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Este relato de caso aborda o curso clínico de um envenenamento botrópico ocorrido no município de Jarinu, SP, no ano de 2021. O paciente necessitou de fasciotomia em membro superior após síndrome compartimental aguda com enxertia dermoepidérmica em um segundo momento cirúrgico. No pós-operatório tardio, o paciente evoluiu com retração, necessitando de reabordagem cirúrgica com correção de retração de membro superior esquerdo. Discute-se a gravidade do acidente ofídico, efeitos do veneno nos tecidos, complicações, síndrome compartimental aguda, indicação e técnica da fasciotomia descompressiva com base na literatura.

This case study examines the clinical course of a Bothrops snakebite poisoning that occurred in Jarinu, São Paulo, Brazil, in 2021. The patient required a fasciotomy in the upper limb due to acute compartment syndrome, followed by a second surgical procedure involving dermo-epidermal grafting. In the late postoperative period, the patient experienced retraction, leading to a subsequent surgical intervention to correct the retraction in the left upper limb. The severity of the snakebite accident, the effects of venom on tissues, complications, acute compartment syndrome, as well as the indications and techniques for decompressive fasciotomy, are discussed based on the available literature.

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Introduction: Millions of snake bites occur worldwide each year. Clinical practice guidelines generally do not recommend the use of prophylactic antibiotics. Objective: To determine the sociodemographic, clinical, and pharmacological variables and the use of antibiotics in a group of patients with snake bites in Colombia. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out. Patients affiliated with a Colombian health insurer who presented with snake bites between 2015 and 2022 were included. The cases were identified from the National Public Health Surveillance System. Sociodemographic, clinical and pharmacological variables were identified. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed. Results: A total of 643 patients were analyzed, with a median age of 30.8 years, and 74.7% were men. The most frequently identified genus of snake was Bothrops (88.8%), and most incidents were classified as mild ophidian accidents (61.6%). A total of 59.7% of patients received snake antivenom. A total of 13.8% and 2.2% of the patients had cellulitis or abscesses, respectively. A total of 63.5% received antibiotics (50.6% for prophylaxis and 12.9% for treatment), especially cephalexin (25.9%), and most of the antibiotic management was considered inappropriate (91.7%). Conclusion: Most patients with snake bites received antibiotics, especially for prophylactic purposes, a clinical behavior that goes against current evidence. The use of antibiotics with an unsuitable spectrum for the microorganisms that are usually found in the wounds of these patients is frequent. The development of local clinical practice guidelines is required to help reduce the overprescription of antibiotics, as the excessive use of antimicrobials is the main determinant of antimicrobial resistance.

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Introduction: In Ecuador, poisonous snakebites are a public health problem. However, there is no recent hospital information from the Amazon. Objective: To retrospectively analyse the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of snakebites in patients admitted to a hospital in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted at the Nueva Loja-Sucumbíos Provincial Hospital, bordering Colombia (2017-2021). Demographic, epidemiological and clinical variables, and condition at hospital discharge, were obtained from the epidemiological file of the Ministerio de Salud Pública. Results: In 5 years, 147 patients (29.4 per year) were hospitalized with no mortality. They corresponded to 26, 34, 32, 29 and 26 cases, in 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Men with 99 (67.3%), aged 21-30 years with 28, mixed race with 94 cases, students, and farmers, were the most affected. The most affected (99; 67.3%) were men, people 21 to 30 years-old (28; 19.0%), mestizos (94; 63.9%), students, and farmers. The median age was 28 (range: 4-81) years. Prevalence was higher in April, June, and September. All accidents were caused by Viperidae snakes. Twenty (13.6%) cases were mild, (61.2%) were moderate and 37 (25.2%) were severe. The feet with 45 were the most bitten. Pre-hospitalization anti-venom serum was received by 53.1% and tourniquet by 19.8% patients. Median hospital arrival time was 5 (range 1-192) hours, mostly between 2-3 hours with 41 cases. No statistically significant differences were found considering the severity. Conclusions: A high prevalence of snakebites was evidenced in the north of the Amazon in Ecuador, with a higher incidence in the rainy season and all by Viperidae species. It is important to highlight the null mortality. Information campaigns on prevention and first aid, such as discouraging the use of tourniquets, especially among vulnerable groups.

Introducción. En Ecuador, las mordeduras de serpientes venenosas son un problema de salud pública. Sin embargo, no existe información hospitalaria reciente desde la Amazonía. Objetivo. Analizar retrospectivamente las características clínico-epidemiológicas de las mordeduras de serpientes en pacientes ingresados en un hospital de la Amazonía del Ecuador. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en el hospital provincial de Nueva Loja (Sucumbíos), que colinda con Colombia, 2017-2021. La información sobre las variables demográficas, epidemiológicas y clínicas, y la condición al egreso hospitalario, se obtuvieron de la ficha epidemiológica del Ministerio de Salud Pública. Resultados. En cinco años se hospitalizaron 147 pacientes (29,4 por año), sin que se presentaran muertes. Corresponden a 26, 34, 32, 29 y 26 casos, en el 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 y 2021, respectivamente. Según el sexo, los más afectados fueron los hombres (n=99; 67,3 %), según el grupo etario, los de 21 a 30 años (n=28; 19,0 %) y, según la raza, los de etnia mestiza (n=94; 63,9 %), estudiantes y agricultores. La mediana de edad fue de 28 años (rango: 4 a 81). Hubo mayor prevalencia en abril, junio y septiembre. Todos los accidentes fueron causados por serpientes Viperidae. Veinte (13,6 %) casos fueron leves, 90 (61,2 %), moderados, y 37 (25,2 %), graves. La mordedura fue más frecuente en los pies (45 casos). El 53,1 % recibió suero antiofídico antes de la hospitalización y en el 19,8 % de los pacientes se colocó un torniquete. La mediana de tiempo de llegada al hospital fue de 5 horas (rango: 1-192), y lo más frecuente fue entre 2 y 3 horas (41 casos). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas según la gravedad del caso. Conclusiones. Se evidenció una gran prevalencia de mordeduras de serpientes en el norte de la región amazónica-Ecuador, con mayor incidencia en la estación lluviosa y todas causadas por Viperidae. Es importante resaltar la mortalidad nula. Las campañas informativas sobre prevención y primeros auxilios, como la desmotivación del uso de torniquetes, serían fundamentales para reducir los casos, especialmente, en los grupos vulnerables.

