional meetings. Mainly using MaxQda software and coding indicators of SL, the data show that "Diversity of knowledge integration" is the most identified SL indicator in the interviews (52%). For BRP, identity development, community conditions improvement, and environment understanding are three key components of the knowledge system enhanced through an underlying process of social learning. Furthermore, the study also shows that there are endogenous and exogenous social learning processes at work.

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Resumen Introducción: La estrategia de Atención Primaria Social ha sido valorada por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud como una experiencia exitosa. Objetivo: Analizar la experiencia de Atención Primaria Social en el departamento de Caldas en el marco de un proceso de sistematización. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de sistematización de experiencias, las unidades de análisis y de trabajo fueron documentos municipales y departamentales, información del Observatorio Social de Caldas y relatos de diferentes actores. Técnicas: 71 entrevistas a profundidad a informantes claves, 27 grupos focales, 11 diarios de campo y revisión documental. La información fue recolectada en 6 fases y luego analizada en el software ATLAS.ti 8.0. Resultados: La estrategia tuvo un recorrido histórico bajo lineamientos nacionales e internacionales desde los años 80 hasta la actualidad, fue modificada en 2013 al articular actores y sectores público-privados para convertirla en "Atención Primaria Social". El modelo operativo se cimienta en la transectorialidad y educación interdisciplinar, bienestar y salud familiar, y participación social y comunitaria, cuyo eje central son los actores, familias y comunidades. Se destacan actividades como caracterización familiar, intervenciones a familias priorizadas y unidades de análisis para apoyo, monitoreo y seguimiento. Conclusiones: Han participado diferentes actores en la comprensión de la mirada y el abordaje de la salud desde lo "social", un actor relevante ha sido la comunidad, acompañada de sus líderes y la academia. La voluntad política del gobierno nacional, departamental y municipal es relevante para el éxito de la estrategia. Los indicadores en salud han sido impactados por el avance en la implementación de la estrategia de Atención Primaria Social.

Abstract Introduction: The Social Primary Care strategy has been evaluated by the Pan American Health Organization as a successful experience. Objective: To analyze the experience of Primary Social Care in the department of Caldas within the framework of a systematization process. Methods: Systematization study of experiences, the units of analysis and work were municipal and departmental documents, information from the Social Observatory of Caldas and accounts of different actors. Techniques: 71 in-depth interviews with key informants, 27 focus groups, 11 field diaries and documentary review, the information was collected in 6 phases and then analyzed in ATLAS. ti 8.0 software. Results: The strategy had a historical trajectory under national and international guidelines from the 1980s to the present, it was modified in 2013 by articulating actors and public-private sectors to turn it into "Social Primary Care". The operational model is based on trans-sectoriality and interdisciplinary education, family wellbeing and health, and social and community participation, whose central axis are the actors, families, and communities. Activities include family characterization, interventions for prioritized families and units of analysis for support, monitoring and follow-up. Conclusions: Different actors have participated in the understanding of the "social" approach to health, a relevant actor has been the community accompanied by its leaders and academia. The political will of the national, departmental and municipal governments is relevant for the success of the strategy. Health indicators have been impacted by the progress in the implementation of the Social Primary Health Care strategy.

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The path to sustainable small-scale fisheries (SSF) is based on multiple learning processes that must transcend generational changes. To understand young leaders from communities with sustainable SSF management practices in Mexico, we used in-depth interviews to identify their shared motivations and perceptions for accepting their fishing heritage. These possible future decision-makers act as agents of change due to their organizational and technological abilities. However, young people are currently at a crossroads. Many inherited a passion for the sea and want to improve and diversify the fishing sector, yet young leaders do not want to accept a legacy of complicated socioenvironmental conditions that can limit their futures. These future leaders are especially concerned by the uncertainty caused by climate change. If fishing and generational change are not valued in planning processes, the continuity of fisheries, the success of conservation actions, and the lifestyles of young fishers will remain uncertain.

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Este trabalho propõe uma discussão teórica sobre o desenvolvimento positivo por meio do esporte, com foco na aprendizagem de "competências de vida", que recebem uma atenção crescente na educação do século XXI, e pretende discutir e integrar diferentes modelos existentes com base na teoria social cognitiva (TSC) de Albert Bandura. Para isso, foi descrito o modelo heurístico de Gould e Carson, traçando comparativos com modelos teóricos posteriores. São apresentados aspectos da TSC que possibilitam a percepção de uma unidade teórica entre os diversos modelos, o que pode facilitar e aprofundar a compreensão do fenômeno. Conclui-se que os benefícios do esporte ao desenvolvimento humano não são automáticos e dependem de múltiplos fatores, especialmente dos aspectos cognitivos e relacionais associados a essas práticas. Esses fatores devem ser o foco das intervenções para que as vivências esportivas sejam, de fato, promotoras de um desenvolvimento positivo. A TSC permite integrar os diferentes modelos e pode servir de base para o planejamento de intervenções e pesquisas que promovam a aprendizagem de competências de vida nos esportes.(AU)

