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RESUMEN Objetivo: Las audiencias locales que se sitúan fuera de las capitales y de las grandes urbes deben conformarse con la información y contenidos televisivos nacionales, perdiendo la conexión con sus territorios debido al marcado centralismo de los medios capitalinos. Este artículo caracteriza las tensiones de las audiencias locales del norte de Chile en relación con su televisión local, también denominada de proximidad. Materiales y métodos: La metodología es cualitativa, realizándose grupos focales con las audiencias de seis comunas de la región de Coquimbo que tuviesen televisoras locales operativas y que declarasen ver periódicamente medios locales. Resultados: Entre los hallazgos se destaca el interés y el requerimiento de la ciudadanía por las noticias locales en un claro sentido de proximidad y cercanía con su territorio, detectando además otras demandas sociales, políticas, culturales y educativas de las audiencias que podrían ser canalizadas por las televisoras locales. Se evidencia un distanciamiento y crítica hacia contenidos sensacionalistas de la televisión nacional, siendo el centralismo informativo una de las razones para la poca empatía hacia estos medios de comunicación. A juicio de los participantes, las tensiones entre lo local y lo capitalino no solo se aprecian a nivel país, sino también entre capitales regionales, provincias y comunas, siguiendo la división político-administrativa de Chile. Conclusiones: Se concluye que existe una marcada preferencia por el contenido de proximidad, lo que se explica en parte por el alejamiento y crítica que se declara hacia los medios de cobertura nacional. Se plantean como tensiones la falta de espacios de comunicación y promoción del diálogo social que les permita a las audiencias ser escuchadas por sus actores políticos locales y regionales, desaprovechando el interés de la televidencia local por contenidos de proximidad que les permitan crecer, desarrollarse y lograr una mayor participación ciudadana en el ecosistema medial chileno.

ABSTRACT Objective: Media centralism and the lack of attention to the preferences and demands of local audiences is an obvious reality that must be faced by those who live outside large cities and capitals, understanding that there are audiences that demand local content, but that must settle for aprogrammingproduced from and for the capital, even more so when it comes to the Chilean television system. This article characterizes the tensions of local audiences in northern Chile in relation to their local television, also called proximity. Materials and methods: The study carried out a qualitative methodology, since it seeks to understand human behavior in a given territory and historical moment. The data collection was carried out using the technique of focus groups in order to explain and deepen the situations of people as local audiences and their feelings and thoughts on various problems. The focus groups discussed their local television and their link with national television considering the informational centralism and political centralism within the Coquimbo Region. The sample corresponds to the audience of cities belonging to urban and rural communes of the Coquimbo Region, in Chile, where there are local television media and that have declared their intention to migrate to digital television. The cities that are part of the study are: Andacollo, La Serena, Los Vilos, Illapel and Salamanca. For recruitment, the snowball method was used, with a total of 52 participants. All the participants were over 18 years of age with a residence of more than 10years in the city. There was gender balance. Six focus groups were held in neighborhood offices in each city. The sessions were recorded and later transcribed, being systematized using the Atlas.tisoftware, version 9. Resulted: The results are described through three categories of analysis, regarding the opinions of the audiences: 1) Local information 2) National television: positive and negative aspects and 3) Information centralism and media demands. 1 ) Local information as a center of interest: Audiences place local news among their preferences. In each focus group, the informative genre of these media was highly valued and required. It represents a fundamental demand when evaluating local television positively. 2) Link with national television coverage: Along with the preference for local news, there is also an unfavorable opinion towards national news and towards the journalistic routines of the capital television stations whose coverage privileges the events that occurred in the Metropolitan Region in the information guidelines, often falling into sensationalism, especially when it comes to police court facts. 3) Information centralism and media demands: in the opinion of the participants, the tensions between the local and the capital are not only appreciated at the country level, but also between regional capitals, provinces and communes, following the political-administrative division of Chile. Conclusions: Regarding the characteristics of local television consumption, a first conclusion was the confirmation of the interest and consumption of local audiences in content that addresses issues related to their environment, an issue that is in line with previous studies on communication and local television. Similar to national television consumption, local news represented the preferred content. If there is a fire or a traffic accident in the city, audiences want to see it on their local television and, hopefully, live or as instantly as possible. This is informative content that does not compete in any case with national television, as it deals with local news events. Unless something out of the ordinary happens, whose connotation is national and in this case -the fewest times- the city, province or region makes news and appears nationally. A very important link was detected between local audiences with their own territories. The link was verified through two factors: a) the expectations of seeing local content not only on themes about their cities, but also from geographically broader places, such as communes, provinces or the Coquimbo Region itself; b) a large part of the social demands that underlie the opinions of the audiences surroundfeelings of belonging, desire for decentralization and local development. The need for representation of local audiences is verified, that is, seeing their territories on the screen, feeling reflected on national TV through their cultural, territorial, geographical, touristic, or other particularities is the cause that is associated Local (non-capital) audiences arepart of a marginalized sector from a political and economic point of view. In this sense, there is a glimpse of a disconnection between the political/public world that promotes actions that should benefit the community, but that fail to reach potential users in a good way. In the same line of discussion, social demands for access to public information that benefits them and brings them closer to local political actors are detected. Know and understand the territorial public policies that result in a better quality of life. These social/political demands are intermingled with the media needs that could be channeled into more spaces to debate, talk and express their opinions to participate in the local public debate.

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RESUMEN Con el objetivo de comprender las diversas formas de mantener y transmitir los conocimientos tradicionales sobre el manejo de los recursos naturales silvestres y domesticados para prevenir y tratar la enfermedad de los miembros de la comunidad tikuna del Resguardo de San Sebastián de los Lagos, en Leticia (Amazonas), esta investigación utiliza elementos del método etnográfico y la Investigación- Acción- Participativa (IAP). Este proyecto se desarrolló en tres fases: diagnóstica, acción participativa y sistematización de la información. En el contexto del trabajo de campo con la comunidad se realizaron visitas en julio de 2022 al huerto, la chagra y el bosque con las mujeres de la comunidad, recolectando hojas de un herbario que funcionó como pretexto para el diálogo sobre las propiedades medicinales de las plantas. Los resultados muestran que las personas que lograron mantenerse dentro de la comunidad, realizando cuidado a partir de la medicina tradicional con hojas, sahumerios y cuidado, lograron recuperarse del Covid-19.

