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Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, which lasted more than two years and included several waves, the present study focused on Jewish communities around the world, in order to understand the role of community during the pandemic. This study focused on the community mechanisms that helped community members to cope with the pandemic. To that end, between October 2021 and July 2022, in-person interviews were conducted with leaders and members of the following communities: Budapest, Hungary; Subotica, Serbia; Vienna, Austria; Bratislava, Slovakia; Vilna, Lithuania; Buenos Aires, Rosario, Salta, and Ushuaia in Argentina; and Mexico City and Cancun in Mexico. Each interview lasted between 45 min and 1.5 h. All of the interviews were audio-recorded and transcripts of those recordings were prepared. Three major themes emerged from the interviews: challenges, coping, and opportunities. Most of these themes were common to the different communities around the world. The findings of this work are discussed in terms of the concept of sense of community and resiliency theories.

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Older adults who experience natural disasters are at risk for immediate and longer-term negative health outcomes and diminished quality of life (QOL), in part due to disruptions to social relationships and protections. We use a risk and resilience framework to examine the protective effects of psychological sense of community (PSOC) on self-rated health (SRH) and QOL for older adults in Puerto Rico 2 years after the devastation of Hurricane María in 2017. Between September 2019 and January 2020, we conducted face-to-face interviews with a nonprobability sample of 154 community-dwelling adults aged 60+ in Puerto Rico. Controlling for covariates, we used multivariate regression to examine the association of PSOC and key social risk factors (mental health, social isolation, and loneliness) with SRH and QOL. Higher levels of PSOC were significantly associated with better SRH and QOL. Regarding risks, worse mental health was significantly associated with lower QOL and SRH, loneliness was significantly related to worse QOL, and social isolation was significantly associated with better SRH and better QOL. PSOC was a protective factor for older adults, suggesting that prevention and intervention efforts should focus on building and sustaining older adults' sense of community in the longer-term wake of natural disasters.

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Social homogeneity, understood as the similarity of perceptions and attitudes that individuals display toward the environment around them, is explained by the relational context in which they are immersed. However, there is no consensus about which relational mechanism best explains social homogeneity. The purpose of this research is to find out which of the three classical relational processes most studied in network analysis (structural cohesion, role equivalence, or homophily) is more determinant in explaining social homogeneity. To achieve the research objective, 110 professionals (psychologists, social workers, and community facilitators) implementing a psychosocial care program in three regions of Northwest Colombia were interviewed. Different types of relationships among professionals were analyzed using network analysis techniques. To examine the structural cohesion hypothesis, interveners were categorized according to the level of structural cohesion by performing core-periphery analysis in the networks evaluated; to test the role equivalence hypothesis, participants were categorized according to their level of degree centrality in the networks examined; to test the homophily hypothesis, participants were grouped according to the level of homophily in terms of professional profile. The non-parametric tests showed that role equivalence was the most powerful mechanism for explaining social homogeneity in the sample of psychosocial interveners evaluated.

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Social isolation is a well-established determinant of late-life well-being, and it may be particularly relevant for older adults in Puerto Rico following Hurricane María. The abbreviated Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS-6) is a widely used measure of social isolation, but it has not been validated with Spanish-speaking older adults. The objectives of this study were to (1) assess the psychometric properties of a Spanish-language LSNS-6 and (2) examine its association with self-rated health (SRH) and psychological sense of community (PSOC). Data came from face-to-face survey interviews with a nonprobability sample of 154 community-dwelling older adults in Puerto Rico 2 years after Hurricane María. We assessed the LSNS-6's internal consistency reliability and convergent validity. We then conducted structural equational modelling consisting of (1) a measurement model using confirmatory factor analysis to test the factor structure of the LSNS-6 and (2) a structural model using path analysis to examine the direct effect of social isolation on SRH and to test the role of PSOC as a mediator in this relationship. The LSNS-6 demonstrated acceptable internal consistency reliability (α = 0.74) and convergent validity, r(151) = -0.33, p < 0.001. A correlated two-factor model (Family and Friends) provided the best fit (comparative fit index = 0.986, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.975, root mean square error of approximation = 0.082, standardised root mean squared residual = 0.033). Path model results show the Friends factor was negatively associated with SRH (ß = -0.31, p = 0.045), whilst the Family factor was nonsignificant. The Friends factor had a statistically significant indirect effect on SRH through PSOC (ß = 0.08, 95% CI [0.01, 0.29]). Our findings provide insight into the effect of social isolation on health amongst older adults in Puerto Rico and highlight the potential role of PSOC for assessment and intervention with older adults in post-disaster settings.