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Introducción. En Ecuador, las mordeduras de serpientes venenosas son un problema de salud pública. Sin embargo, no existe información hospitalaria reciente desde la Amazonía. Objetivo. Analizar retrospectivamente las características clínico-epidemiológicas de las mordeduras de serpientes en pacientes ingresados en un hospital de la Amazonía del Ecuador. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en el hospital provincial de Nueva Loja (Sucumbíos), que colinda con Colombia, 2017-2021. La información sobre las variables demográficas, epidemiológicas y clínicas, y la condición al egreso hospitalario, se obtuvieron de la ficha epidemiológica del Ministerio de Salud Pública. Resultados. En cinco años se hospitalizaron 147 pacientes (29,4 por año), sin que se presentaran muertes. Corresponden a 26, 34, 32, 29 y 26 casos, en el 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 y 2021, respectivamente. Según el sexo, los más afectados fueron los hombres (n=99; 67,3 %), según el grupo etario, los de 21 a 30 años (n=28; 19,0 %) y, según la raza, los de etnia mestiza (n=94; 63,9 %), estudiantes y agricultores. La mediana de edad fue de 28 años (rango: 4 a 81). Hubo mayor prevalencia en abril, junio y septiembre. Todos los accidentes fueron causados por serpientes Viperidae. Veinte (13,6 %) casos fueron leves, 90 (61,2 %), moderados, y 37 (25,2 %), graves. La mordedura fue más frecuente en los pies (45 casos). El 53,1 % recibió suero antiofídico antes de la hospitalización y en el 19,8 % de los pacientes se colocó un torniquete. La mediana de tiempo de llegada al hospital fue de 5 horas (rango: 1-192), y lo más frecuente fue entre 2 y 3 horas (41 casos). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas según la gravedad del caso. Conclusiones. Se evidenció una gran prevalencia de mordeduras de serpientes en el norte de la región amazónica-Ecuador, con mayor incidencia en la estación lluviosa y todas causadas por Viperidae. Es importante resaltar la mortalidad nula. Las campañas informativas sobre prevención y primeros auxilios, como la desmotivación del uso de torniquetes, serían fundamentales para reducir los casos, especialmente, en los grupos vulnerables.

Introduction: In Ecuador, poisonous snakebites are a public health problem. However, there is no recent hospital information from the Amazon. Objective: To retrospectively analyse the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of snakebites in patients admitted to a hospital in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted at the Nueva Loja-Sucumbíos Provincial Hospital, bordering Colombia (2017-2021). Demographic, epidemiological and clinical variables, and condition at hospital discharge, were obtained from the epidemiological file of the Ministerio de Salud Pública. Results: In 5 years, 147 patients (29.4 per year) were hospitalized with no mortality. They corresponded to 26, 34, 32, 29 and 26 cases, in 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Men with 99 (67.3%), aged 21-30 years with 28, mixed race with 94 cases, students, and farmers, were the most affected. The most affected (99; 67.3%) were men, people 21 to 30 years-old (28; 19.0%), mestizos (94; 63.9%), students, and farmers. The median age was 28 (range: 4-81) years. Prevalence was higher in April, June, and September. All accidents were caused by Viperidae snakes. Twenty (13.6%) cases were mild, (61.2%) were moderate and 37 (25.2%) were severe. The feet with 45 were the most bitten. Pre-hospitalization anti-venom serum was received by 53.1% and tourniquet by 19.8% patients. Median hospital arrival time was 5 (range 1-192) hours, mostly between 2-3 hours with 41 cases. No statistically significant differences were found considering the severity. Conclusions: A high prevalence of snakebites was evidenced in the north of the Amazon in Ecuador, with a higher incidence in the rainy season and all by Viperidae species. It is important to highlight the null mortality. Information campaigns on prevention and first aid, such as discouraging the use of tourniquets, especially among vulnerable groups.

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Objetivo: identificar o conhecimento da equipe de enfermagem, no manejo do paciente vítima de acidente botrópico no serviço de emergência. Métodos: estudo descritivo, exploratório e com abordagem qualitativa. Desenvolvido em 2019, com profissionais da equipe de enfermagem do setor de emergência adulto de um Hospital Universitário. Utilizou-se entrevistas semiestruturadas, transcritas e analisadas por meio de estatística descritiva simples e análise de conteúdo. Resultados: participaram do estudo 34 profissionais da equipe de enfermagem, sendo 82% do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 37 anos. A análise de conteúdo revelou três categorias: conhecimento sobre acidentes por animais peçonhentos, trajetória acadêmica e profissional no contexto de animais peçonhentos e manejo da equipe de enfermagem do paciente vítima de acidente botrópico. Conclusão: os resultados demonstram o conhecimento e condutas da equipe de enfermagem frente ao acidente botrópico e evidenciam a necessidade de sensibilizar a equipe de enfermagem quanto ao reconhecimento do acidente ofídico, especialmente com relação às características apresentadas pelo animal peçonhento e as manifestações clínicas apresentadas pelo paciente. (AU)

Objective: to identify the knowledge of the nursing staff in dealing with bothropic accident victims in the emergency service. Methods: descriptive, exploratory study with a qualitative approach. Developed in 2019, with professionals from the nursing staff of the adult emergency sector of a University Hospital. A semi-structured interview was used, transcribed and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics and content analysis. Results: 34 professionals from the nursing team participated in the study, being 82% female, with an average age of 37 years. The content analysis revealed three categories: knowledge about accidents caused by poisonous animals, academic and professional trajectory in the context of poisonous animals and management of the nursing team to the patient victim of bothropic accidents. Conclusão: the results demonstrate the knowledge and behaviors of the nursing staff in face of bothropic accidents and highlight the need to sensitize the nursing staff regarding the recognition of the snakebite accident, especially regarding the characteristics presented by the venomous animal and the clinical manifestations presented by the patient. (AU)

Objetivo: identificar los conocimientos del equipo de enfermería en el manejo del paciente víctima de accidente botópico en el servicio de urgencias. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, exploratorio con abordaje cualitativo. Desarrollado en 2019, con profesionales del personal de enfermería del servicio de urgencias de adultos de un Hospital Universitario. Se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada, transcrita y analizada mediante estadística descriptiva simple y análisis de contenido. Resultados: participaron en el estudio 34 profesionales del equipo de enfermería, de los cuales el 82% eran mujeres, con una edad promedio de 37 años. El análisis de contenido reveló tres categorías: conocimiento sobre accidentes causados por animales venenosos, trayectoria académica y profesional en el contexto de animales venenosos, y manejo del equipo de enfermería al paciente víctima de accidentes bottrópicos. Conclusión: los resultados demuestran el conocimiento y conducta del equipo de enfermería ante el accidente bottrópico y muestran la necesidad de sensibilizar al personal de enfermería sobre el reconocimiento del accidente de la serpiente, especialmente en lo que respecta a las características que presenta el animal venenoso y las manifestaciones clínicas que presenta el paciente. (AU)

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Objective: to describe the completeness of notifications of accidents involving venomous animals held on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (SINAN), in Brazil and its macro-regions, from 2007 to 2019. Methods: we analyzed essential and non-mandatory fields for snakebite, spider bite and scorpion sting notifications, considering the following completeness categories: Excellent (≤ 5.0% incompleteness), Good (5.0% to 10.0%), Regular (10.0% to 20.0%), Poor (20.0% ≤ 50.0%) and Very Poor (> 50.0%). Proportional change in completeness between 2007 and 2019 was estimated. Results: 1,871,462 notifications were investigated. The "localized manifestations", "systemic manifestations", "case classification", "case progression" and "zone of occurrence" fields had excellent or good completeness. Completeness was regular or poor for the "schooling" and "race/color" fields. The "occupation" field was predominantly poorly or very poorly filled in. There was a proportional worsening in completeness ((VP < 0) in most regions for the "zone of occurrence", "case progression" and "schooling" fields. Conclusion: completeness of most fields improved, although socioeconomic and occupational fields require more attention.

