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Determining the sources of marine litter is necessary to mitigate this increasing global problem. Plastic bottles are useful tracers of marine litter and constitute the main item (24%) stranding on remote beaches in the Galapagos Islands. The aim of this study was to estimate the abundance of plastic bottles in remote beaches and inferred their sources. To do so, we collected plastic bottles at 60 remote Galapagos Island beaches from 2018 to 2022. 76% of beaches were qualified as badly polluted, with >34 bottles·100 m-1. Most identified bottles came from Peru (71%), followed by China (17%) and Ecuador (9%). Although most locally-sold products are made in Ecuador, they contribute little to beach litter loads. Polyethylene terephthalate bottles with lid (necessary for litter dispersal) represented 88% of all bottles, demonstrating that most of the litter reaching the Galapagos comes from distant sources, mainly from South America. However, bottle ages indicate that at least 10% of Peruvian, 26% of Ecuadorian, and all Chinese bottles likely were dumped from ships. Reducing marine litter reaching the Galapagos Islands requires tackling litter leakage from land-based sources in South America and better compliance with regulations banning the dumping of plastics and other persistent wastes from ships.
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Praias , Resíduos , Equador , Resíduos/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , América do Sul , PlásticosRESUMO
The significant growth of the cruise ship industry has resulted in economic benefits, but there are also waste management-related challenges. The aim of this case study was to contribute to the research of cruise ship waste management at the Port of Rio de Janeiro. A3 methodology, applied for the first time in this context, was used to create questionnaires to assess the stakeholders involved, revealing that institutional bureaucracy has a negative effect on waste management. In addition, secondary data on unloaded waste, obtained from the transport manifests, showed that 56 % contained reliable information. The main wastes were plastics (57 %), glass (17 %), metal (9 %), and others. With respect to destinations, 41 % were sent to landfills, 55 % recycled and 4 % thermally treated. Only 5 % of cruise ship moorings removed waste at the Port of Rio de Janeiro, attributed to factors such as high costs.
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Navios , Gerenciamento de Resíduos , Brasil , Reciclagem , PlásticosRESUMO
In the world of growing maritime fleets, ships powered by fossil fuels are being widely used that are responsible for atmospheric emissions such as particulate matter (PM). When inhaled, these can cause serious injury to the body and affect internal organs, because the particle size is on a tiny scale. The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) regulates the standards for emissions from marine diesel engines. However, although they pose risks to human health and the environment, the metals present in PM are not covered by Brazilian national current legislation. This study is based on the results of sampling of PM in the atmosphere of Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, by means of the MOUDI cascade impactor, followed by acid opening of the collected PM and subsequent chemical analysis by ICP-MS for the determination of Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn. In coarse particles, the mean values ranged from 0.11 ng m-3 for Ba to 24.9 ng m-3 for Fe; in fine particles, from 0.07 ng m-3 for Co to 25.0 ng m-3 for Fe; and in ultrafine particles, from 0.11 ng m-3 for Ba to 9.71 ng m-3 for Fe. Finally, the nanoparticles (Ba and Ca) were not detected and the maximum value obtained was 5.32 ng m-3 for Mn.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos , Material Particulado , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Baías , Brasil , Cádmio/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Combustíveis Fósseis , Humanos , Chumbo/análise , Tamanho da Partícula , Material Particulado/análise , NaviosRESUMO
This article presents a literature review of solid waste management on cruise ships using a bibliographic search of the main databases. Articles that discuss waste management were spread over different research areas, demonstrating that the topic is cross-sectional and interconnected, involving social, economic and political considerations. The text is organized into four topics: generation, treatment, disposal and impacts. Recent years have seen increasing interest in cruise ship waste management, likely due to the growing tourism market, with an annual increase of 7.4% in the number of passengers between 1990 and 2018. However, this growth may aggravate environmental, social and economic impacts, making it essential to promote research and studies in the area.