ABSTRACT With the objective of understanding the different ways of maintaining and transmitting traditional knowledge on the management of wild and domesticated natural resources to prevent and treat the illness of the members of the Tikuna community of the San Sebastián de los Lagos Resguardo, in Leticia (Amazonas), this research uses elements of the ethnographic method and Participatory Action Research (PAR). This project was developed in three phases: diagnostic, participatory action and systematization of information. In the context of the field work with the community, visits were made in July 2022 to the orchard, the chagra and the forest with the women of the community, collecting leaves from a herbarium that served as a pretext for dialogue on the medicinal properties of plants. The results show that the people who managed to stay within the community, performing care based on traditional medicine with leaves, incense, and care, were able to recover from Covid-19.

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Paulo Freire é um importante autor que sustenta a práxis da Terapia Ocupacional Social. O intuito do presente trabalho é ampliar o escopo e adensar o caráter da presença acadêmica deste autor no campo da Terapia Ocupacional Social, tomando como referência produções científicas brasileiras. Como percurso metodológico, foi realizada uma revisão de escopo, com levantamento de estudos publicados em quatro periódicos brasileiros e bases de dados internacionais. As buscas foram realizadas utilizando a língua portuguesa. A revisão não definiu período inicial e considerou os artigos disponíveis online até fevereiro de 2023. Foram incluídos 18 estudos que possuem as obras de Freire em suas referências. Pedagogia do oprimido e Educação como prática de liberdade são as obras que mais aparecem nos artigos encontrados. Foi rea-lizado o refinamento das categorias freireanas, e constatou-se a presença de 42 delas, com destaque para conscientização, com onze ocorrências, transformação/ação transformadora e práxis/ação-reflexão, ambas com dez. Com os dados obtidos pelo estudo foi possível constatar o aumento do número de publicações na área da Terapia Ocupacional Social que utilizam o referencial teórico de Freire. A obra do autor tem colaborado de forma significativa na construção de uma Terapia Ocupacional Social problematizadora e emancipatória

Paulo Freire es un autor importante para apoyar la praxis de la Terapia Ocupacional Social. El propósito de este estudio es ampliar el alcance y profundizar en el carácter de la presencia académica de este autor en el campo de la Terapia Ocupacional Social. Como abordaje metodológico, se realizó una revisión de alcance con relevamiento de estudios publicados en cuatro revistas brasileñas y en bases de datos internacionales. Las búsquedas se realizaron solamente en portugués. No se estableció una fecha de inicio y se consideraron artículos disponibles en línea y publicados hasta febrero de 2023. El corpus estuvo constituido por 18 artículos que incluyen obras de Paulo Freire en sus referencias. Pedagogía del oprimido y Educación como práctica de libertadson las obras que más se referencian. Se depuraron las categorías freireanas y se constató la presencia de 42 de ellas, especialmente: concientización, once veces; transformación / acción transformadora y praxis / acción-reflexión, ambas, diez veces. Los resultados permiten constatar el aumento del número de publicaciones en el área de Terapia Ocupacional Social que utilizan el marco teórico de Freire. La obra del autor ha aportado significativamente a la construcción de una Terapia Ocupacional Social problematizadora y emancipadora.

Paulo Freire's work is important to support the praxis of Social Occupational Therapy. The purpose of this study is to expand the scope and deepen the character of the academic presence of Paulo Freire in Social Occupational Therapy. A scoping review was carried out as a methodological approach, including studies in four Brazilian journals and three international databases. The searches were conducted only in Portuguese; no year parameters were stipulated. The review considered articles published at any time up to February 2023. A total of 18 studies with Freire's works in their references were included; "Pedagogy of the Oppressed" and "Education, the Practice of Freedom" are the works that mostly appeared in the articles included. The refinement of the Freirean categories was carried out, and 42 categories were verified: conscientization, eleven times, transformation/transformative action, and praxis/action-reflection, both ten times. With the data obtained in the study, it was possible to verify the increase in the number of publications in Social Occupational Therapy that use Freire's theoretical framework. The author's work has contributed significantly to the construction of a problematizing and emancipating Social Occupational Therapy.

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Fundamento: las llamadas provincias de Las Villas y La Habana atesoran las primeras experiencias sobre la psicología en Cuba, después del triunfo de la Revolución; aunque esta historia ha sido insuficientemente divulgada en la región central del país. Objetivo: identificar aspectos distintivos de la psicología de la salud desde 1964 hasta 2023 en la antigua provincia de Las Villas, y posteriormente, en Villa Clara. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de tipo histórico en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara, entre enero-marzo 2023. Se emplearon métodos teóricos y empíricos: investigación documental en fuentes históricas de probada veracidad, entrevistas a informantes clave y testimonios de las autoras. Resultados: en el curso 1968-1969 se insertó la Psicología en los programas del Ministerio de Salud Pública, en La Habana y Las Villas. A partir de la fundación de la Sociedad Nacional de Psicología de la Salud y la Filial de Las Villas (1975), la especialidad ha ido en progreso: la graduación de varios especialistas, realización de cuatro maestrías y una línea de investigación doctoral, varios eventos con participación internacional, los intercambios científicos con otras universidades, y la acreditación de la especialidad son algunos de los avances que la distinguen. Conclusiones: la psicología de la salud en la región central de Cuba ha ido en ascenso desde su fundación. Sus logros en los escenarios científicos y académicos se han fortalecido bajo la dirección de un grupo de fundadores que con creatividad y responsabilidad se han convertido en promotores y actores de sus éxitos.