Objetivo: describir la completitud de las notificaciones de envenenamiento por serpientes, arañas y escorpiones en el Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Declaración - Sinan, en Brasil y regiones, de 2007 a 2019. Métodos: se analizaron campos esenciales y no obligatorios para las notificaciones de ofidismo, aracneismo y escorpionismo, considerando las categorías de completitud: Excelente (≤ 5,0% de incompletitud), Buena (5,0% a 10,0%), Regular (10,0% a 20,0%), Mala (20,0% ≤ 50,0%) y Muy mala (> 50,0%). Se estimó el cambio proporcional en la completitud entre 2007-2019. Resultados: se investigaron 1.871.462 notificaciones. Los campos "manifestaciones locales y sistémicas", "zona de ocurrencia", "clasificación y evolución de casos" presentaron excelente o buena completitud. "Escolaridad" y "raza/color de piel" regular o mala completitud. "Ocupación" fue predominantemente mala/muy mala completitud. "Zona","evolución" y "escolaridad" mostraron empeoramiento proporcional en la completitud en la mayoría de las regiones ((VP < 0). Conclusión: hay mejoría y completitud en la mayoría de los campos, aunque los campos socioeconómico y ocupacional demandan atención.

Objetivo: descrever a completude das notificações de acidentes causados por animais peçonhentos no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, no Brasil e macrorregiões, em 2007-2019. Métodos: analisou-se a completude de campos de preenchimento essenciais e não obrigatórios das notificações de ofidismo, araneísmo e escorpionismo, utilizando-se a classificação de "Excelente" (≤ 5,0% de incompletude), "Bom" (5,0% a 10,0%), "Regular" (10,0% a 20,0%), "Ruim" (20,0% e ≤ 50,0%) e "Muito ruim" (> 50,0%); estimou- -se a variação proporcional (VP) da completude. Resultados: foram investigadas 1.871.462 notificações; os campos "manifestações locais", "sistêmicas", "classificação do caso", "evolução do caso" e "zona de ocorrência" apresentaram completude excelente ou boa; "escolaridade" e "raça/cor da pele", completude regular ou ruim; ocupação, completude ruim ou muito ruim; "zona", "evolução do caso" e "escolaridade" apresentaram piora proporcional na completude, na maioria das regiões ((VP < 0). Conclusão: melhorou a completude na maioria dos campos, exceto socioeconômicos e ocupacionais, que demandam maior atenção.

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Introducción: el envenenamiento por mordedura de ofidios es reconocido como un problema de salud pública según la Organización Mundial de la Salud. La baja incidencia sumada a la diversidad de presentaciones clínicas, edades, topografías afectadas, así como los diferentes protocolos en la bibliografía existente sobre algunos aspectos del tratamiento, hacen difícil el manejo sistematizado de estos pacientes. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre mordedura de serpientes en pacientes pediátricos con afectación en mano y miembro superior, haciendo hincapié en la conducta frente las complicaciones loco-regionales. Por importancia y frecuencia destacamos al síndrome compartimental, las flictenas y las infecciones. Metodología: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en MedLine/PubMed con las palabras clave: "Snake Bite hand Children" y "Snake Bite compartimental syndrome". Se incluyeron los artículos publicados en los últimos 10 años (2012 al 2022). Resultados: la búsqueda de artículos ante las palabras "Snake Bite hand Children" resultó en 20 articulos y la busqueda ante las palabras "Snake Bite compartimental syndrome" derivó en 34. Luego de aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión se obtuvieron 30 artículos para el análisis. Conclusiones: la población pediátrica se encuentra más expuesta a las mordeduras por serpientes y a su vez a presentar lesiones más severas. El tratamiento del síndrome compartimental continúa siendo un tema de debate. El veneno inoculado puede simular un síndrome compartimental que puede revertir sin fasciotomías con el tratamiento adecuado. Igualmente, ante síntomas y signos claros de síndrome compartimental se sugiere realizar fasciotomías frente a las graves secuelas potenciales. Ante la aparición de flictenas, el destechado cuidadoso de la misma es un tratamiento adecuado. La mayoría de los autores coinciden con el tratamiento profiláctico con antibioticoterapia.

Introduction: Ophidian bite poisoning is recognized as a public health problem by the World Health Organization. The low incidence added to the diversity of clinical presentations, ages, affected topographies, as well as the different protocols in the existing literature on some aspects of treatment, make the systematized management of these patients difficult. The aim of this work is to carry out a systematic review of the literature on snakebite in pediatric patients with hand and upper limb involvement, with emphasis on the management of loco-regional complications. In terms of importance and frequency, we highlight compartment syndrome, phlyctenas and infections. Methodology: a literature search was carried out in MedLine/PubMed with the keywords: "Snake Bite hand Children" and "Snake Bite compartment syndrome". Articles published in the last 10 years (2012 to 2022) were included. Results: the search for articles with the words "Snake Bite hand Children" resulted in 20 articles and the search for the words "Snake Bite compartment syndrome" resulted in 34 articles. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 articles were obtained for the analysis. Conclusions: the pediatric population is more exposed to snake bites and in turn to present more severe lesions. The treatment of compartment syndrome continues to be a subject of debate. Inoculated venom can simulate a compartment syndrome that can be reversed without fasciotomies with proper treatment. Likewise, in the presence of clear symptoms and signs of compartment syndrome, fasciotomies are suggested because of the serious sequelae generated. In the event of the appearance of phlyctenas, careful unroofing of the phlyctenas would be an appropriate treatment. Most authors agree with prophylactic treatment with antibiotic therapy.