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Recycling is socially responsible behavior. Moreover, it is also a complex behavior. It benefits society in the long term but involves a personal cost and does not benefit the individual directly. In the specific context of small island, we conducted a two-step research action to promote recycling among households located in the north of Martinique, a west indies French island. Based on the psychosocial engineering model, the first step was to identify the determinants of recycling in this specific island context. In a psycho-environmental diagnostic, we included variables already identified to predict waste sorting, such as the TPB variables, as well as other context-specific variables, such as group identification, environmental identity, place identity, sense of community, perceived efficacy of one's action, as predictors of the intention to recycle. Based on psychological distance and its temporal dimension, we also distinguished between the intention to recycle today (proximal intention) and the intention to recycle in 1 month (distal intention). The results show that the predictors of recycling differ according to the temporal distance. The proximal intention was predicted by personal variables whereas distal intention was predicted by social variables. The second step was to design and to implement an evidence-based intervention to increase the quality of recycling. At Time 1, the garbage cans of 193 households were collected and characterized. At Time 2, the households were visited at home by an officer, who used one of the four communication scripts built on the basis of the results of the psycho-environmental diagnostic. At Time 3, the garbage cans were collected and characterized again. We observe an improvement in sorting in the condition where the TBP dimensions are activated: attitude, social norm, and controllability. Our results highlight the importance of taking into account the temporality of change, especially when the behavior to be changed is complex. They also show an interest in relying on a psycho-environmental diagnosis, taking into account the context of insertion of the target behavior.

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The Brief Sense of Community Scale (BSCS) is a well-validated measure of psychological sense of community (PSOC), but it has yet to be tested with Spanish-speaking older adults. The current study uses data from face-to-face interviews with a non-probability sample of 154 community-dwelling older adults in Puerto Rico. We used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test three competing factor structures. We also tested internal consistency reliability and convergent validity. CFA results show the second-order four-factor model was the best fit (χ2 (16) = 20.78, p = 0.187; CFI = 0.997, TLI = 0.995, SRMR = 0.026, RMSEA = 0.044, 90% CI [<0.001, 0.092]). The BSCS showed good reliability (α = 0.85) and was correlated in the expected direction with social network size (r = 0.34, p < 0.001) and loneliness (r = -0.27, p < 0.001). These findings indicate that the BSCS comprises the four domains (membership, needs fulfillment, emotional connection, and influence) from the original PSOC theory. These results inform theory development and can aid program planning, policy, and practice with older adults in Puerto Rico.

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The Program for Psychosocial Care and Comprehensive Health for Victims serves, on a yearly basis, an average of 25,000 users in northern Colombia alone. The program is implemented by multidisciplinary teams comprised of psychologists, social workers, and community facilitators, who step in at the individual, family, and community levels. An attempt has been made to determine the effect generated by the timeframe through which professionals have been engaged with the program-filling positions of centrality and betweenness within the networks of information exchange and user referral, including the potential mediating effect from the structure of the egocentric network of implementers in the two aforementioned networks and the moderating effect of the sense of belonging to a team of professionals. Both centrality and betweenness are positional measures describing the location actors occupied within the network structure. Centrality reflects the nominations made and receipt by an actor in a network and is considered an individual indicator of prominence and power. Betweenness shows the times that an actor act as a bridge among two actors in a network and it is considered an indicator of strategic positioning in social networks. An egocentric network is the local structure of relationships that each implementer maintains with his or her direct contacts. In this study, 112 active implementers were included, mostly women (n = 97, 88.2%), who had been working on the program for 16.9 months on average (SD = 14.7). Through conditional process analysis, it has been shown that the time that the implementers have been working on the program and the sense of belonging to the task team are relevant factors that interact with each other toward explaining the level of centrality and betweenness of professionals in the information exchange and user referral networks.