Background: the so-called provinces of Las Villas and Havana treasure the first experiences on health psychology in Cuba; although this story has been insufficiently disseminated in the central region of the country. Objective: to identify distinctive aspects of health psychology from 1964 to 2023 in the former province of Las Villas, and later, in Villa Clara. Methods: a historical research was carried out at Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences, from January to March 2023. Theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction, historical-logical and systemic; empirical: documentary research in historical sources of proven veracity, interviews with key informants and testimonies of the authors. Results: in the 1968-1969 academic year, Psychology was inserted into the programs of the Ministry of Public Health, in Havana and Las Villas. Since the founding of the National Society of Health Psychology and the Las Villas Branch in 1975, the specialty has been in progress: the graduation of several specialists, completion of four master's degrees and a line of doctoral research, several events with participation International exchange, scientific exchanges with other universities, and the accreditation of the specialty are some of the advances that distinguish it. Conclusions: health psychology in the central region of Cuba has been on the rise since its foundation. Its achievements in the scientific and academic scenarios have been strengthened under the direction of a group of founders who, with creativity and responsibility, have become promoters and actors of its successes.

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Abstract This article presents the lived and reflected experience of an Afro-centered psychology pilot study group. In addition to promoting collective studies, the group also aimed to experiment with an anti-racist inspired pedagogical-therapeutic methodological approach, aiming to promote processes of personal and professional Afrocentration. The group consisted of five psychologists from Brazil and Angola who shared a prior interest in the study. They met online monthly between July 2020 and August 2021. The reflections produced at each meeting were recorded in minutes. These records were collectively organized and analyzed to identify units of meaning. The reflections point to challenges in Psychology: 1) the need for Brazilian and Angolan psychology to open to authors who produce from Africa and the diaspora; and 2) the need for reflection and knowledge production based on the potential of traditional African and Afro-Brazilian practices as therapeutic tools.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta a experiência vivida e refletida de um grupo de estudos piloto em psicologia afrocentrada. Além dos estudos coletivos, o grupo também tinha o propósito de experimentar uma abordagem metodológica pedagogica-terapêutica com inspiração antirracista, que visava promover processos de afrocentramento pessoal e profissional. O grupo era composto por cinco psicólogos do Brasil e Angola que tinham interesse prévio no estudo. Se reuniram online mensalmente entre julho de 2020 e agosto de 2021. As reflexões produzidas a cada encontro foram registradas em ata. Estes registros foram organizados e analisados coletivamente para identificar unidades de significados. As reflexões apontam para desafios na Psicologia: 1) necessidade da psicologia brasileira e angolana abrir-se para autores que produzem desde África e diáspora; e 2) necessidade de reflexão e produção de conhecimentos pautada pela potencialidade das práticas tradicionais africanas e afro-brasileiras como ferramentas terapêuticas.

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Introducción: la pedagogía social es una oportunidad de abrir el pensamiento y las prácticas educativas a horizontes y destinos alternativos para la sociedad. Objetivo: describir una experiencia educativa relacionada con la expresión plástica como fortaleza de la pedagogía social en menores con trastornos de conducta. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre el contenido del artículo en las bases de datos SciELO, Google Académico y en textos impresos, entre octubre 2021-enero 2022; las palabras claves fueron: pedagogía social, educación artística, artes plásticas, trastornos de conducta. Se seleccionaron 20 textos: diez artículos de revistas extranjeras y cubanas, dos libros clásicos, tres documentos normativos, cuatro tesis, y el diccionario de pensamientos martianos compilados por Valdés Galarraga. Resultados: se analizaron aspectos relacionados con la pedagogía social como ciencia, la educación artística y su impronta en la pedagogía social, la expresión plástica como actividad educativa, el taller de expresión plástica: generador de educación y cultura, y como fortaleza para una educación social; por último, se describe la experiencia de la aplicación de varios de esos talleres, según sus etapas de realización. Conclusiones: la expresión plástica se posiciona como fortaleza de la pedagogía social porque su aplicación en la reducación de menores con trastornos de la conducta significó un logro, ya que modificaron sus modos de actuación de forma positiva, según se constató en la experiencia descrita; además se demostró la necesidad de establecer un sistema articulado de trabajo educativo desde la escuela, como el que se presenta.

Introduction: social pedagogy is an opportunity to open thought and educational practices to alternative horizons and destinations for society. Objective: to describe an educational experience related to plastic expression as strength of social pedagogy in adolescents with behavior disorders. Methods: a bibliographic review was carried out on the content of the article in the SciELO, Google Scholar databases and in printed texts, from October 2021 to January 2022; the keywords were: social pedagogy, artistic education, plastic arts, behavior disorders. Twenty texts were selected: ten articles from foreign and Cuban magazines, two classic books on pedagogy, three normative documents, three doctoral theses and one master's theses, and the dictionary of Marti's thoughts compiled by Ramiro Valdés Galarraga. Results: aspects related to social pedagogy as a science, artistic education and its imprint on social pedagogy, plastic expression as an educational activity, plastic expression workshop: generator of education and culture, and as a strength for social education were analyzed. Based on participation and opportunities for all; and finally, the experience of the application of several of these workshops is described, according to their stages of implementation. Conclusions: the plastic expression is positioned as strength of social pedagogy because its application in the reduction of adolescents with behavior disorders meant an achievement, since they modified their modes of action in a positive way, as verified in the described experience; In addition, the need to establish an articulated system of educational work from the school, such as the one presented, was demonstrated.

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La pandemia por COVID-19 generó diversas consecuencias que afectaron la salud física y emocional de la población, siendo los profesionales de la salud los más afectados porque tuvieron la misión de afrontar la atención de todos los que padecieron la enfermedad, además tuvieron que enfrentar la escasez de equipos de protección y de personal. Objetivo. El objetivo de la investigación fue caracterizar el impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en los profesionales de la salud que trabajan en hospitales y centros de atención de Lima y provincias. Materiales y método. Investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva, no experimental y transversal. La recolección de los datos se realizó mediante la escala Impacto del estresor (EIE-R) versión española. La población de estudio fue de 624, luego se extrajo una muestra de 394 profesionales sanitarios, recogidos bajo muestreo no probabilístico. Resultados. Se halló que el 47,5% de los profesionales manifestó un impacto leve; el 52, 6% reporto impacto que va de moderado a severo, además se identificó que el contagio por COVID-19 fue el factor significativamente asociado al impacto del evento (p-valor 0.025). Conclusiones. Se identificó que la pandemia por COVID-19 ha generado un impacto en la salud de los profesionales que estuvieron al frente de la atención; se observó una prevalencia del impacto mayor en las trabajadoras que en el personal masculino.