Introdução: O envenenamento por mordidas ofídias é reconhecido como um problema de saúde pública pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. A baixa incidência, juntamente com a diversidade de apresentações clínicas, idades, topografias afetadas, bem como os diferentes protocolos da literatura existente sobre alguns aspectos do tratamento, tornam difícil o gerenciamento sistemático desses pacientes. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre mordida de cobra em pacientes pediátricos com envolvimento de mãos e membros superiores, com ênfase no gerenciamento de complicações loco-regionais. Em termos de importância e freqüência, destacamos a síndrome compartimental, as flectenas e as infecções. Metodologia: foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica no MedLine/PubMed com as palavras-chave: "Snake Bite hand Children" e "Snake Bite compartment syndrome". Os artigos publicados nos últimos 10 anos (2012 a 2022) foram incluídos. Resultados: a busca de artigos usando as palavras "Snake Bite hand Children" resultou em 20 artigos e a busca das palavras "Snake Bite compartment syndrome" resultou em 34 artigos. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram obtidos 30 artigos para análise. Conclusões: a população pediátrica está mais exposta às picadas de cobra e, por sua vez, a lesões mais graves. O tratamento da síndrome compartimental continua a ser motivo de debate. O veneno inoculado pode simular uma síndrome de compartimento que pode ser revertida sem fasciotomias com tratamento apropriado. Da mesma forma, se houver sinais e sintomas claros de síndrome compartimental, são sugeridas fasciotomias por causa das severas seqüelas. Se as flectenas aparecerem, o desenrolamento cuidadoso das flectenas seria um tratamento apropriado. A maioria dos autores concorda com o tratamento profilático com a antibioticoterapia.

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Snakebite envenomation is considered a neglected tropical disease, affecting tens of thousands of people each year. The recommended treatment is the use of antivenom, which is composed of immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin fragments obtained from the plasma of animals hyperimmunized with one (monospecific) or several (polyspecific) venoms. In this review, the efforts made in the improvement of the already available antivenoms and the development of new antivenoms, focusing on snakes of medical importance from sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, are described. Some antivenoms currently used are composed of whole IgGs, whereas others use F(ab')2 fragments. The classic methods of attaining snake antivenoms are presented, in addition to new strategies to improve their effectiveness. Punctual changes in immunization protocols, in addition to the use of cross-reactivity between venoms from different snakes for the manufacture of more potent and widely used antivenoms, are presented. It is known that venoms are a complex mixture of components; however, advances in the field of antivenoms have shown that there are key toxins that, if effectively blocked, are capable of reversing the condition of in vivo envenomation. These studies provide an opportunity for the use of monoclonal antibodies in the development of new-generation antivenoms. Thus, monoclonal antibodies and their fragments are described as a possible alternative for the production of antivenoms, regardless of the venom. This review also highlights the challenges associated with their development.

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Bothrops spp. envenomation and its relationship with ischemic stroke has complex pathogenesis. Local effects such as edema, pain, redness, necrosis, and systemic manifestations like coagulation disorders, thrombosis, renal failure, and hemorrhage have been reported. Hemorrhagic stroke is a common neurological complication but ischemic stroke is poorly understood. We present here the case of a 50-year-old male with no comorbidities referred from a rural area in southwest Colombia with a Bothrops spp. snakebite on the left hand. On admission, the patient presented with a deterioration of consciousness and required mechanical ventilation assistance. The MRI showed multiple ischemic areas in the bilateral frontaltemporal and occipital regions. Two months later, the patient had a favorable resolution, although central paresis in the III and VI cranial nerves and positive Babinski's sign persisted. As already mentioned, the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke due to snakebite is complex but the procoagulant activity of the venom components, the hypovolemic shock, the endothelial damage, and the thromboinflammation can explain it, and although it rarely occurs, it should be considered as a complication of ophidian accidents caused by Bothrops spp.

La mordedura de serpientes Bothrops spp. y el ataque cerebrovascular isquémico tienen una patogenia compleja. Se reconocen efectos locales como edema, dolor, enrojecimiento y necrosis, así como manifestaciones sistémicas como trastornos de la coagulación, trombosis, insuficiencia renal y hemorragia, por lo que el accidente cerebrovascular hemorrágico es una complicación neurológica común, pero, en cambio, el accidente cerebrovascular isquémico es poco conocido. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 50 años, sin comorbilidades, remitido de una zona rural del suroccidente de Colombia debido a la mordedura de una serpiente Bothrops spp. en su mano izquierda. En el momento del ingreso, el paciente presentaba deterioro de la conciencia y requirió asistencia respiratoria mecánica. Mediante resonancia magnética, se observaron múltiples áreas isquémicas bilaterales en la región fronto-temporal y en la occipital. Dos meses después, el paciente había evolucionado favorablemente, pero persistían la paresia en los pares craneales III y VI y el signo de Babinski. La fisiopatología del accidente cerebrovascular isquémico por mordedura de serpiente es compleja. La actividad procoagulante de los componentes del veneno, el choque hipovolémico, el daño endotelial y la tromboinflamación pueden explicar el accidente cerebrovascular isquémico que, aunque raro, debe considerarse como una complicación del accidente ofídico causado por serpientes Bothrops spp.

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Introducción: el accidente ofídico es una intoxicación ocasionada por la inoculación de veneno a través de la mordedura de una serpiente, la cual genera alteraciones locales y sistémicas. Dicho evento representa un importante problema de salud pública en los países en vía de desarrollo debido a su alta frecuencia y gravedad. Las serpientes del género Bothrops son responsables de la mayoría de los accidentes y esto se debe, en parte, a su amplia distribución geográfica y comportamiento agresivo cuando se sienten amenazadas. La lesión renal aguda es una causa importante de mortalidad en pacientes con mordedura de serpientes de este género. Objetivo: describir el caso de un paciente femenino con lesión renal aguda inducida por mordedura de serpiente del género Bothrops. Simultáneamente se detallan los datos epidemiológicos más relevantes de dicha entidad, sus factores de riesgo, los posibles mecanismos fisiopatológicos que explican la génesis de la misma, su diagnóstico y manejo clínico. Se resalta la importancia de su identificación precoz y tratamiento oportuno. Presentación del caso: se presenta el caso de una paciente de 40 años que ingresa a una institución de cuarto nivel de complejidad por presentar lesión renal aguda y coagulopatía por consumo secundario a mordedura de serpiente del género Bothrops, con presencia de sangrado vaginal y hematuria que progresa a anuria y hematemesis, requiriendo transfusión de hemoderivados y terapia de reemplazo renal, medidas con las cuales presentó una evolución clínica favorable. Discusión y conclusión: la lesión renal aguda asociada a la mordedura de serpientes del género Bothrops es una complicación clínica común y potencialmente mortal que no debe ser olvidada. Los eventos fisiopatológicos responsables de esta complicación incluyen mecanismos inmunológicos, trastornos de la coagulación, pigmenturia, nefrotoxicidad directa y la respuesta inflamatoria con efectos hemodinámicos sistémicos y renales. Se hace imprescindible el conocimiento de dicha entidad en aras de reconocerla de forma precoz e instaurar su tratamiento oportuno con el fin de reducir sus complicaciones potencialmente fatales.

