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Climate-change-induced temperature fluctuations pose a significant threat to crop production, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere. This study investigates the transcriptome and physiological responses of rapeseed to post-flowering temperature increases, providing valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying rapeseed tolerance to heat stress. Two rapeseed genotypes, Lumen and Solar, were assessed under control and heat stress conditions in field experiments conducted in Valdivia, Chile. Results showed that seed yield and seed number were negatively affected by heat stress, with genotype-specific responses. Lumen exhibited an average of 9.3% seed yield reduction, whereas Solar showed a 28.7% reduction. RNA-seq analysis of siliques and seeds revealed tissue-specific responses to heat stress, with siliques being more sensitive to temperature stress. Hierarchical clustering analysis identified distinct gene clusters reflecting different aspects of heat stress adaptation in siliques, with a role for protein folding in maintaining silique development and seed quality under high-temperature conditions. In seeds, three distinct patterns of heat-responsive gene expression were observed, with genes involved in protein folding and response to heat showing genotype-specific expression. Gene coexpression network analysis revealed major modules for rapeseed yield and quality, as well as the trade-off between seed number and seed weight. Overall, this study contributes to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying rapeseed tolerance to heat stress and can inform crop improvement strategies targeting yield optimization under changing environmental conditions.

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Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli) is one of the most common diseases in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) crop, and the most viable alternative for its control is the use of resistant cultivars. However, the number of "carioca" cultivars, the most important commercial group in Brazil, which has a good level of resistance to this disease, is still low. To obtain populations with a higher degree of resistance, seven parents with different levels of resistance to Fusarium and which produce carioca grains were crossed in a complete diallel design. The 21 segregating populations obtained were evaluated in the years/generations 2012/F3, 2013/F4, and 2014/F5 in experiments in Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, in the winter crop season (sowing in May), together with the check cultivars BRS Notável (resistant) and BRS Cometa (susceptible) in an area naturally infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, under a center pivot irrigation system. Reaction to Fusarium wilt, yield, and 100-seed weight were evaluated. Additive and non-additive effects contributed to control of reaction to Fusarium wilt, yield, and 100-seed weight. The statistically negative general combining ability (gi) estimates for BRS Notável (-0.51), CNFC 15872 (-0.20), IPR Juriti (-0.18), and BRSMG Talismã (-0.13) indicate that these parents are recommended for obtaining populations more resistant to Fusarium wilt. Among them, cultivar BRS Notável also showed a statistically positive gi estimate for grain yield (87.90). Among the parents recommended for resistance to Fusarium wilt, cultivars IPR Juriti (0.99) and BRS Notável (0.23) are those that most contributed to obtaining populations with larger-sized beans. Cultivar BRS Notável is the most promising parent for participation in new crossing blocks, showing non-zero gi estimates for all traits, favoring an increase in resistance to Fusarium wilt, yield, and 100-seed weight. Populations BRS Notável / CNFC 15872, BRS Ametista / BRS Notável, BRS Notável / BRSMG Talismã, and BRS Ametista / BRSMG Talismã showed good mean values for reaction to Fusarium wilt, yield, and 100-seed weight and at least one parent with a good general combining ability estimate for resistance to Fusarium wilt. These four populations are promising for obtaining lines with superior performance for resistance to Fusarium wilt, yield, and larger-sized grains.