The COVID-19 pandemic generated several consequences that affected the physical and emotional health of the population, being the health professionals the most affected because they had the mission to deal with the care of all those who suffered from the disease, in addition they had to face the shortage of protective equipment and personnel. Objective. The objective of the research was to characterize the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health professionals working in hospitals and health care centers in Lima and the provinces. Materials and Method. Quantitative, descriptive, non-experimental, cross-sectional research. Data were collected using the Spanish version of the Stressor Impact Scale (EIE-R). The study population was 624, then a sample of 394 health professionals was drawn, collected under non-probabilistic sampling. Results. It was found that 47.5% of the professionals reported a mild impact; 52.6% reported an impact ranging from moderate to severe, and it was also identified that infection by COVID-19 was the factor significantly associated with the impact of the event (p-value 0.025). Conclusions. It was identified that the COVID-19 pandemic has generated an impact on the health of the professionals who were in charge of the care; a higher prevalence of the impact was observed in female workers than in male personnel.

A pandemia COVID-19 gerou diversas conseqüências que afetaram a saúde física e emocional da população, sendo os profissionais de saúde os mais afetados porque tinham a missão de lidar com o cuidado de todos aqueles que sofriam da doença, além de ter que enfrentar a escassez de equipamentos e pessoal de proteção. Objetivo. O objetivo da pesquisa era caracterizar o impacto da pandemia COVID-19 sobre os profissionais de saúde que trabalham em hospitais e centros de atendimento em Lima e nas províncias. Materiais e método. Pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva, não-experimental, de corte transversal. A coleta de dados foi realizada utilizando a versão espanhola da Escala de Impacto Stressor (EIE-R). A população do estudo era de 624 pessoas, depois foi retirada uma amostra de 394 profissionais de saúde, coletada sob amostragem não-probabilística. Resultados. Foi constatado que 47,5% dos profissionais relataram um impacto leve; 52,6% relataram impacto moderado a severo, e a infecção por COVID-19 foi identificada como o fator significativamente associado ao impacto do evento (p-valor 0,025). Conclusões. Foi identificado que a pandemia da COVID-19 teve um impacto sobre a saúde dos profissionais que estavam encarregados dos cuidados; uma prevalência maior do impacto foi observada nas trabalhadoras do que no pessoal masculino.

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Resumen (analítico) Este artículo sistematiza una propuesta metodológica denominada emojilogía, la cual se enfoca en el desarrollo de procesos de investigación-acción participativa con y desde el estudiantado. En primer lugar, se aborda la «caja de herramientas¼ teórico-epistemológica que permite repensar al colectivo estudiantil como agentes sociales válidos para generar procesos de transformación escolar. Luego, se profundiza sobre el procedimiento que involucra la propuesta, dando cuenta de la preparación grupal para iniciar el trabajo, la co-construcción de consignas de exploración, la producción de narrativas desde el uso de emojis y la consolidación de espacios de diálogo con el resto de la comunidad educativa. Se concluyen los beneficios y limitaciones de la metodología, vinculados al rol del conflicto como un medio para suscitar transformaciones, pero también como barrera por la generación de resistencias institucionales.

Abstract (analytical) This article systematizes a methodological proposal called Emojiology, which focuses on the development of participatory action research processes with and from students. The proposal begins with a theoretical-epistemological «toolbox¼ that reconsiders students as valid social agents who can trigger school transformation processes. The details of the proposal are then discussed in an indepth manner, highlighting the preparatory actions required to start working with the group, the co-construction of slogans to guide the research, the production of narratives through the use of emojis and the consolidation of spaces for dialogue with the rest of the educational community. The authors conclude the article by highlighting the benefits and limitations of the methodology in relation to the role of conflict to trigger transformations, but also as a barrier that can generate institutional resistance.

Resumo (analítico) Este artigo sistematiza uma proposta metodológica chamada Emojilogia, que se centra no desenvolvimento de processos de investigação de acção participativa com e a partir do corpo estudantil. Em primeiro lugar, é abordada a «caixa de ferramentas¼ teórico-epistemológica que nos permite repensar o colectivo estudantil como agentes sociais válidos para desencadear processos de transformação escolar. Depois, aprofundamos o procedimento envolvido na proposta, dando conta da preparação do grupo para iniciar o trabalho, da co-construção de slogans de exploração, da produção de narrativas a partir do uso de emojis e da consolidação de espaços de diálogo com o resto da comunidade educativa. Concluímos os benefícios e limitações da metodologia ligada ao papel do conflito como meio de desencadear transformações, mas também como uma barreira para gerar resistência institucional.

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RESUMEN Este artículo muestra los resultados de la primera fase de implementación de una escuela de comunicación audiovisual, la cual es mediada por tecnologías digitales de la información. Para ello identificamos dos tipos de narrativas. En primer lugar, una sobre los impactos benéficos en el acceso y apropiación de tecnología, y en valores derivados de procesos colaborativos llevados a cabo por los estudiantes para fortalecerse como colectivo social. En segundo lugar, otras que conforman un primer corpus de contenidos, con los cuales la escuela busca narrarse y representarse como caso exitoso de construcción de paz en la región. Nuestra tesis consiste en que dichas narrativas evidencian que los procesos de apropiación de tecnologías de información y comunicación digital llevados a cabo por este grupo de beneficiarios fortalecen procesos de comunicación comunitaria y de ciudadanías creativas, sustentadas en los valores que emergen en medio de relaciones e interacciones colaborativas.

ABSTRACT This paper shows the results of the first phase of a school of audiovisual communication, wich is mediated by information technology. For it, we identified two types of narratives. Firstly, one about the beneficial impacts in the technology access and appropriation, and in values, derivated from collaborative processes carried out by students to strengthen as social collective. Secondly, others that form a first corpus of contents, with wich the school wants to narrate and represent itself as successful case of peace buiding in the region. Our thesis is that such narratives show that the processes of appropriation of information and digital communication technologies strengthen processes of comunity communication and creative citizenships, based on values emerged among collaborative relations and interactions.