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Navios , Resíduos Sólidos , Gerenciamento de Resíduos , Estudos Transversais , ViagemRESUMO
ABSTRACT In February 2020, a Chinese cargo ship docked at the Port of Santos with reports of crew members with a feverish and respiratory condition. A team was gathered to verify the existence of suspected cases of COVID-19 inside the vessel and define its clearance. All 25 crew members were interviewed, and no suspected cases were found. The vessel was then cleared for port activities. The investigation resulted from the implementation of the contingency plan to face a public health emergency of international importance and several surveillance entities cooperated.
RESUMO Em fevereiro de 2020, um navio de carga vindo da China atracou no Porto de Santos com relato de tripulantes com quadro febril e respiratório. Uma equipe foi mobilizada para verificar a existência de casos suspeitos de COVID-19 dentro da embarcação e definir a liberação da embarcação no porto. Todos os 25 tripulantes foram entrevistados e não foram encontrados casos suspeitos. Então a embarcação foi liberada para atividades no porto. A investigação resultou da aplicação do plano de contingência diante de uma emergência de saúde pública de importância internacional e houve a colaboração de diversas entidades de vigilância.
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Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Navios , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/métodos , Surtos de Doenças/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Brasil , China/etnologia , COVID-19 , Indonésia/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Introduction: Statistical study about the health care provided to seafarers on board their ships by the Spanish Radio Medical Center of the Marine Social Institute (Ministry of Employment and Social Security). Material and results: In 2015, 1658 calls were received requesting medical assistance and 1014 patients were attended (average: 1.64 calls / case). The use of satellite communication was the most common means of communication used (92.2%). The mean age of the patients was 44.51 (standard deviation = 9.892). The average age of Spanish and European Union crew members is higher than those of other origin (p < 0.01). Trawlers account for the 76.4% of the calls asking for medical assistance, merchant ships the 13.2%, travelling ships 1%, yachts 0.5% and others 8.8%. No significant differences were found between the pathology seen and the type of vessel (p> 0.1). 25% of medical consultations were due to trauma conditions and 75% to other diseases. In trauma patients, the affected body regions were: the upper limbs (40.2%), the head (10.8%), the lower limbs (16.7%) and the trunk (12.7%). Isolated eye traumas represented the 11.2% of cases. 81.6% of all the cases were treated on board until port destination. In the 18.4% of the cases, rescue was required (3.2% per helicopter). In the trauma cases, only 61.26% were able to remain on board. Rescue was more frequent in the event of trauma (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Assistances due to diseases are more frequent than those due to trauma. Most patients could be assisted on board. It was observed that seafarer population is becoming older.
Introducción: Estudio estadístico de la atención sanitaria prestada por el Centro Radio Médico Español del Instituto Social de la Marina a los marinos a bordo de sus buques. Material y resultados: Durante un año, se asistieron 1014 pacientes y se recibieron 1658 llamadas demandando consulta médica (media: 1.64 llamadas/caso). El satélite es el medio de comunicación más empleado para la consulta (92.2%). La media de edad de los pacientes fue de 44.51 (desviación estándar = 9.892). La media de edad de los tripulantes españoles y de la Unión Europea es mayor que el resto (p = 0,00). Los pesqueros representan un 76.4% de las asistencias; los mercantes, 13.2%; pasaje, 1%; buques de recreo, 0.5%, y otros, 8.8%. No se han encontrado diferencias significativas entre la afección consultada y el tipo de buque (p > 0.1). El 25% de las atenciones se debieron a accidentes y el 75% a enfermedades. En los accidentes, las regiones corporales afectadas fuern: miembros superiores (10%), cabeza (5.5%), miembros inferiores (4.1%) y tronco (3.2%). Los ojos representan el 2.8% de los casos. El 81.6% de todos los casos fue atendido a bordo hasta la siguiente llegada a puerto. En el 18.4% fue necesaria la evacuación (3.2% por helicóptero). En el caso de los accidentados, sólo el 6.26% pudo permanecer a bordo. La evacuación es más frecuente en caso de accidente (p = 0.00). Conclusiones: Son más frecuentes las asistencias por enfermedad que por accidente. La mayoría de los pacientes pueden permanecer a bordo. Se observa un envejecimiento de la población embarcada.