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Resumen La política internacional de protección del patrimonio mundial de la UNESCO se integró en las agendas de desarrollo nacional y local de los países de América Latina, gestionando proyectos de mejoramiento social y urbano en barrios históricos de las ciudades. Los efectos sociales, ambientales y económicos de estos procesos de patrimonialización de los lugares no han sido suficientemente analizados. En este sentido, y asumiendo una perspectiva psicoambiental, esta investigación describe y compara los índices de Apego al Lugar e Identidad de Lugar en habitantes de tres barrios de la ciudad de Valparaíso (n=544) (Chile) y dos en la ciudad de Quito (n=209) (Ecuador), que se encuentran ubicados en zonas catalogadas como Patrimonio de la Humanidad. A través de la aplicación de pruebas t de Student de comparación de medias y d de Cohen de valoración del tamaño del efecto, se observó que las personas que cuentan con mayor tiempo de residencia, que habitan barrios patrimoniales consolidados (donde las dimensiones socio-urbanas del entorno se encuentran mayormente intervenidas y desarrolladas) y que son propietarias de sus viviendas presentan puntajes más altos de Apego al Lugar e Identidad de Lugar. Se observó un nivel moderado de Apego de Lugar e Identidad de Lugar en los habitantes de los barrios patrimoniales de las ciudades de Valparaíso y Quito.

Abstract UNESCO's international policy for the protection of world heritage was integrated into the national and local development agendas of Latin American countries, managing social and urban improvement projects in historic city districts. The social, environmental and economic effects of these processes of heritage sites have not been sufficiently analyzed. In this sense and assuming a psycho-environmental perspective, this research describes and compares the indices of place attachment and place identity in 3 neighborhoods in the city of Valparaiso (n=544) and 2 in the city of Quito (n=209), which are located in areas classified as World Heritage. Through the application of Student t tests for comparing means and Cohen d tests for assessing the size of the effect, it was observed that people who have resided for longer periods of time, who live in consolidated heritage neighborhoods and who own their own homes, show higher scores in terms of place attachment and place identity. A moderate level of Place Attachment and Place Identity was observed in Valparaíso and Quito.

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The aim of this article is to analyze the sense of community of three communities in conditions of poverty in Brazil, Colombia and Mexico. The general sample was composed of 533 people: 124 from Bogotá (Colombia), 200 from Mérida (Mexico), and 209 from Porto Alegre (Brazil). The scale applied was the Sense of Community Index, performing variance analysis, and multivariate analysis of variance. The results conclude that there are significant differences between the general averages of the Sense of Community Index between the countries, observing the largest differences between the samples of Brazil and Mexico. The interaction between the factors has significant differences, particularly in the factors of influence and emotional connection in account of specific cultural aspects in each country and community. The sense of community derives from the encounter of transcultural and contextual aspects linked to poverty.

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The aim of this study was to determine the associations among psychological sense of community (PSoC), psychological empowerment (PE), and relational structure with indicators of centrality and cohesion in egocentric and sociocentric networks when analyzed at different levels. A multicase analysis was used (four developed in Colombia and one in Spain) in which 458 people participated in five studies conducted in organizational and community contexts of vulnerable urban and rural areas. The results suggest that PSoC and PE are intertwined processes whose association is accentuated in organizational contexts. However, the relationships between relational context and PSoC and PE vary notably depending on (a) the type of relationship evaluated, (b) the focus of the study (individual/egocentric vs. group/sociocentric) and the type of indicator used to assess the relational context (centrality vs. structural cohesion). Findings are discussed to understand the role that social bonds play in the development of PSoC and in the ability of subjects to empower themselves in different contexts.