Introduction: The ophidian accident is an intoxication caused by the inoculation of venom through the bite of a snake, which generates local and systemic alterations. This event represents an important public health problem in developing countries due to its high frequency and severity. Snakes of the genus Bothrops are responsible for the majority of accidents, and this is partly due to their wide geographic distribution and aggressive behavior when threatened. Acute kidney injury is an important cause of mortality in patients with snake bites of this genus. Purpose: To describe the case of a female patient with bothrops snakebite-induced acute kidney injury. Simultaneously, the most relevant epidemiological data of said entity, its risk factors, the possible pathophysiological mechanisms that explain its genesis, its diagnosis and clinical management are detailed. The importance of its early identification and timely treatment is highlighted. Case presentation: We present the case of a 40-year-old female patient who was admitted to a fourth level of complexity institution due to acute kidney injury and consumption coagulopathy secondary to bothrops snakebite, with the presence of vaginal bleeding and hematuria that progressed to anuria. and hematemesis; requiring transfusion of blood products and renal replacement therapy, measures with which she presented a favorable clinical evolution. Conclusion and discussion: Acute kidney injury associated with the bite of bothrops snakes is a common and life-threatening clinical complication that should not be overlooked. The pathophysiological events responsible for this complication include immunological mechanisms, coagulation disorders, pigmenturia, direct nephrotoxicity, and the inflammatory response with systemic and renal hemodynamic effects. Knowledge of this entity is essential in order to recognize it early and establish its timely treatment in order to reduce its potentially fatal complications.

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Bothrops spp. envenomation and its relationship with ischemic stroke has complex pathogenesis. Local effects such as edema, pain, redness, necrosis, and systemic manifestations like coagulation disorders, thrombosis, renal failure, and hemorrhage have been reported. Hemorrhagic stroke is a common neurological complication but ischemic stroke is poorly understood. We present here the case of a 50-year-old male with no comorbidities referred from a rural area in southwest Colombia with a Bothrops spp. snakebite on the left hand. On admission, the patient presented with a deterioration of consciousness and required mechanical ventilation assistance. The MRI showed multiple ischemic areas in the bilateral frontal- temporal and occipital regions. Two months later, the patient had a favorable resolution, although central paresis in the III and VI cranial nerves and positive Babinski's sign persisted. As already mentioned, the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke due to snakebite is complex but the procoagulant activity of the venom components, the hypovolemic shock, the endothelial damage, and the thromboinflammation can explain it, and although it rarely occurs, it should be considered as a complication of ophidian accidents caused by Bothrops spp.

La mordedura de serpientes Bothrops spp. y el ataque cerebrovascular isquémico tienen una patogenia compleja. Se reconocen efectos locales como edema, dolor, enrojecimiento y necrosis, así como manifestaciones sistémicas como trastornos de la coagulación, trombosis, insuficiencia renal y hemorragia, por lo que el accidente cerebrovascular hemorrágico es una complicación neurológica común, pero, en cambio, el accidente cerebrovascular isquémico es poco conocido. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 50 años, sin comorbilidades, remitido de una zona rural del suroccidente de Colombia debido a la mordedura de una serpiente Bothrops spp. en su mano izquierda. En el momento del ingreso, el paciente presentaba deterioro de la conciencia y requirió asistencia respiratoria mecánica. Mediante resonancia magnética, se observaron múltiples áreas isquémicas bilaterales en la región fronto-temporal y en la occipital. Dos meses después, el paciente había evolucionado favorablemente, pero persistían la paresia en los pares craneales III y VI y el signo de Babinski. La fisiopatología del accidente cerebrovascular isquémico por mordedura de serpiente es compleja. La actividad procoagulante de los componentes del veneno, el choque hipovolémico, el daño endotelial y la tromboinflamación pueden explicar el accidente cerebrovascular isquémico que, aunque raro, debe considerarse como una complicación del accidente ofídico causado por serpientes Bothrops spp.

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Abstract Objectives: to analyze the epidemiological and clinical aspects of accidents caused by venomous animals in children under 15 years old. Methods: a cross-sectional study with an analytical component using secondary data from Centro de Informação e Assistência Toxicológica de Pernambuco (CIATox-PE), (Poison Center in Pernambuco)), in 2017 to 2019. Notifications of accidents caused were included in the studied age group and evaluated the characteristics of poisoning (animal classification, exposure zone, place and time of the occurrence and specific use of serum therapy), and of the patient (sociodemographic variables, clinical condition and evolution). The analysis performed in STATA® 13.1 presents frequency distribution tables and Pearson's chi-square for comparison. Results: of the 2678 notifications, 82,8% were scorpionism and 10, 8% snakebite. The age group of1 to 9 years old (70.5%) and being male (54.1%) were predominant. Most of the cases occurred in urban area (80.9%), in Recife (67.3%), inside the victim's residence (83.9%) and at night (47.3%). The majority (87.1%) were classified as 'mild severity', 10% received antivenom therapy and one died (by scorpionism). Two cases of snakebite in the workplace were registered. Conclusion: there was a high frequency of accidents caused in the urban area, which may be related to the lack of urban planning and sanitary education. The accidents caused among children in the household environment and the suspicion of child labor in the age group of 10 to 14 years old were also highlighted which favors the development and habits of the venomous animal.

Resumo Objetivos: analisar aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos dos acidentes por animais peçonhentos em menores de 15 anos. Métodos: estudo transversal com componente analítico utilizando dados secundários do Centro de Informação e Assistência Toxicológica de Pernambuco (CIATox-PE), no período de 2017 a 2019. Foram incluídas as notificações dos acidentes na faixa etária estudada e avaliadas características do envenenamento (classe do animal, zona de exposição, local/turno da ocorrência e uso soroterapia específica) e do paciente (variáveis sociodemográficas, gravidade clínica e evolução). A análise realizada no STATA® 13.1 apresenta tabelas de distribuição de frequência e qui-quadrado de Pearson para comparação. Resultados: das 2678 notificações, 82,8% foram de escorpionismo e 10,8% de ofidismo. Predominaram na faixa etária de 1a 9 anos (70,5%) e sexo masculino (54,1%);ocorreram principalmente na zona urbana (80,9%),no Recife(67,3%), na residência da vítima (83,9%), durante horário noturno (47,3%). A maioria (87,1%) foi classificada como de gravidade leve, 10% receberam soroterapia e ocorreu um óbito (escorpionismo). Registraram-se dois casos de ofidismo em ambiente de trabalho. Conclusão: ressaltam-se os acidentes intradomiciliares entre crianças e a suspeita de trabalho infantil na faixa etária de 10 a 14anos.Os acidentes ocorreram sobretudo na zona urbana provavelmente associado à falta de planejamento e educação sanitária que favorece o desenvolvimento e hábitos do animal peçonhento.