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The current nativist and ethnocentric policies and rhetoric put forward in the United States have compromised the safety of undocumented Hispanic/Latinx Americans. Many in these communities abstain from overt action toward change. Nonetheless, there are examples of community members who embrace the narrative "undocumented and unafraid." Through in-depth individual interviews and focus groups, we qualitatively examined how undocumented Mexican community coalition members (N = 10), focused on enacting socio-political change on behalf of their predominantly Mexican southwestern community, understood the role of their group as a venue for bridging resources and social action. Findings centered on three specific broad themes: (1) Meeting Community Needs: A Disconnection from Resources; (2) Community Coalition as a Space for Bridging Resources; and (3) Community Coalition as a Space for Activism and Social Change.

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Grassroots innovation generates possibilities for the informal and collective production of the territory that the city itself denies, from bottom-up solutions for sustainable development and consumption, which respond to the local situation, interests, and values of the communities involved. This paper aims to identify how grassroots innovation practices take place and are shaped in 'El Faro', a self-built settlement at the urban border of the city of Medellín; and how these have allowed the social transformation of health and well-being. This was done from a qualitative approach with an interpretative scope, under the case study methodology. 'El Faro' is a space built by its inhabitants, in a process that they have called "dignity and resistance", becoming the promoter of what we identify as four 'grassroots innovation practices' developed around three main issues: community water management, artistic training and the creation of community public spaces. This process has allowed them, from the capacity of agency, to understand their poverty situation and face it, modifying the conditions that reproduce it and responding to unsatisfied basic needs, based on innovative solutions that guarantee conditions of life with dignity and well-being. Likewise, it generates mechanisms that reduce inequality because the community becomes the main driving agent for the construction of the city and the transformation of the health-disease process, through its community assets.

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Resumo Introdução O referencial teórico e o aporte metodológico trazidos pelas obras de Paulo Freire vêm se espraiando por distintas áreas, inclusive na terapia ocupacional. Objetivo Apreender como o referencial freireano vem sendo utilizado em publicações acadêmicas da terapia ocupacional, reunindo e analisando essa literatura, para identificar eixos temáticos e lacunas presentes. Método Revisão de escopo, com levantamento de publicações nas bases de dados CINAHL, Scopus e Web of Science, focalizando artigos acadêmicos que referenciam explicitamente Paulo Freire, num período que, sem recorte inicial, foi até abril de 2020, tendo sido incluídos todos os artigos que referenciavam pelo menos uma obra do autor. Uma planilha desenvolvida no programa Microsoft Excel® reuniu os dados gerais dos artigos, cujos conteúdos foram agrupados, sintetizados e analisados a partir de conjuntos temáticos significativos. Resultados Foram identificados 56 artigos, publicados entre 1993 e abril de 2020. A obra de Freire vem sendo utilizada em publicações acadêmicas da terapia ocupacional, destacando-se o livro "Pedagogia do Oprimido" e as categorias Diálogo/Dialógica e Conscientização/Consciência crítica/política. Foram definidos e discutidos três conjuntos temáticos: 33 (58,9%) artigos que utilizam o referencial freireano para o pensar/fazer da terapia ocupacional; 10 (17,8%) em que ele parametriza a pesquisa na área; 13 (23,2%) cujas análises e proposições envolvendo a formação de terapeutas ocupacionais tomam-no como aporte. Conclusão Paulo Freire informa de diversas maneiras a terapia ocupacional, em prol de uma práxis para a transformação social, embora, em boa parte das vezes, as formulações freireanas não sejam o centro dos esforços de elaboração reflexiva.

Abstract Introduction Paulo Freire's theoretical references and methodological propositions are spread over different study areas, including occupational therapy. Objective To understand how the Freirean framework has been used in academic publications on occupational therapy, gathering and analyzing this literature to identify thematic axes and gaps. Method A scoping review conducted through an open-period search until April 2020 for all academic articles that explicitly referenced at least one work by Paulo Freire. Data from the retrieved articles were gathered, synthesized, and organized on a Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet and then analyzed from significant thematic axes. Results The search identified 56 articles published between 1993 and April 2020. Freire's work has been used in occupational therapy academic publications, with emphasis on the book "Pedagogy of the Oppressed" and the concepts of Dialogue/dialogics and Critical and political consciousness/conscientization. Three thematic axes were defined and discussed: 33 (58.9%) studies used Paulo Freire as a theoretical-methodological framework for thinking/practicing occupational therapy, 10 (17.8%) used Freire as a framework to assist with research in the area, and 13 (23.2%) used Freire's contributions in analyses and propositions involving the education of occupational therapists. Conclusions Paulo Freire contributes to occupational therapy in different ways, favoring a praxis for social transformation; however, in most cases, the Freirean propositions are not the center of reflexive development efforts.

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Resumo A covid-19 resultou na implementação de medidas de distanciamento social e fechamento de escolas no mundo. Este estudo explora alguns dos impactos, tais como escolhas pedagógicas, reflexões e barreiras do professor quando ele repentinamente mudou para um ambiente de ensino online e teve que ministrar aulas de Educação Física (EF) com o uso da tecnologia (Google Sites). A metodologia do autoestudo com análise temática foi utilizada para investigar as experiências do autor principal. Achados destacam como o professor teve que encontrar novas formas de ensino online, fazendo com que os alunos não estivessem exclusivamente em frente à tela, e atendesse as características sociais e dinâmicas da EF. Finalmente, as experiências e o processo de reflexão demonstraram a necessidade de ser coerente com as escolhas pedagógicas e abordagens teóricas e práticas como professor. Este artigo contribui para futuras formas de ensino de EF online, ao compreender a práxis de um professor.

Resumen El Covid-19 ha llevado a la implementación de medidas de distancia social y al cierre de escuelas en todo el mundo. Este estudio explora algunos de los impactos, como opciones pedagógicas, reflexiones y barreras del profesor cuando este cambia repentinamente a un entorno de enseñanza online, con el uso de la tecnología (Google Sites). La metodología de self-study con análisis temático se utilizó para investigar las experiencias del autor principal. Los resultados destacan que el profesor tuvo que encontrar nuevas formas de enseñanza online, logrando que los alumnos no estuvieran exclusivamente frente a la pantalla, y cumplir con las características sociales y dinámicas de la Educación Física. Finalmente, las experiencias y la reflexión demostraron la necesidad de ser coherente, como profesor, con las elecciones pedagógicas y los enfoques teóricos y prácticos. Este artículo contribuye con las futuras formas de enseñanza de la Educación Física online mediante la comprensión de la praxis de un profesor.