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Navios , Telemedicina , Consulta Remota , Acidentes de TrabalhoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Limited data exist on transmission dynamics and effectiveness of control measures for influenza in confined settings. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the transmission dynamics of a 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A outbreak aboard a Peruvian Navy ship and quantify the effectiveness of the implemented control measures. METHODS: We used surveillance data and a simple stochastic epidemic model to characterize and evaluate the effectiveness of control interventions implemented during an outbreak of 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A aboard a Peruvian Navy ship. RESULTS: The serological attack rate for the outbreak was 49·1%, with younger cadets and low-ranking officers at greater risk of infection than older, higher-ranking officers. Our transmission model yielded a good fit to the daily time series of new influenza cases by date of symptom onset. We estimated a reduction of 54·4% in the reproduction number during the period of intense control interventions. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the patient isolation strategy and other control measures put in place during the outbreak reduced the infectiousness of isolated individuals by 86·7%. Our findings support that early implementation of control interventions can limit the spread of influenza epidemics in confined settings.
Assuntos
Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Influenza Humana/transmissão , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/fisiologia , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/virologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Militares/estatística & dados numéricos , Saúde Pública , Navios/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: En 1962 se estructuró un Programa de Control Sanitario Internacional para puertos y aeropuertos, y en 1980 se puso en vigor el primer Programa Nacional de Control Sanitario Internacional que preveía acciones de control a realizar por una parte de la red de servicios de salud y que sirvió de base para ser modificado en 1985, cuando se extendió la vigilancia a toda la red de atención médica primaria y secundaria del país, con la incorporación de los primeros médicos de familia al programa. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el programa de Control Sanitario Internacional en el Policlínico "Nguyen Van Troi" durante el segundo semestre del año 2007, en cuanto a estructura, proceso y resultados. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio evaluativo de tipo descriptivo. El universo estuvo constituido por el personal que participó en el Programa de Control Sanitario Internacional. Se tomó una muestra por conveniencia del 50 por ciento de los consultorios tipo 1, donde se revisó el 10 por ciento de las historias clínicas de los viajeros. RESULTADOS: En la evaluación de la estructura, el 52,9 por ciento encontró aceptable el funcionamiento del programa. La evaluación del proceso es de no aceptable porque no son satisfactorios los criterios esenciales, ni tampoco el 50 por ciento restante. Los criterios de resultados fueron satisfactorios porque durante el año no se reportaron casos de dengue ni de paludismo introducidos. CONCLUSIONES: La dimensión estructura resulta insuficiente y el proceso no aceptable, por lo que podemos plantear que el Programa de Control Sanitario Internacional en el área evaluada durante el 2008 resultó No satisfactorio.
INTRODUCTION: In 1962 The International Health Control Program was structured for ports and airports and in 1980 took effect the first National Health Control Program to plan actions of control to be carried out by a part of the health services network and was the base for its modification in 1985 when this type of surveillance was widen to all the primary and secondary medical care network of our country, with the incorporation of the first family physician into program. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the International Health Control Program in "Nguyen Van Troi" clinic area during the second semester of 2007 related to structure, process and results. RESULTS: An evaluative and descriptive study was conducted. Universe included the staff involved in the International Health Control Program. By convenience a sample of 50 percent of type 1 consulting room was taken, where the 10 percent of medical records of travellers was reviewed. In the evaluation of structure, the 52,9 percent considered as acceptable the program' functioning. The evaluation of process is not acceptable due the non satisfactory of the essential criteria, neither the remainder 50 percent. The criteria of results were satisfactory due to throughout the year there were not reports of introduced cases of dengue or malaria. CONCLUSIONS: The structure's dimension was insufficient and the process was not stable, thus, it impossible to propose that the International Health Control Program in the evaluated area during 2008 be non-satisfactory.