A murcha de fusário (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli) é uma das doenças mais importantes para a cultura do feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris) e a alternativa mais viável para o seu controle é a utilização de cultivares resistentes. No entanto, o número de cultivares do grupo comercial carioca, que é o mais importante no Brasil, com bom nível de resistência à essa doença ainda é pequeno. Para a obtenção de populações com maior grau de resistência, sete genitores com diferentes níveis de resistência à murcha de fusário e grãos do tipo carioca foram intercruzados em esquema de dialelo completo. As 21 populações segregantes obtidas foram avaliadas nos anos/gerações 2012/F3, 2013/F4 e 2014/F5, em experimentos em Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, na época do inverno (semeadura em maio), juntamente com as testemunhas BRS Notável (resistente) e BRS Cometa (suscetível), em área naturalmente infestada com Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. phaseoli, sob irrigação com pivô central. Foram avaliadas a reação à murcha de fusário, produtividade e massa de 100 grãos. Os efeitos aditivos e não aditivos contribuíram no controle da reação à murcha de fusário, produtividade e massa de 100 grãos. As estimativas da capacidade geral de combinação (gi) negativas e diferentes de zero para BRS Notável (-0,51), CNFC 15872 (-0,20), IPR Juriti (-0,18) e BRSMG Talismã (-0,13), indicaram que estes genitores são recomendados para a obtenção de populações mais resistentes à murcha de fusário e entre eles, a cultivar BRS Notável mostrou também estimativa de gi positiva e diferente de zero para produtividade de grãos (87,90). Entre os genitores recomendados para resistência à murcha de fusário, as cultivares IPR Juriti (0,99) e BRS Notável (0,23) são as que mais contribuíram na obtenção de populações com maior tamanho de grãos. A cultivar BRS Notável é o genitor mais promissor para participar de novos blocos de cruzamentos, apresentando estimativas de gi diferentes de zero para todos os caracteres, favorecendo o incremento da resistência à murcha de fusário, produtividade e massa de 100 grãos. As populações BRS Notável / CNFC 15872, BRS Ametista / BRS Notável, BRS Notável / BRSMG Talismã e BRS Ametista / BRSMG Talismã apresentaram boas médias para reação à murcha de fusário, produtividade e massa de 100 grãos, e pelo menos um genitor com boa estimativa da capacidade geral de combinação para resistência à murcha de fusário. Estas quatro populações são promissoras para a obtenção de linhagens superiores para resistência à murcha de fusário, produtividade e maior tamanho de grãos.

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Common bean is one of the most important legumes produced and consumed worldwide because it is a highly valuable food for the human diet. However, its production is mainly carried out by small farmers, who obtain average grain yields below the potential yield of the species. In this sense, numerous mapping studies have been conducted to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with yield components in common bean. Meta-QTL (MQTL) analysis is a useful approach to combine data sets and for creating consensus positions for the QTL detected in independent studies. Consequently, the objective of this study was to perform a MQTL analysis to identify the most reliable and stable genomic regions associated with yield-related traits of common bean. A total of 667 QTL associated with yield-related traits reported in 21 different studies were collected. A total of 42 MQTL associated with yield-related traits were identified, in which the average confidence interval (CI) of the MQTL was 3.41 times lower than the CIs of the original QTL. Most of the MQTL (28) identified in this study contain QTL associated with yield and phenological traits; therefore, these MQTL can be useful in common bean breeding programs. Finally, a total of 18 candidate genes were identified and associated with grain yield within these MQTL, with functions related to ubiquitin ligase complex, response to auxin, and translation elongation factor activity.

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Abstract Introduction: H. perotensis is a plant with a high potential for ecological restoration because it yields thousands of seeds and grows under low levels of rain, poor soils and contrasting temperatures. However, little is known of the seed mass maturity (high seed germination, low seed fresh weight and low seed moisture content) in this species. Objective: Assess seed germination in the laboratory of H. perotensis during seed development and along the floral stalk (infructescence) in two sites one in rocky location and another near a lake. The hypothesis was that there is a time after flowering in which seeds have highest germination and fresh weight and that the apical, centre and base of the infructescence are different in seed germination and fresh weight in both sites. Methods: Capsules were collected in two sites one in rocky land (Frijol Colorado, Perote, Veracruz) and another near one lake (Alchichica, Puebla), in the months of August, September and November 2016 and January 2017. A repeated measure design (RMD) was used to analyze the effects of infructescence section on seed weight, moisture content and seed germination (41, 87, 152 and 215 days after flowering). Each evaluation time comprised five replicates, each one with 15 seeds. Results: Difference in seed germination, seed weight and moisture content between sections of the infructescence was not significant. However, significant differences were found not only between first and last sample dates, but mainly between first and second dates. Eighty-seven days after flower pollination seed moisture content was lower than 20 % and up to 80 % of seed germinated in both sites of sampling. Conclusions: In this study it was found that the moisture content of H. perotensis seed can be used as an indicator of the physiological maturity of the seed and it is also related to germination of the seed.