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Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo adaptar la Escala de Sentido de Comunidad (SCI-II) a escuelas chilenas y analizar sus propiedades psicométricas. Se utilizó una muestra compuesta por 2871 estudiantes que cursaban entre 6. ° de enseñanza básica y 4. ° de enseñanza media de la comuna de Calama al norte de Chile. El 52.4 % (n = 1506) se identificó con el género femenino y la edad promedio de la muestra fue de 14.64 (DE = 2.046). Como resultados, el análisis factorial exploratorio indicó una solución de tres factores: conectividad escolar, pertenencia valorada y membresía-reciprocidad; la fiabilidad de la escala fue adecuada (α = .879 para conectividad escolar, α = .884 para pertenencia valorada y α = .716 para membresía reciprocidad); y los análisis confirmatorios indicaron índices de ajuste adecuados (CFI = .939; TLI = .933). Se concluye que el modelo propuesto de la versión adaptada es válido y es utilizable en futuros estudios sobre el sentido de comunidad en el contexto escolar. Al final se discute el valor de este instrumento para las políticas públicas y los procesos de innovación de la educación pública.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo adaptar a Escala de Sentido de Comunidade (SCI-II) a escolas chilenas e analisar suas propriedades psicométricas. Participaram 2871 estudantes que cursavam entre o 6° do ensino básico e o 4° do ensino médio [nomenclatura usada no Chile] da comunidade de Calama, no norte do Chile. 52.4 % (n = 1506) foram identificados com o gênero feminino e idade média da amostra de 14.64 (DP = 2.046). A análise fatorial exploratória indicou uma solução de três fatores: conectividade escolar, pertencimento valorizado e filiação-reciprocidade. A confiabilidade da escala foi adequada (α = .879 para conectividade escolar, α = .884 para pertencimento valorizado e α = .716 para filiação-reciprocidade). As análises confirmatórias apresentaram índices de ajuste adequados (CFI = .939; TLI = .933). Conclui-se que o modelo proposto da versão adaptada é válido e é útil em futuros estudos sobre o sentido de comunidade no contexto escolar. Discute-se o valor desse instrumento para as políticas públicas para os processos de inovação da educação pública.

Abstract This study aimed to adapt the Sense of Community Index (SCI-II) in Chilean schools and to examine its psychometric properties. The validation process was conducted with 2871 students from 6th grade of elementary school to 4th grade of high school in a city of Northern Chile. A 52.4 % (n = 1506) of the sample identified with the female gender and the average age of the sample was 14.64 (SD = 2.046). An exploratory factor analysis indicated a three-factor solution: school connectivity, valued belongingness, and membership-reciprocity. The reliability of the scale was adequate (α = .879 for school connectivity, α = .884 for valued belongingness and α = .716 for membership-reciprocity), and confirmatory analyzes indicated adequate adjustment rates (CFI = .939; TLI = .933). It was concluded that the proposed model of the adapted version is valid and is appropriate to be used in future studies on the sense of community in the school context. Finally, the article discusses the value of this instrument for public policies and innovation processes of public education.

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War deteriorates the quality of life of the population and profoundly alters social dynamics. We discuss a rural community in northern Colombia whose population was the victim of a massacre and examine the main components that model social cohesion: (a) positive attitudes towards the community, (b) prosocial behaviours and (c) interpersonal relationships. This investigation is a cross-sectional empirical study that includes an analysis of social support networks. The research involved 106 residents, (81.1%, women), with an average age of 42.5 years (standard deviation (SD) = 16.4), who have lived in the community an average 28.8 years (SD = 18.75). Cluster analysis shows that there are two types of personal networks based on homophily and the duration of the ego-alter relationship. The networks that provide the most types of social support shows a moderate level of homophily according to the type of relationship and place of origin and in which the duration of the ego-alter relationship is shorter, compared to networks characterized by high homophily and in which the duration of the ego-alter relationship is longer (χ² = 5.609, p < 0.018). Homophily based on place of residence actively affects the sense of community and social cohesion. Moreover, the sense of community is the variable that most affects social cohesion (ß = 0.650; p < 0.001) and is, in turn, determined by prosocial behaviour (ß = 0.267; p < 0.006). However, prosocial behaviours do not significantly affect interpersonal relationships or community cohesion. The results are discussed to promote social development strategies aimed at building individual, organizational and community capacity to foster psychosocial well-being in post-war contexts.

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Resumen La cohesión vecinal podría ser un constructo tanto multidimensional como de un solo factor, según la población que se mida; sin embargo, su operacionalización se ha realizado en culturas individualistas o con economías de altos ingresos. Por lo tanto, los objetivos de este trabajo fueron conocer la estructura factorial de la cohesión vecinal en una población colectivista y comprobar su consistencia interna global y por factor. Se aplicó de manera individual una escala de auto-reporte tipo Likert con 48 reactivos a 513 habitantes de la Ciudad de México con edades entre 15 y 78 años, que residían en colonias de distintos niveles socioeconómicos. Un análisis factorial exploratorio arrojó una estructura organizada en tres factores que explican el 54% de la varianza (α = .91), lo cual se corroboró con un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Se concluye que, en la versión adaptada del Instrumento de Cohesión Vecinal, se valida el modelo de tres factores (sentido de comunidad, atracción al vecindario y relaciones vecinales), y se comprueba una consistencia interna global excelente y buena para sus factores. Se sugiere el uso y baremación de esta escala en México.