RESUMO
Um dos campos de atuaþÒo no lazer e entretenimento que tem tido um crescimento significativo no Brasil nos últimos anos Ú o de cruzeiros marÝtimos. Nos navios os profissionais do lazer tÛm desempenhado diferentes funþ§es. SÒo poucos os estudos brasileiros que focam o lazer neste setor e, por isto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar os navios de cruzeiros como campo de atuaþÒo profissional no lazer. Teve o prop¾sito de discutir criticamente como sÒo feitas as contrataþ§es, quais sÒo os cargos ocupados e as funþ§es que os profissionais do lazer desempenham nos navios. A partir de uma pesquisa bibliogrßfica este estudo mostrou que o os profissionais do lazer tem muitos gastos em suas contrataþ§es, o trabalho nos navios de cruzeiros Ú dinÔmico mas a jornada de trabalho Ú extensa e, ainda, ocorre muitos desvios de funções.
one of the acting s in leisure and entertainment that has had a significant increase in Brazil last years is the sea cruise one. In the ships the leisure professionals have diverse functions. Brazilian studies that focus the leisure on this sector are few and, so, the objective of this work was to present the cruise ships as a professional acting in leisure. It has had the purpose of critically discuss how the hiring is done, what the positions filled are and the functions that the leisure professionals perform on the ships. From a bibliographic research this study showed that the leisure professionals have a lot of expenses on their hiring, the job on the ships is dynamic but the workload is big and still occurs a lot of function misleads.
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Humanos , Atividades de Lazer , Navios , TurismoRESUMO
Reproduction and growth of the fish Lutjanus guttatus (Pisces: Lutjanidae) in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. The fish Lutjanus guttatus is important in the fisheries of Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica where they are captured with varied gear mainly by the artisanal fleet. We measured specimens from the commercial catch of 2002-2006. Gonadal state was determined macroscopically and age with otoliths The total length-total weight relationship was y = 0.0236x2.8153 and total length-eviscerated weight y = 0.0216x2.8129. Simplified relationships were y = 0.0173x3 and y = 0.0162x3. There is year-round reproduction with peaks in March (dry season) and September (rainy season). Male-female sexual ratio was 1:1. The age-length key for the gulf shows availability until the 6 years of age. The von Bertalanffy growth curve is L (t) = 65,9 (1-e -0,13(t+2,66)). Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (1-2): 125-131. Epub 2009 June 30.
Una de las pesquerías más importantes en el Golfo de Nicoya es la del pargo mancha (Lutjanus guttatus); su captura se realiza con diversas artes y principalmente por la flota artesanal. Estudiamos especímenes de la captura comercial artesanal entre el 2002 y 2006. Se analizaron las relaciones morfométricas para aplicar la ecuación P = aLb; el análisis del estado de madurez gonadal se hizo macroscópicamente; se determinó la edad a través de la lectura de anillos anuales de los otolitos sagitales y los parámetros de crecimiento fueron aplicados en la ecuación de von Bertalanffy: L (t) = 
* [1-exp (-K*(t-t0))]. La relación longitud total-peso total es y = 0.0236x 2.8153 y longitud total-peso eviscerado y = 0.0216x2.8129; las relaciones simplificadas correspondientes fueron y = 0.0173x3 y y = 0.0162x3. La reproducción es todo el año con dos picos en marzo y setiembre (época seca y lluviosa, respectivamente). La proporción macho-hembra es 1:1. Se generó para la población del Golfo de Nicoya una clave edad-talla donde su utilidad se presenta como adecuada hasta los 6 años de edad. La curva de crecimiento von Bertalanffy es L (t)=65,9(1-e -0,13(t+2,66)).