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Objetivo: Analisar a tendência temporal dos acidentes causados por animais peçonhentos no Brasil, de 2007 a 2019. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan). Para a análise temporal, utilizou-se a regressão linear de Prais-Winsten. Foram calculadas as incidências por sexo e faixa etária, risco relativo e letalidade. Resultados: No período de estudo, houve 2.102.657 casos de acidentes por animais peçonhentos. Com exceção do ofidismo, os demais acidentes apresentaram tendência temporal crescente na maioria das macrorregiões nacionais. Escorpionismo, ofidismo e araneísmo foram responsáveis por 86% dos acidentes, principalmente entre pessoas do sexo masculino em idade economicamente ativa. A de letalidade foi mais elevada para acidentes ofídicos (0,4%) e apílicos (0,3%). As crianças foram as principais vítimas de acidentes com abelhas, lagartas e "outros". Conclusão: Os acidentes com animais peçonhentos apresentaram tendência temporal crescente para a maioria dos agravos e diferentes perfis epidemiológicos.

Objetivo: Analizar la tendencia temporal de los accidentes con animales ponzoñosos en Brasil de 2007 a 2019. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado con datos del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria (Sinan). Para el análisis temporal se utilizó la Regresión Lineal de Prais-Wisten. Se calcularon las incidencias por sexo y grupo de edad, riesgo relativo y letalidad. Resultados: Durante el período del estudio hubo 2.102.657 casos de accidentes con animales ponzoñosos. Con excepción de la mordedura de serpiente, los demás accidentes mostraron una tendencia temporal creciente en la mayoría de las regiones del país. El escorpionismo, la mordedura de serpiente y la picadura de araña fueron responsables del 86% de los accidentes, afectando principalmente a personas del sexo masculino en edad laboral. Las tasas de letalidad más altas fueron por accidentes de mordedura de serpiente (0,4%) y picadura de araña (0,3%). Los niños fueron las principales vitimas de los acidentes con abejas, lagartas y "otros". Conclusión: Los accidentes com animales ponzoñosos mostraron una tendencia temporal creciente para la mayoría de las enfermedades y diferentes perfiles epidemiológicos.

Objective: to analyze the temporal trend of accidents involving venomous animals in Brazil from 2007 to 2019. Methods: this was a cross-sectional study carried out with data from the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (SINAN). Prais-Winsten linear regression was used for the temporal analysis. We calculated incidence rates according to sex and age group, relative risk and case fatality ratio. Results: during the study period there were 2,102,657 cases of accidents involving venomous animals. With the exception of snakebite, the remaining accidents showed a rising temporal trend in most regions of the country. Scorpion stings, snake bites and spider bites were responsible for 86% of accidents, mainly affecting male people of working age. Accidents involving snakes (0.4%) and bees (0.3%) had the highest case fatality ratios. Children were the main victims of accidents involving bees, caterpillars and "others". Conclusion: accidents involving venomous animals showed a rising temporal trend for most conditions, as well as different epidemiological profiles.

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Snakebite envenomation is considered a neglected tropical disease, affecting tens of thousands of people each year. The recommended treatment is the use of antivenom, which is composed of immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin fragments obtained from the plasma of animals hyperimmunized with one (monospecific) or several (polyspecific) venoms. In this review, the efforts made in the improvement of the already available antivenoms and the development of new antivenoms, focusing on snakes of medical importance from sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, are described. Some antivenoms currently used are composed of whole IgGs, whereas others use F(ab’)2 fragments. The classic methods of attaining snake antivenoms are presented, in addition to new strategies to improve their effectiveness. Punctual changes in immunization protocols, in addition to the use of cross-reactivity between venoms from different snakes for the manufacture of more potent and widely used antivenoms, are presented. It is known that venoms are a complex mixture of components; however, advances in the field of antivenoms have shown that there are key toxins that, if effectively blocked, are capable of reversing the condition of in vivo envenomation. These studies provide an opportunity for the use of monoclonal antibodies in the development of new-generation antivenoms. Thus, monoclonal antibodies and their fragments are described as a possible alternative for the production of antivenoms, regardless of the venom. This review also highlights the challenges associated with their development.

O envenenamento por picada de cobra é considerado uma doença tropical negligenciada, afetando dezenas de milhares de pessoas a cada ano. O tratamento recomendado é o uso de antiveneno, que é composto por imunoglobulinas ou fragmentos de imunoglobulinas obtidos do plasma de animais hiperimunizados com um (monoespecífico) ou vários (poliespecíficos) venenos. Nesta revisão, são descritos os esforços realizados no aprimoramento dos antivenenos já disponíveis e no desenvolvimento de novos antivenenos, com foco em serpentes de importância médica da África Subsaariana e América Latina. Alguns antivenenos atualmente utilizados são compostos por IgGs inteiros, enquanto outros usam fragmentos F(ab’)2. São apresentados os métodos clássicos de obtenção de soros de serpentes, além de novas estratégias para melhorar sua eficácia. São apresentadas mudanças pontuais nos protocolos de imunização, além do uso de reatividade cruzada entre venenos de diferentes serpentes para a fabricação de antivenenos mais potentes e amplamente utilizados. Sabe-se que os venenos são uma mistura complexa de componentes; no entanto, avanços na área de antivenenos mostraram que existem toxinas-chave que, se efetivamente bloqueadas, são capazes de reverter a condição de envenenamento in vivo. Esses estudos oferecem uma oportunidade para o uso de anticorpos monoclonais no desenvolvimento de antivenenos de nova geração. Assim, anticorpos monoclonais e seus fragmentos são descritos como uma possível alternativa para a produção de antivenenos, independente do veneno. Esta revisão também destaca os desafios associados ao seu desenvolvimento.

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We report two snakebites by Micrurus ortoni in Colombia and one by M. hemprichii in Perú. In two of the cases, we observed mild to moderate motor neurological involvement and in all patients, there was a marked sensory effect with hyperesthesia and hyperalgesia radiating from the bite site to the entire ipsilateral hemibody. The only patient who received antivenom, which did not correspond with the type of envenomation, developed equine serum sickness eight days after its administration. The results of the laboratory tests, including an electromyographic study, the photographic record of the clinical manifestations, and the causative agents are presented and discussed.