Abstract Neighborhood cohesion comprises three elements: Sense of community, neighboring, and attraction to neighborhood. This theoretical structure has not always been found in empirical research and it has only been tested in individualistic cultures or in high economy countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to obtain the factorial structure of neighborhood cohesion among a collectivist population. To achieve this, a total sample of 513 residents of Mexico City was obtained; participants lived in neighborhoods with different income levels and had ages from 15 to 78 years old. Participants individually answered a self-report neighborhood cohesion instrument with a Likert scale response format that ranged from one (totally disagree) to five (totally agree). The instrument was previously translated to Spanish from the English original version and then adapted to the intended population. The sample was divided into two randomized sub-samples in order to conduct separated analysis. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted with the first sub-sample (n = 240), and it displayed a three-factor structure of neighborhood cohesion that explained 54% of the total variance with high internal consistency (α = .91). Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted with the second sub-sample (n = 273); a three-factor model showed better fit indexes compared with a one factor model. Also, a modification search was conducted to obtain a model with better fit, resulting in the removal of some items. In conclusion, through the adapted version of the Neighborhood Cohesion Instrument the three-factor model is validated (sense of community, attraction to neighborhood and relations with neighbors) along with an excellent global internal consistency and good for each factor. The use of this scale in Mexico is recommended, as well as obtaining norms for this population.

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O estudo objetivou analisar as implicações psicossociais da pobreza, a partir do bem estar pessoal e sentimento de comunidade, em populações de comunidades rural e urbana do Ceará (Brasil). A pesquisa quantitativa contou com amostra de 411 sujeitos adultos. Aplicou-se questionários compostos por: itens de identificação, Instrumento de Mensuração da Pobreza Multidimensional, Sense of Community Index (SCI) e Personal Well-Being Index (PWI). Os resultados indicam média de pobreza multidimensional no contexto rural (M=0,28) maior que no urbano (M=0,23), entretanto o primeiro apresenta maiores médias de sentimento de comunidade e bem estar pessoal. Tais categorias apresentam correlação positiva (r=0,305). Os aspectos psicossociais da pobreza interagem com o contexto sociocultural assumindo diferentes configurações nos cenários urbano e rural.

This study aimed to analyze the psychosocial implications of poverty based on Personal Well-being and on Sense of Community in populations of rural and urban communities of Ceará (Brazil). The quantitative research included a sample of 411 participants. The questionnaires were composed of identification items, Measurement Index of the Multidimensional Poverty, Sense of Community Index (SCI) and Personal Well-Being Index (PWI). The results indicate a mean of multidimensional poverty in the rural context (M = 0.288) higher than in the urban context (M = 0.23). However, the first one shows higher meanings of Sense of Community and Personal Well-being. These categories showed positive correlation (r = 0.305). The psychosocial aspects of poverty interact with the sociocultural context creating different configurations in the urban and rural areas.

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The aim of this study was to analyze the consequences of poverty on expressions of fatalism, hope, and sense of community of two Brazilian States: Ceará and Rio Grande do Sul. Seven-hundred and thirty-one people, divided in four groups (extreme poverty, poverty, median income, and adequate income) answered a questionnaire. The variables sense of community and hope were found to be predictors of fatalism. Individuals in situations of poverty and extreme poverty showed high indices of fatalism, pessimism, divinity control, and luck, and low indices of hope and sense of community. Individuals with adequate income have low levels of fatalism, pessimism, and divinity control. It is concluded that poverty has consequences on the life of those who experience it, and that attitudes of pessimism, hopelessness, and belief in luck as well as the weakening of community networks, articulate and support the maintenance of the status quo.