Resumen Introducción: H. perotensis es una planta con un alto potencial para la restauración ecológica debido a que produce miles de semillas y crece con niveles bajos de lluvia, suelos pobres y temperaturas contrastantes. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de la madurez de las semillas (germinación alta, baja humedad y bajo peso fresco de semilla) en esta especie es muy poco conocido. Objetivo: Evaluar la germinación en el laboratorio de las semillas de H. perotensis, durante el desarrollo de la semilla y a lo largo del tallo floral (infrutescencia) en dos sitios; uno en un área rocosa y otro cerca de un lago. La hipótesis fue que hay un tiempo después de la floración, en el que las semillas presentan la mayor germinación y menor peso fresco, y que las secciones apical, central y base de la infrutescencia, la germinación y el peso fresco de la semilla son diferentes en los dos sitios. Métodos: se recolectaron las cápsulas en dos sitios uno en un área rocosa (Frijol Colorado, Perote, Veracruz) y otro cerca de un lago (Alchichica, Puebla), en los meses de Agosto, Septiembre y Noviembre de 2016 y Enero de 2017. Se usó un diseño de medidas repetidas (DMR) para analizar los efectos de la sección de la infrutescencia sobre el peso fresco de la semilla, el contenido de humedad y la germinación de la semilla (41, 87, 152 y 215 días, después de la floración). Cada tiempo de evaluación comprendió cinco réplicas y 15 semillas. Resultados: La diferencia en la germinación de la semilla, el peso de la semilla y el contenido de humedad entre las secciones de la infrutescencia no fue significativa. Sin embargo, se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las fechas de muestreo inicial y final, pero sobre todo entre la primera y la segunda fecha. Asimismo, ochenta y siete días después de la polinización de las flores, el contenido de humedad de las semillas fue inferior al 20 % y superior al 80 % en la germinación de las semillas en ambos sitios de muestreo. Conclusiones: en este estudio se encontró que el contenido de humedad de la semilla de H. perotensis, puede usarse como un indicador de la madurez fisiológica de la semilla y también está relacionado con la germinación de la semilla.

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The aim of this study was to explore relationships between protein, oil, and seed weight with seed nutraceutical composition, focused on total isoflavone (TI) and total tocopherol (TT) contents across genotypic and environmental combinations in soybean. We conducted a synthesis-analysis of peer-reviewed published field studies reporting TI, TT, protein, oil, and seed weight (n = 1,908). The main outcomes from this synthesis-analysis were: (i) relationship of TI-to-protein concentration was positive, though for the upper boundary, TI decreases with increases in protein; (ii) relationship of TT-to-oil concentration was positive, but inconsistent when oil was expressed in mg per seed; and (iii) as seed weight increased, TI accumulation was less than proportional relative to protein concentration and TT decreased more proportional relative to oil concentration. Association between nutraceuticals and protein, oil, and seed weight for soybean reported in the present study can be used as a foundational knowledge for soybean breeding programs interested on predicting and selecting enhanced meal isoflavone and/or oil tocopherol contents.

RESUMO

A critical barrier to improving crop yield is the trade-off between seed weight (SW) and seed number (SN), which has been commonly reported in several crops, including Brassica napus. Despite the agronomic relevance of this issue, the molecular factors involved in the interaction between SW and SN are largely unknown in crops. In this work, we performed a detailed transcriptomic analysis of 48 seed samples obtained from two rapeseed spring genotypes subjected to different source-sink (S-S) ratios in order to examine the relationship between SW and SN under different field conditions. A multifactorial analysis of the RNA-seq data was used to identify a group of 1014 genes exclusively regulated by the S-S ratio. We found that a reduction in the S-S ratio during seed filling induces the expression of genes involved in sucrose transport, seed weight, and stress responses. Moreover, we identified five co-expression modules that are positively correlated with SW and negatively correlated with SN. Interestingly, one of these modules was significantly enriched in transcription factors (TFs). Furthermore, our network analysis predicted several NAC TFs as major hubs underlying SW and SN compensation. Taken together, our study provides novel insights into the molecular factors associated with the SW-SN relationship in rapeseed and identifies TFs as potential targets when improving crop yield.