Se reportan dos casos de mordedura por serpientes de la especie Micrurus ortoni en Colombia y uno por M. hemprichii en Perú. En dos de los casos se observó afección neurológica motora leve a moderada y, en todos, se presentó un acentuado trastorno sensitivo con hiperestesia e hiperalgesia irradiada desde el sitio de la mordedura hacia todo el hemicuerpo comprometido. El único paciente que recibió antiveneno, el cual no era específico para el tipo de envenenamiento, desarrolló una reacción al suero equino a los ocho días de su aplicación. Se presentan y discuten los resultados de las pruebas de laboratorio, incluido el estudio electromiográfico, así como el registro fotográfico de las manifestaciones clínicas y de los agentes causales.

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Resumen | Se reportan dos casos de mordedura por serpientes de la especie Micrurus ortoni en Colombia y uno por M. hemprichii en Perú. En dos de los casos se observó afección neurológica motora leve a moderada y, en todos, se presentó un acentuado trastorno sensitivo con hiperestesia e hiperalgesia irradiada desde el sitio de la mordedura hacia todo el hemicuerpo comprometido. El único paciente que recibió antiveneno, el cual no era específico para el tipo de envenenamiento, desarrolló una reacción al suero equino a los ocho días de su aplicación. Se presentan y discuten los resultados de las pruebas de laboratorio, incluido el estudio electromiográfico, así como el registro fotográfico de las manifestaciones clínicas y de los agentes causales.

Abstract | We report two snakebites by Micrurus ortoni in Colombia and one by M. hemprichii in Perú. In two of the cases, we observed mild to moderate motor neurological involvement and in all patients, there was a marked sensory effect with hyperesthesia and hyperalgesia radiating from the bite site to the entire ipsilateral hemibody. The only patient who received antivenom, which did not correspond with the type of envenomation, developed equine serum sickness eight days after its administration. The results of the laboratory tests, including an electromyographic study, the photographic record of the clinical manifestations, and the causative agents are presented and discussed.

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The Elapidae family comprises 35 snake species in Brazil, with Micrurus ibiboboca being widely distributed in the northeast of the country. Despite the high number of Micrurus species in Brazil, there are few cases of human envenomation in literature. This study describes a clinical report of envenomation due to the bite of M. ibiboboca in the State of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil, that took place in 2017. The patient presented symptoms of muscle paralysis and sweating. He was admitted to the intensive care unit. A total of 10 ampoules of anti-elapidic serum were administered. The patient complained of local pain that extended through the arm, paresthesia in the lower limbs, headache, and chest pain. Changes in the visual, respiratory, and neurological systems were not observed. This clinical case report on coral snake poisoning is useful for increasing the knowledge on the toxicological action of snake poison and its effect on injured individuals, thereby helping in the clinical evaluation and treatment.(AU)

A família Elapidae compreende 35 espécies de serpentes no Brasil, com Micrurus ibiboboca amplamente distribuída no Nordeste. Apesar do elevado número de espécies de Micrurus no Brasil, são poucos os casos de envenenamento humano na literatura. Descrevemos aqui um relato clínico de envenenamento por picada de M. ibiboboca no Estado de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil, ocorrido em 2017. O paciente apresentava sintomas de paralisia muscular e sudorese. Ele foi internado na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Um total de 10 ampolas de soro anti-elapídico foi administrado. O paciente queixava-se de dor local que se estendia pelo braço, parestesia em membros inferiores, cefaleia e dor torácica. Não foram observados alterações nos sistemas de visão, respiratório e neurológico. Este relato de caso clínico de intoxicação por cobra coral é útil para aumentar o conhecimento sobre a ação toxicológica da peçonha da serpente e seu efeito sobre os acidentados, auxiliando na avaliação clínica e no tratamento.(AU)

La familia Elapidae comprende 35 especies de serpientes en Brasil como la Micrurus ibiboboca ampliamente distribuidas en el Noreste. A pesar de lo alto número de especies de Micrurus en Brasil, hay pocos casos de envenenamiento humano en la literatura. Describimos aquí un informe clínico de envenenamiento por mordedura de M. ibiboboca en el estado de Pernambuco, Noreste de Brasil, ocurrido en 2017. El paciente presentaba síntomas de parálisis muscular y sudoración. Fue ingresado en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Se administraron un total de 10 ampollas de suero antielapídico. El paciente se quejaba de dolor local que se extendía por el brazo, parestesias en las extremidades inferiores, cefalea y dolor torácico. No se observaron cambios en los sistemas visual, respiratorio y neurológico. Este informe de caso clínico sobre la intoxicación por serpiente coral es útil para aumentar el conocimiento sobre la acción toxicológica del veneno de serpientes y su efecto en los individuos lesionados, ayudando así en la evaluación clínica y el tratamiento.(AU)

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Introduction: Snakebite is a relevant public health problem in Colombia, which is evident in epidemiological data at the Latin American level, where it ranks third place in the number of snakebites, after México and Brazil. Objective: To perform a retrospective analysis of snakebite accidents in the department of Cauca between 2009 and 2018 based on the data from the Public Health Surveillance System of Colombia reported to the Health Institute of Cauca. Materials and methods: We compiled and interpreted the information from the compulsory snakebite notification forms for the study's 10 years period. We determined snakebite incidence and frequency according to the geographical distribution and the causal agents, and we analyzed related socioeconomic variables as well. Results: The records accounted for 1,653 cases and low mortality. Bothrops and Bothriechis species (77.43%) caused most of the accidents followed by Micrurus (2.9%). Most of the notifications came from the south of the department, and males and farmers were the most affected with bites mainly in the upper extremities. During poisoning, hemorrhagic manifestations predominated over necrosis and infections; serotherapy criteria were not always adequately applied, however, iatrogenic complications were not frequent. Conclusions: El Tambo and Piamonte municipalities, being male, and rural areas were the variables most affected by ophidism, mainly bothropic ophidism. The highest incidences occurred in the southern part of Cauca, in the Patía and Caquetá river basins.