Abstract Covid-19 has resulted in the implementation of social distancing measures and school closures worldwide. This study explores some of the impacts, such as pedagogies, teaching strategies, reflections, and barriers of the teacher as he suddenly moved to an online teaching environment and taught PE lessons with the use of technology (Google Sites). A self-study methodology with thematic analysis was used to investigate the lead author's experiences. Findings and discussions highlight how the teacher had to find new forms of teaching online, ways of making the students not be exclusively in front of the screen, and simultaneously be concordant with the social and dynamic characteristics of PE. Ultimately, the experiences and the process of reflection demonstrated the need to be coherent with teaching beliefs, assumptions, theoretical approaches and practices as a teacher. This article foregrounds and contributes to future ways of teaching PE online by understanding one teacher's praxis.

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Resumen: Introducción: apuntando a la prevención y disminución de la siniestralidad vial, se promulgó la Ley 19360 "de alcohol cero" que modifica la tolerancia de alcohol en sangre para conductores, bajándola de 0,3 g/l a 0,0 g/l, con probados resultados de disminución de siniestros fatales en el corto plazo. Objetivo: analizar el impacto de dicha norma en la venta declarada de alcohol y sobre los usuarios de vías siniestrados por tipo de vehículo y región. Metodología: estudio inferencial, de impacto de intervención. Se analizaron series de tiempo de distintas fuentes, para medir si hubo cambios significativos en éstas mediante la modelización ARIMA, comparando antes y después de la sanción de la Ley 19360. Resultados: el consumo de alcohol declarado no sufrió modificaciones importantes a pesar de la ley cero, mientras que la cantidad de motociclistas fallecidos y heridos de gravedad caen de manera significativa a partir de la sanción de la Ley 19360. Conclusiones: los motociclistas son los más beneficiados con esta legislación, con numerosas vidas salvadas. Los datos sugieren un posible cambio de comportamiento de los conductores de vehículos respecto al consumo de alcohol antes y durante el manejo. La mejora continua de la información disponible para la ciudadanía es clave para comprender mejor estos fenómenos.

Summary: Introduction: law 19360 of "Zero blood alcohol concentration" was passed to prevent and reduce road accidents by modifying the tolerance to blood alcohol concentration for drivers. It lowered it from 0.3 g/l to 0.0 g/l and results proved the reduction of fatal crashes in the short term. Objective: to analyze the impact of the new law on the official alcohol sales and on drivers by type of vehicle and region. Method: inferential study, impact of intervention. Time-series analyses for different sources were performed to find out whether there were meaningful changes using the ARIMA model, comparing figures corresponding to the periods before and after Law 19360 was passed. Resultados: declared consumption of alcohol did not evidence important modifications despite the zero law, whereas the number of dead motorcyclists and severely wounded significantly dropped after Law 19360 was passed. Conclusions: motorcyclists are those who benefit the most with the law, since a great number of deaths were saved. Data suggest there might be a change in the behaviour of vehicle drivers in regards to alcohol consumption before and after driving. The steady improvement of information available for citizens is essential to better understand these phenomena.

Resumo: Introdução: visando a prevenção e redução dos acidentes de trânsito, foi promulgada a Lei 19360 "de tolerância zero ao álcool", que modifica a tolerância ao álcool no sangue para motoristas, baixando-a de 0,3 g/l para 0,0 g/l, com resultados comprovados de redução de sinistros fatais no curto prazo. Objetivo: analisar o impacto do referido regulamento na venda declarada de álcool e nos usuários das estradas afetados por tipo de veículo e região. Metodologia: estudo inferencial, de impacto da intervenção. Séries temporais de diferentes fontes foram analisadas para medir se houve mudanças significativas nestes por meio de modelagem ARIMA, comparando antes e depois da promulgação da Lei 19360. Resultados: o consumo declarado de álcool não sofreu modificações importantes apesar da lei de tolerância zero ao álcool, enquanto o número de motociclistas falecidos e gravemente feridos caiu significativamente após a promulgação da Lei 19.360. Conclusões: os motociclistas são os que mais se beneficiam com essa legislação, com muitas vidas salvas. Os dados sugerem uma possível mudança no comportamento dos condutores de veículos em relação ao consumo de álcool antes e durante a condução. O aprimoramento contínuo das informações disponibilizadas ao público é fundamental para um melhor entendimento desses fenômenos.

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La investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar el impacto del aislamiento social por COVID-19 en los hábitos de consumo de los medios de comunicación de la población peruana. El estudio fue descriptivo simple y contó con una muestra de 3 618 personas de entre 18 y 69 años de edad, residentes en el Perú. Se aplicó en forma online un cuestionario tipo Likert de 36 ítems que midieron 6 dimensiones. La validez de contenido del instrumento fue evaluada por 20 expertos, y la validez de constructo y la confiabilidad fueron evaluadas en una muestra piloto de 200 sujetos. Los resultados evidenciaron un impacto positivo del aislamiento social en los hábitos de consumo de los medios de comunicación (54,4 por ciento), que fue más alto en la frecuencia de consumo de los medios de comunicación online (62,2 por ciento); la utilidad de los medios de comunicación (59,1 por ciento); la necesidad de información sobre la COVID-19 (47,7 por ciento); la interactividad a través de los medios de comunicación (43,7 por ciento) y la preferencia de los medios comunicación (41,9 por ciento); mientras que el impacto nulo fue preponderante en la frecuencia de consumo de los medios de comunicación offline (46 por ciento) y en la actitud hacia el tratamiento de la información sobre la COVID-19 (48,4 por ciento). Se concluyó que el impacto del aislamiento social por COVID-19 en los hábitos de consumo de los medios de comunicación en la población estudiada fue positivo, con mayor incidencia en los medios online(AU)