This paper proposes a theoretical discussion about positive development by using sport, focusing on "life skills" learning, which receive a growing attention on 21th century education, and aimed to discuss and integrate different existing models based on Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory (SCT). For this, we described the heuristic model of Gould and Carson, drawing comparisons with later theoretical models. We present aspects of SCT that enable to perceive a theoretical unity between the different models, which can facilitate and deepen the understanding of the phenomenon. We concluded that the benefits of sports to human development are not automatic and depend on multiple factors, especially cognitive and relational aspects associated to these practices. These factors should be the focus of interventions, so that the sports experiences may really result in positive development. The SCT allows the integration of different models and can serve as a basis for planning interventions and research that promote the learning of life skills by using sport.(AU)

Este trabajo propone discutir sobre el desarrollo positivo a través del deporte, con foco en el aprendizaje de "competencias de vida", que han sido tema creciente en la educación del siglo XXI, así como pretende discutir e integrar diferentes modelos existentes basados en la teoría social cognitiva (TSC) de Albert Bandura. Para ello, se describió el modelo heurístico de Gould y Carson, haciendo comparaciones con modelos teóricos posteriores. Se presentan aspectos de la TSC de Albert Bandura, que permitan percibir una unidad teórica entre los diferentes modelos, lo que puede facilitar y profundizar la comprensión del fenómeno. Se concluye que los beneficios del deporte al desarrollo humano no son automáticos y dependen de múltiples factores, especialmente los aspectos cognitivos y relacionales asociados a estas prácticas. Estos factores deben ser foco de intervenciones para que las vivencias deportivas sean, de hecho, positivas. La TSC permite integrar los diferentes modelos y puede servir de base para la planificación de intervenciones e investigaciones que promuevan el aprendizaje de competencias de vida en los deportes.(AU)

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El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir la violencia estructural en la que se desarrollan las conductas disruptivas enfatizando el contexto en el que se genera el aprendizaje social de las mismas, la forma en que se construye la sociedad favoreciendo el ejercicio y prácticas de violencia que afectan a la mujer y a las personas que se desenvuelven en México. Método: 489 personas contestaron la Escala de Conductas Disruptivas en adultos; 21 de las mujeres que alguna vez fueron detenidas. Resultados: se encontró un tamaño del efecto alto en conductas disruptivas en aquellas personas que se juntaron con pandillas, el doble de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en hombres en contraste con mujeres, así como mayores conductas disruptivas en quienes consumen sustancias ilegales o alcohol, también, el consumo de drogas y alcohol, así como la violencia vivida en la infancia presentan diferencias significativas en mujeres que han sido detenidas y aquellas que no. Discusión: los modelos de socialización, la violencia directa y estructural y la cultura de la violencia aterrizada en el contexto social mexicano generan que tanto hombres como mujeres delincan; la generación de políticas públicas y el desafío a los roles de género tradicionales pueden ser elementos protectores.

The objective of this research was to describe the structural violence in which disruptive behaviors are developed, emphasizing the context in which the social learning of these behaviors is generated, the way in which society is constructed favoring the exercise and practices of violence that affect women and people in Mexico. Method: 489 people answered the Scale of Disruptive Behavior in Adults; 21 of the women who had ever been arrested. Results: we found a high effect size in disruptive behaviors in those who joined gangs, twice the consumption of psychoactive substances in men in contrast to women, as well as greater disruptive behaviors in those who consume illegal substances or alcohol, also, the consumption of drugs and alcohol, as well as violence experienced in childhood show significant differences in women who have been arrested and those who have not. Discussion: socialization models, direct and structural violence and the culture of violence in the Mexican social context cause both men and women to commit crimes; the generation of public policies and the challenge to traditional gender roles may be protective elements.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi descrever a violência estrutural na qual os comportamentos perturbadores são desenvolvidos, enfatizando o contexto no qual o aprendizado social destes comportamentos é gerado, a forma como a sociedade é construída favorecendo o exercício e as práticas de violência que afetam as mulheres e as pessoas no México. Método: 489 pessoas responderam à Escala de Comportamentos Perturbadores em Adultos; 21 das mulheres já haviam sido presas. Resultados: encontramos um tamanho de efeito elevado para comportamentos perturbadores naqueles que aderiram a gangues, o dobro do uso de substâncias psicoativas em homens do que em mulheres, assim como comportamentos mais perturbadores naqueles que usam substâncias ilegais ou álcool, também, o uso de drogas e álcool, assim como a violência experimentada na infância mostram diferenças significativas nas mulheres que foram presas e naquelas que não o foram. Discussão: modelos de socialização, violência direta e estrutural e a cultura da violência no contexto social mexicano levam homens e mulheres a cometer crimes; a geração de políticas públicas e o desafio aos papéis tradicionais de gênero podem ser elementos protetores.