Introducción. El ofidismo en Colombia es un problema de salud pública, lo cual se hace evidente al examinar los datos epidemiológicos a nivel latinoamericano, pues el país ocupa el tercer lugar en número de accidentes ofídicos después de Brasil y México. Objetivo. Hacer un análisis retrospectivo de los casos de accidente ofídico ocurridos entre 2009 y 2018 en el departamento de Cauca, según los datos del Sistema de Vigilancia en Salud Pública (Sivigila) registrados en el Instituto Departamental de Salud del Cauca. Materiales y métodos. Se recopiló e interpretó la información consignada en las fichas de notificación obligatoria de accidente ofídico en los 10 años de estudio. Se determinaron la incidencia y la frecuencia de accidentes según la distribución geográfica y los agentes causales, y se analizaron las variables socioeconómicas relacionadas. Resultados. Se registraron 1.653 casos y una baja mortalidad. Los géneros Bothrops y Bothriechis causaron la mayoría (77,43 %) de los accidentes, seguidos por el género Micrurus (2,9 %). La mayoría de las notificaciones procedían del sur del departamento; las personas de sexo masculino y los agricultores fueron los más afectados, con mordeduras en las extremidades superiores principalmente. Las principales manifestaciones del envenenamiento fueron las hemorrágicas, más frecuentes que la necrosis y la infección. Aunque el criterio para utilizar la seroterapia no siempre fue el mejor, las complicaciones iatrogénicas no fueron frecuentes. Conclusiones. Los municipios de El Tambo y Piamonte, las personas de sexo masculino y las áreas rurales, fueron las variables más afectadas por el ofidismo, principalmente el ofidismo botrópico. Las mayores incidencias se presentaron en la zona sur del Cauca, en las cuencas de los ríos Patía y Caquetá.

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Resumen | Introducción. El ofidismo en Colombia es un problema de salud pública, lo cual se hace evidente al examinar los datos epidemiológicos a nivel latinoamericano, pues el país ocupa el tercer lugar en número de accidentes ofídicos después de Brasil y México. Objetivo. Hacer un análisis retrospectivo de los casos de accidente ofídico ocurridos entre 2009 y 2018 en el departamento de Cauca, según los datos del Sistema de Vigilancia en Salud Pública (Sivigila) registrados en el Instituto Departamental de Salud del Cauca. Materiales y métodos. Se recopiló e interpretó la información consignada en las fichas de notificación obligatoria de accidente ofídico en los 10 años de estudio. Se determinaron la incidencia y la frecuencia de accidentes según la distribución geográfica y los agentes causales, y se analizaron las variables socioeconómicas relacionadas. Resultados. Se registraron 1.653 casos y una baja mortalidad. Los géneros Bothrops y Bothriechis causaron la mayoría (77,43 %) de los accidentes, seguidos por el género Micrurus (2,9 %). La mayoría de las notificaciones procedían del sur del departamento; las personas de sexo masculino y los agricultores fueron los más afectados, con mordeduras en las extremidades superiores principalmente. Las principales manifestaciones del envenenamiento fueron las hemorrágicas, más frecuentes que la necrosis y la infección. Aunque el criterio para utilizar la seroterapia no siempre fue el mejor, las complicaciones iatrogénicas no fueron frecuentes. Conclusiones. Los municipios de El Tambo y Piamonte, las personas de sexo masculino y las áreas rurales, fueron las variables más afectadas por el ofidismo, principalmente el ofidismo botrópico. Las mayores incidencias se presentaron en la zona sur del Cauca, en las cuencas de los ríos Patía y Caquetá.

Abstract | Introduction: Snakebite is a relevant public health problem in Colombia, which is evident in epidemiological data at the Latin American level, where it ranks third place in the number of snakebites, after México and Brazil. Objective: To perform a retrospective analysis of snakebite accidents in the department of Cauca between 2009 and 2018 based on the data from the Public Health Surveillance System of Colombia reported to the Health Institute of Cauca. Materials and methods: We compiled and interpreted the information from the compulsory snakebite notification forms for the study's 10 years period. We determined snakebite incidence and frequency according to the geographical distribution and the causal agents, and we analyzed related socioeconomic variables as well. Results: The records accounted for 1,653 cases and low mortality. Bothrops and Bothriechis species (77.43%) caused most of the accidents followed by Micrurus (2.9%). Most of the notifications came from the south of the department, and males and farmers were the most affected with bites mainly in the upper extremities. During poisoning, hemorrhagic manifestations predominated over necrosis and infections; serotherapy criteria were not always adequately applied, however, iatrogenic complications were not frequent. Conclusions: El Tambo and Piamonte municipalities, being male, and rural areas were the variables most affected by ophidism, mainly bothropic ophidism. The highest incidences occurred in the southern part of Cauca, in the Patía and Caquetá river basins.

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Introducción: En el Perú, los accidentes ofídicos son un importante problema de salud pública, debido a una amplia distribución territorial de diferentes tipos de serpientes. Objetivo: Describir las características clínico - epidemiológicas y el manejo de los accidentes ofídicos registrados en un hospital de Perú. Métodos: Estudio de serie de casos, realizado entre enero del 2011 a diciembre 2015 en el Hospital Santa Rosa de Puerto Maldonado. Se revisaron 256 historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico definitivo de ofidismo. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y evolución de los pacientes. Resultados: El 78,5 por ciento de pacientes fueron varones, el grupo de edad más afectado fueron los adultos. La mayoría de los accidentes ocurrieron en el mes de marzo (12,5 por ciento). Un 39 por ciento de los pacientes se dedicaba al trabajo agrícola. Entre las 16:00 y 19:59 horas se produjeron 35,2 por ciento de los accidentes, 71,1 por ciento reportó como causante del accidente a la serpiente Bothrops atrox. El 71,5 por ciento de las mordeduras se presentaron en miembros inferiores. La mayoría de pacientes recibió tratamiento específico con antibotrópico polivalente (90,6 por ciento). Conclusiones: En la población estudiada, el sexo más afectado es el masculino con una edad entre 27 a 59 años. La serpiente más frecuente causante de los accidentes fue la Bothrops atrox, más conocida entre los pobladores como "jergón". En la mayoría de los casos se administró como tratamiento específico el suero antiofídico(AU)

Introduction: In Peru, ophidian accidents are an important public health problem due to a wide territorial distribution of different types of snakes. Objective: To describe the clinical-epidemiological characteristics and the management of ophidian accidents registered in a hospital in Peru. Methods: Case series study carried out between January 2011 to December 2015 at the Santa Rosa Hospital in Puerto Maldonado, 256 medical records of patients with a definitive diagnosis of ophidism were reviewed. Sociodemographic and clinical variables and the evolution of the patients were analyzed. Results: A total of 78.5 percent of patients were men, the age group most affected were adults. Most of the accidents occurred in March (12.5 percent). 39 percent of the patients were engaged in agricultural work. Between 4:00 p.m. and 7:59 p.m., 35.2 percent of the accidents occurred. 71.1 percent reported the Bothrops atrox snake as the cause of the accident. 71.5 percent of the bites occurred on the lower limbs. Most patients received specific treatment with polyvalent anti-botropic (90.6 percent). Conclusions: In the studied population, the most affected sex is the male with an age between 27 and 59 years. The most frequent snake causing the accidents was the Bothrops atrox, better known among the inhabitants as "jergón". In most cases, antivenom was administered as a specific treatment(AU)

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