The research aimed to determine the impact of social isolation by COVID-19 on the media consumption habits among the Peruvian population. It was a simple descriptive study that included a sample of 3618 people between the ages of 18 and 69, residing in Peru. A Likert questionnaire of 36 items measuring 6 dimensions was applied online; the content validity of the instrument was evaluated by 20 experts, and the construct validity and reliability were evaluated in a pilot sample of 200 subjects. The results showed a positive impact of social isolation on media consumption habits (54,4 percent), which was higher in the frequency of online media consumption (62.2 percent), the usefulness of the media (59.1 percent), the need for information about COVID-19 (47.7 percent), the interactivity through the media (43.7 percent), and the media preference (41.9 percent); whereas the null impact was predominant in the frequency of offline media consumption (46 percent) and in the attitude towards the treatment of information about COVID-19 (48.4 percent). It was concluded that the impact of social isolation by COVID-19 on media consumption habits among the studied population was positive, with greater incidence in online media(AU)

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RESUMEN Fundamento: El tema del desarrollo ha evolucionado desde la perspectiva cuantitativa a la cualitativa con un enfoque integral; estos enfoques en Cuba han estado presentes en el pensamiento económico y político. Es insuficientemente conocido el ideario y obra de Faustino Pérez Hernández, quien en el cumplimiento de funciones políticas y administrativas abordó aspectos sobre el desarrollo con proyección integradora. Objetivo: Fundamentar que en el pensamiento y la obra del Dr. Faustino Pérez Hernández existe un enfoque social sobre el desarrollo en Cuba. Desarrollo: Se fundamenta ese pensamiento y obra en distintos momentos: cuando elige la carrera de Medicina y fungió como miembro de la Comisión Médica del Partido Ortodoxo, durante sus funciones como Comisionado General de la Administración Civil de los Territorios Liberados, siendo Ministro de Recuperación de Bienes Malversados; como Presidente del Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos, como Primer Secretario del Partido Comunista de Cuba de la Región de Sancti Spíritus y desde su condición de Jefe del Plan Integral de la Ciénaga de Zapata. Conclusiones: En el pensamiento y la obra del Dr. Faustino Pérez Hernández existe un enfoque social sobre el desarrollo en Cuba con una proyección integral, que incluye la solución de los problemas relacionados con la salud del pueblo, constatable en su diverso accionar en el cumplimiento de importantes misiones, siguiendo un camino de ascendente maduración en dos planos o niveles: nacional y local.

ABSTRACT Background: The development issue has evolved from a quantitative perspective to a qualitative one with a comprehensive approach. In Cuba these approaches have been present in economic and political thought. The ideology and work of Faustino Pérez Hernández is insufficiently known, who in the fulfillment of political and administrative functions addressed aspects of development with an integrative projection. Objective: To establish that in the thought and work of Doctor Faustino Pérez Hernández there is a social focus on development in Cuba. Development: This thought and works are based on different moments: when he chose the career of Medicine and served as a member of the Medical Commission of the Orthodox Party, during his functions as General Commissioner of the Civil Administration of the Liberated Territories, being Minister of Recovery of Misappropriated Assets; as President of the National Institute of Hydraulic Resources, as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba of the Sancti Spíritus Region and from his position as Head of the Integral Plan of the Zapata Swamp. Conclusions: In the thought and work of Doctor Faustino Pérez Hernández there is a social approach to development in Cuba with a comprehensive projection, which includes the solution of problems related to the health of the people, verifiable in his diverse actions in compliance with important missions, following a path of ascending maturation on two planes or levels: national and local.

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RESUMEN Introducción: desde su origen las universidades han sido instituciones destinadas a ejercer funciones esenciales dentro del contexto social. En el ámbito de sus interrelaciones recíprocas, la universidad y la sociedad, como actores estructurales, tienen la necesidad de construir vínculos y proyectos que hagan comunes sus intenciones. Objetivo: analizar la importancia de la vinculación entre la universidad médica cubana con su entorno social. Métodos: se llevó a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica con el uso de términos descriptores relacionados con el tema, fueron consultados 35 artículos publicados en los últimos 20 años en numerosas revistas electrónicas. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos de SciELO y Google Académico, fueron citados 17 artículos, los cuales a juicio de los autores tienen un enfoque actualizado sobre el tema. Desarrollo: Cuba ha desarrollado un modelo de universidad humanista, moderna, integrada a la sociedad y comprometida con la construcción de una nación soberana. El establecimiento de una política educativa permanente que involucre a todo el claustro universitario, sus educandos y egresados ha de surgir de dicha relación. Esta dinámica resulta de la interacción de los procesos de trabajo en salud, en los diferentes escenarios de la comunidad y en los servicios. Conclusiones: la estrecha vinculación de las universidades médicas con el entorno social es de suma importancia, tanto para la sociedad como para la comunidad universitaria. Esta relación que se desarrolla en sentido bidireccional genera importantes avances y logros, tanto para los productores del conocimiento, como para los usuarios.

ABSTRACT Introduction: since their origin, universities have been institutions destined to carry out essential functions within the social context. In the field of their reciprocal interrelations, the university and society, as structural actors, they have the need to build links and projects that make their intentions common. Objective: to analyze the importance of the link between the Cuban medical university and its social environment. Methods: a bibliographic search was carried out with the use of descriptor terms related to the topic, 35 articles published in the last 20 years in numerous electronic journals were consulted. The search was carried out in the SciELO and Google Scholar databases, 17 articles were cited, which in the opinion of the authors have an updated approach on the subject. Development: Cuba has developed a model of a modern, humanistic university, integrated into society and committed to the construction of a sovereign nation. The establishment of a permanent educational policy that involves the entire university faculty, its students and graduates must emerge from this relationship. This dynamic results from the interaction of the health work processes, in the different scenes of the community and in the services. Conclusions: the close relationship of medical universities with the social environment is of utmost importance, both for society and for the university community. This relationship that develops in a bidirectional sense generates important advances and achievements, both for the producers of knowledge and for the users.