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Ants show collective and individual behavioral flexibility in their response to immediate context, choosing for example between different foraging strategies. In Pachycondyla striata, workers can forage solitarily or recruit and guide nestmates to larger food sources through tandem running. Although considered more ancestral and less efficient than pheromone trail-laying, this strategy is common especially in species with small colony size. What is not known is how the decision to recruit or follow varies according to the immediate context. That is, how fine adjustments in information transfer affect immediate foraging decisions at the colony level. Here, we studied individually marked workers and evaluated their foraging decisions when food items varied in nature (protein versus carbohydrate), size, and distance from the nest at different temperatures and humidity levels. Our results show that tandem run leaders and potential followers adjust their behavior according to a combination of external factors. While 84.2% of trips were solitary, most ants (81%) performed at least 1 tandem run. However, tandem runs were more frequent for nearby resources and at higher relative humidity. Interestingly, when food items were located far away, tandem runs were more successful when heading to protein sources (75%) compared with carbohydrate sources (42%). Our results suggest that the social information transfer between leaders and followers conveys more information than previously thought, and also relies on their experience and motivation.

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In this study, we addressed the social attentiveness, as well as the phenomenon of social facilitation and inhibition in the context of a positive human-pig relationship. Specifically, we investigated whether the social rank of an experienced pig (termed "demonstrator") has an effect on the attentiveness of the remaining pen mates (N = 40) when they observe the demonstrator being gently handled by a stockperson from behind an acrylic panel. We found that pigs preferentially attended to dominant demonstrators rather than subordinate demonstrators during their gentle handling sessions with the stockperson. Additionally, we also examined whether the presence of a demonstrator pig of different social rank, who previously established a positive relationship with the stockperson in presence of conspecifics, affects the behavior and motivation of their pen mates to positively interact with the stockperson. To test for the effect of the presence and demonstrator's social rank on pen mate interactions with the stockperson, we evaluated the behavior of domestic pigs (N = 65) toward the stockperson using a human-approach test in their home-pen. Pigs showed a decrease in their motivation to positively interact with the stockperson when a socially dominant demonstrator was present, behaving similarly to animals receiving minimal human contact (control group). Overall, they exhibited a greater latency to physical contact, a lower acceptance of stroking, and spent more time looking at the stockperson compared to pigs exposed to subordinate demonstrators. Taken together, these findings expand our current understanding of pigs' cognition and social behavior, and the nature of social attention bias in farm animals. Our findings indicate that positive handling of previously selected subordinate demonstrators seems to be the best strategy to reduce the level of fear in large groups of pigs.

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RESUMEN: La pandemia de COVID-19 ha provocado importantes retos para el sistema de enseñanza superior. Las medidas adoptadas para prevenir la transmisión comunitaria han desplazado la enseñanza presencial frente a la virtual. Las nuevas prácticas de enseñanza y aprendizaje adoptadas han planteado la necesidad de reforzar la dimensión social del aprendizaje. En este contexto, hemos implementado el uso de WhatsApp para interactuar y compartir contenidos académicos en un pequeño grupo de estudiantes de un curso de Histología. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la percepción de los estudiantes sobre la eficacia de esta red social para facilitar la comunicación y compartir información educativa, su utilidad en el aprendizaje y su capacidad para modificar la dimensión afectiva durante el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes tenían una actitud positiva hacia el uso de WhatsApp en el entorno de aprendizaje, de modo que facilitó la comunicación y la cohesión del grupo, favoreció el aprendizaje y redujo la ansiedad ante la evaluación. Así, las redes sociales deberían integrarse en el proceso de aprendizaje teniendo en cuenta las características del alumnado.

SUMMARY: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant challenges for the higher education system. The adopted measures to prevent community transmission have shifted face-to-face teaching to virtual education. The new adopted teaching and learning practices have raised the need for reinforcing the social dimension of learning. In this context, we have implemented the use of WhatsApp to interact and sharing academic contents in a small group of students in a Histology course. The aim of this study was to evaluate the students' perceptions about the effectiveness of this social network in facilitating communication and sharing educational information, its usefulness in learning, and its ability to modify the affective dimension during the teaching- learning process. The results showed that students had a positive attitude towards the use of WhatsApp in the learning environment, so that it facilitated communication and group cohesion, favored learning and reduced anxiety in the face of evaluation. Thus, social networks must be integrated in learning process considering students' characteristics.

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