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Resumen El sentido de comunidad es un constructo en torno al cual existen importantes discusiones en la actualidad. Los estilos de vida, prácticas de consumo y cambios culturales en las ciudades globales cuestionan las nociones tradicionales de comunidad y plantean el reto de una restructuración teórica. Las nociones tradicionales del sentido de comunidad no parecen ser consonantes con las percepciones de la gente y sus maneras de relacionarse con los demás en las ciudades. Es importante hacer una revisión del marco teórico, realizar estudios exploratorios y proponer instrumentos de medición para comprender y explicar la naturaleza de las comunidades en las ciudades contemporáneas. Hiernaux (2001) y Krause (2001) proponen reconsiderar las nociones de comunidad y sentido de comunidad y redefinir dichos constructos de forma operacional y útil. Krause (2001) propuso una estrutura mínima del sentido de comunidad que incluye como componentes la pertenencia, la interrelación y la cultura común. El propósito de este estudio es contribuir desde la psicometría al abordaje del sentido de comunidad en la Ciudad de México. Se diseñó y validó psicométricamente una escala de 39 reactivos con opciones de respuesta tipo Likert. Se llevaron a cabo análisis para conocer el poder discriminativo de los reactivos, se calculó el índice de confiabilidad y la estructura factorial válida para la población de la Ciudad de México. Se trabajó con 2 muestras, una para el análisis factorial exploratorio (N = 202) y otra para el análisis factorial confirmatorio (N = 218). Se concluyó con una escala culturalmente relevante, con validez de constructo, constituida por 9 reactivos organizados unifactorialmente, con un índice de confiabilidad α = 0.95 y una varianza explicada del 46.11%.

Abstract Sense of community is a subject rounded by a lot of discussions about. Nowadays, lifestyles, consumption practices and cultural changes in global cities make difficult to define sense of community. Traditional notions seem not to agree with people's perceptions and ways of connect with each other in the city. It is necessary to review theoretical framework, to conduct exploratory studies and to propose assessment scales in order to understand and explain the nature of the communities in contemporary cities. Hiernaux (2001) and Krause (2001) propose to reconsider community and sense of community notions and redefine it in an operational and useful way. A minimal structure for sense of community has been defined by Krause (2001) which includes belonging, interconnection and common culture. Considering Krause's proposal and results of a previous exploratory study in Mexico City a Likert scale was developed. The main purpose is to contribute to evaluation of sense of community in the city. The original 39 items scale was applied to a sample of 202 Mexico City's in habitants to obtain its psychometrical validation, 50% were woman and 50% were men from 143 different neighborhoods. A proper analysis took place to learn about items discriminative power, reliability and valid factorial structure. Subsequently a Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted to verify if the structure obtained from the Principal Component Analysis was correct, and a good fit was achieved (df = 26, x2 = 37.57, p = .066; CFI = .981; RMSEA = .045), the sample for the confirmatory factor analysis was of 218 Mexico City's inhabitants, 50% were woman and 50% were men from 90 different neighborhoods. Final scale is constitute for 9 items structured in a single factor with a reliability index of α= .85. Neighborhood's sense of community scale is a brief, with criteria validity and culturally outstanding scale.

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La relación socio-espacial de personas y comunidades se ve afectada por procesos de desplazamientos a causa de desastres socio-naturales. A partir de experiencias de la comunidad disgregada de Chaitén por la erupción del volcán Chaitén y la que se mantuvo unida en Constitución después del terremoto de 2010, se exploró cómo los procesos vividos inciden en niveles de apego e identidad de lugar, así como sentido de comunidad y participación. Las comunidades estudiadas presentan diferentes vínculos espaciales y relacionales con respecto a su barrio de origen y actual. Las diferencias presentadas evidencian que vínculos comunitarios como aspectos psicológicos deben ser considerados centrales en la elaboración e implementación de estrategias para desplazamientos o reconstrucción. Se encuestó a un total de 224 personas.

Socio spatial relationships of people and communities are affected by processes of displacement due to socio-natural disasters. Based on the experiences of the disintegrated community of Chaitén by the eruption of the Chaitén volcano and the community which remained united in Constitution after the earthquake of 2010, this research explores how the experienced processes affect levels of place identity and place attachment, as well as in sense of community and participation. The studied communities express different spatial and relational links with their origin and actual neighborhood. Differences evidence that community bonds and psychological aspects must be considered as central in the development and implementation of displacement or reconstruction strategies post disasters. The survey considered a total of 224 individuals.