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RESUMEN La responsabilidad social, como una de las respuestas a los actuales conflictos socioambientales, implica esfuerzos adicionales de las organizaciones para fortalecer su capacidad de gestión. Esto sucede, de manera especial, en las compañías mineras, cuyas actividades comprometen el uso de recursos de comunidades, entre ellos los naturales. Esta investigación analizó los aportes que la gestión de comunicaciones hace al relacionamiento con las comunidades en el marco de dos programas de responsabilidad social de los proyectos mineros Quebradona y Gramalote (ubicados en Antioquia, Colombia), adscritos a la compañía Anglogold Ashanti y ganadores del Premio Sello Social a la Minería en Antioquia, siendo dos de los proyectos con mayor exigencia y veeduría ciudadana en la región. Desde una mirada con predominancia interpretativa, y acudiendo a la revisión de documentos y entrevistas a jefes de áreas sociales, comunicadores, beneficiarios y líderes ambientales, se concluyó que el análisis del entorno, la visibilización de los programas y la mediación en los conflictos socioambientales son los principales aportes de los comunicadores en los proyectos mineros.

ABSTRACT Social responsibility, as one of the responses to current sock-environmental conflicts, implies additional efforts by organizations to strengthen their management capacity. This happens, especially, in mining companies, our activities compromise the use of community resources, including natural resources. This research analyzed the contributions that communications management makes to relations with communities within the framework of two social responsibility programs of the Quebradona and Gramalote mining projects (located in Antioquia, Colombia), attached to the company Anglogold Ashanti and winners of the Premio Sello Social a la Minería en Antioquia, being two of the projects with the highest demand and citizen oversight in the region. From an interpretive perspective and going to the review of documents and interviews with heads of social areas, communicators, beneficiaries, and environmental leaders, it was concluded that the analysis of the environment, the visibility of the programs and mediation in socio-environmental conflicts are the main contributions of communicators in mining projects.

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RESUMEN La extensión rural es una profesión altamente compleja. Es claro que las prácticas más efectivas, se deben adaptar de manera flexible a los contextos y no se pueden pensar en términos de la aplicación tecnocrática de procedimientos. Las identidades profesionales organizan el modo en que los integrantes de diferentes profesiones comprenden su rol y dan forma a sus prácticas laborales. En este trabajo, se estudian las identidades profesionales de los extensionistas, a fin de contribuir a la comprensión de sus prácticas. A partir de un cuestionario, se analizan las identidades profesionales de extensionistas rurales de Argentina, Australia, Brasil, Chile, México, Nueva Zelanda, Nigeria, Paraguay y Sudáfrica. Los datos fueron procesados con el apoyo del software SPSS. Partiendo de una tipología teórica, se observa que la identidad más frecuente es la de un profesional orientado al apoyo productivo-empresarial, seguida por la de aquellos que piensan su rol en términos de mejora de la calidad de vida de los productores. Son pocos los que conciben su profesión en términos de impulsar procesos de cambio social y superación de situaciones de injusticia. Se diferencian dos tipos de países, aquellos donde predomina la identidad de profesionales que apoyan a los agricultores, a nivel productivo-empresarial y aquellos donde esta identidad posee un porcentaje similar a la centrada en la mejora de la calidad de vida. En Nigeria y Sudáfrica es más frecuente la presencia de extensionistas, que se conciben como impulsores de procesos de cambio social.

ABSTRACT Rural extension is a highly complex profession. It is apparent that the most effective practices have to adapt flexibly to the contexts, and cannot be understood in terms of the application of technocratic procedures. Professional identities organize how practitioners understand their role and shape their job practices. In this article, the professional identities of extension workers are studied, with the aim to contribute to the understanding of their practices. Based on a questionnaire, the professional identities of extension workers from Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, New Zealand, Nigeria, Paraguay and South Africa were analyzed. Data was processed using SPSS software. Using a theoretical typology, results show that the most frequent identity is that of a professional aimed at supporting farmers at a productive or business level, followed by those who understand their role in terms of improving farmers' quality of life. Finally, only few respondents conceive their role as promoters of processes of social change and overcoming of injustice situations. Two types of countries were identified, one where the identity of supporting farmers at a productive or business level prevails, and other where this identity has similar support to that of helping farmers to improve their quality of life. In Nigeria and South Africa, it is more frequent to find extension workers who understand themselves as facilitators of processes of social change.

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Resumen (analítico) Se presenta la experiencia de un proceso educativo orientado a promover transformaciones en las personas y sus condiciones de vida, a partir de una investigación-acción sobre crianza. Durante dos años se realizaron 40 círculos de investigación temática con mujeres desplazadas por la violencia en un asentamiento periférico colombiano, orientados por la educación popular. Con la información registrada en diarios de campo se hizo un análisis hermenéutico. Los temas generadores fueron machismo, violencia, identidad, sexualidad, afecto, autoridad, norma, castigo, oportunidades, sueños, amor, organización social, entre otros. Partiendo de situaciones límite se construyeron códigos narrativos, los cuales permitieron configurar una problematización. La investigación temática permitió realizar una educación en crianza alternativa y constituyó un proceso pedagógico que motivó cambios en la vida de las participantes.

Abstract (analytical) This paper presents the experience of a child rearing educational process. This work aimed to promote transformations in people and their living conditions and is based on Action Research for child rearing. For two years, 40 Thematic Research circles were held in a peripheral Colombian settlement. The circles were implemented with women displaced by violence and guided using the principles of popular education. A hermeneutical analysis was conducted with information recorded in field diaries. The main topics identified were: sexism, violence, identity, sexuality, affection, authority, norms, punishment, opportunities, dreams, love, social organization and others. Narrative codes were constructed to problematize this data. This Thematic Research facilitated an alternative child rearing education and was an educational process that motivated changes in the lives of participants.

Resumo (analítico) Este artigo apresenta a experiência de um processo educacional que procura promover impacto e mudanças nas pessoas e nas suas condições de vida, com base numa Pesquisa-Ação sobre o cuidado. Durante dois anos, foram realizados 40 círculos de Investigação Temática com mulheres deslocadas pela violência num assentamento periférico colombiano, orientado pela educação popular. Foi efetuada uma análise hermenêutica com as informações registadas em diários de campo. Emergiram temas como o machismo, a violência, a identidade, a sexualidade, o afeto, a autoridade, a norma, a punição, as oportunidades, os sonhos, o amor, a organização social, entre outros. Com as situações-limites, foram construídos códigos narrativos para definir a problemática. A Investigação Temática permitiu uma educação sobre um cuidado alternativo e foi um processo educativo que motivou mudanças na vida dos participantes.

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