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The objective of the present study is to develop a socio-community wellbeing model incorporating material resources, sense of community and environment satisfaction, and to verify the relation between the overall life satisfaction and the socio-community well-being model. Participants are 1157 children with ages from 10 to 13 years old, being 54.9% girls and 45.1% boys of five cities of the Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil). The scales used were the Sense of Community Index (SCI), the Children's Environmental Attitudes Scale (CEAS), Material Resources and Overall Life Satisfaction (OLS) scale. Results show that all parameters in the model were statistically significant, that the well-being (OLS) has a significant and positive relationship with the proposed socio-community model indicating the validity of the measure and the construct have high factor weights for the socio-community well-being

El presente trabajo busca desarrollar un modelo de bienestar sociocomunitario incorporando recursos materiales, sentimiento de pertenencia a la comunidad y satisfacción con el ambiente, y verificar la relación entre la satisfacción global con la vida y el modelo de bienestar sociocomunitario. Participaron 1157 niños de 10 a 13 años, siendo 54.9% niñas y 45.1% niños, de escuelas públicas y particulares de cinco ciudades del Estado del Rio Grande del Sur (Brasil). Las escalas utilizadas fueron: Sense of Community Index (SCI), Children's Environmental Attitudes Scale (CEAS), recursos materiales y Overall Life Satisfaction (OLS). Los resultados evidencian que todos los parámetros del modelo fueron estadísticamente significativos, que el bienestar (OLS) tiene una relación significativa y positiva con el modelo sociocomunitario propuesto indicando validez de la medida y el constructo presenta altos pesos factoriales para el bienestar sociocomunitario

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The following study analyzes the concept of sense of community of a group of people living in a shanty town in a district in the eastern outskirts of Lima, characterized by processes of community violence. With this in mind, a mixed methodology and a concurrent design were chosen, applying the Scale of Sense of Community, SCI-2, a question to measure the perceived level of danger through a Likert scale, and five individual interviews with the population. The results show that the higher the level of danger perceived in the zone, the lower the sense of community is. Likewise, in this group of people their sense of community is based above all on an emotional shared connection and on a strong feeling of membership. On the contrary, the difficulty to satisfy their collective needs through organization and the weak relationship that exists between the population and its leaders, decrease and deteriorate the sense of community in this group.

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RESUMO

El desplazamiento forzado afecta a más de 5 millones de personas en Colombia. El proceso de movilidad que experimentan los desplazados implica el debilitamiento de los vínculos con su entorno relacional y supone la privación del derecho de incidir a nivel sociopolítico. El sentido de comunidad, la participación y el empoderamiento sirven para comprender tanto el proceso de adaptación en la comunidad de destino, como el incremento de la participación comunitaria. Desde un enfoque estructural, el Análisis de Redes Sociales hace posible evaluar las redes de apoyo social de la población desplazada. Los objetivos de la investigación son (a) evaluar los tres procesos mencionados, (b) analizar las redes personales de los participantes y (c) examinar los posibles efectos que la estructura de las redes personales pueda ejercer sobre el desarrollo de los procesos comunitarios analizados. Los resultados indican que las propiedades estructurales de las redes inciden en el nivel de participación en actividades de desarrollo comunitario. Sin embargo, no se han detectado relaciones significativas entre los indicadores estructurales y los otros dos procesos comunitarios evaluados. Existen evidencias que indican que la densidad contribuye positivamente sobre la participación mientras que los parámetros de centralización afectan de forma negativa. Concluimos discutiendo el alcance de nuestros resultados para diseñar estrategias de intervención que promuevan la integración plena de los desplazados en la comunidad receptora.

Forced displacement affects over 5 million people in Colombia. The process of mobility experienced by displaced implies the weakening of the linkages with their relational environment and may involve the deprivation of the right to decide at socio-political level. The sense of community, the community engagement and the psychological empowerment display a strong potential to understand both the adaptation process in destination community, and the increase in community involvement. From a structural viewpoint, Social Network Analysis allows to evaluate the social support networks of the displaced population. The aims of this study are: (a) assess the three community processes; (b) analyze the personal networks structure of the displaced population; and (c) identify the potential effects that personal networks may exert on the development of community processes. Results suggest that structural properties of networks impact on the level of participation in community development activities. However, no significant relationships were identified between the structural measures and the other two community processes evaluated. Density contributes positively on community participation while centralization parameters affect in a negative way. We conclude discussing the applications of our results to design effective intervention strategies to promote the full integration of displaced population in the host community.

Assuntos