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Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis) seeds are appreciated for their high protein and lipid contents and have potential applications as ingredients in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Nevertheless, the information about the seed composition (especially in lipophilic antioxidants) of ecotypes from distinct cropping areas is currently limited. Thus, the aim of the present research was to assess the morphological characteristics, chemical composition, tocopherol and carotenoid contents of the seeds of 33 Andean lupin ecotypes from different Peruvian regions, along with three L. albus, one L. angustifolius and one L. luteus controls. Significant differences were noted among the Andean ecotypes for all analyzed features. The protein, lipid and ash contents were 32.0-46.9, 13.6-18.6 and 2.7-4.4 g/100 g dry matter (DM), respectively. The seeds were rich in tocopherols (172.1-249.8 mg/kg DM; γ-tocopherol was 98% of total tocols) and low in carotenoids (0.69-2.89 mg/kg DM). Debittering increased the tocopherol content (227.0-378.2 mg/kg DM), probably because of the soluble components loss, although the carotenoid concentration remained unchanged. The Andean lupins had higher protein, lipid and tocopherol contents than L. albus and L. angustifolius; the L. luteus values were within the L. mutabilis range. These results suggest that L. mutabilis harbors nutritional characteristics that are well suited to modern food trends.

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Drought stress is an important abiotic factor limiting common bean yield, with great impact on the production worldwide. Understanding the genetic basis regulating beans' yield and seed weight (SW) is a fundamental prerequisite for the development of superior cultivars. The main objectives of this work were to conduct genome-wide marker discovery by genotyping a Mesoamerican panel of common bean germplasm, containing cultivated and landrace accessions of broad origin, followed by the identification of genomic regions associated with productivity under two water regimes using different genome-wide association study (GWAS) approaches. A total of 11,870 markers were genotyped for the 339 genotypes, of which 3,213 were SilicoDArT and 8,657 SNPs derived from DArT and CaptureSeq. The estimated linkage disequilibrium extension, corrected for structure and relatedness (r 2 sv ), was 98.63 and 124.18 kb for landraces and breeding lines, respectively. Germplasm was structured into landraces and lines/cultivars. We carried out GWASs for 100-SW and yield in field environments with and without water stress for 3 consecutive years, using single-, segment-, and gene-based models. Higher number of associations at high stringency was identified for the SW trait under irrigation, totaling ∼185 QTLs for both single- and segment-based, whereas gene-based GWASs showed ∼220 genomic regions containing ∼650 genes. For SW under drought, 18 QTLs were identified for single- and segment-based and 35 genes by gene-based GWASs. For yield, under irrigation, 25 associations were identified, whereas under drought the total was 10 using both approaches. In addition to the consistent associations detected across experiments, these GWAS approaches provided important complementary QTL information (∼221 QTLs; 650 genes; r 2 from 0.01% to 32%). Several QTLs were mined within or near candidate genes playing significant role in productivity, providing better understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying these traits and making available molecular tools to be used in marker-assisted breeding. The findings also allowed the identification of genetic material (germplasm) with better yield performance under drought, promising to a common bean breeding program. Finally, the availability of this highly diverse Mesoamerican panel is of great scientific value for the analysis of any relevant traits in common bean.

RESUMO

In order to study interaction between mycorrhiza and bradyrhizobium on yield of soybean under different amounts of starter nitrogen fertilizer, a field experiment was conducted at the agricultural research station, Bu-Ali Sina University in 2015 growing season. A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was arranged with three replications. Experiment factors covering three levels of starter nitrogen of 0, 30 and 60 kg ha-1, bradyrhizobiumin two level of inoculated and non-inoculated and mycorrhiza including application and non-application levels. Results indicated that plant height, number of leaves per plant, yield and yield components and biological yield and mycorrhizal symbiosis percent affected by interaction of studied factors significantly. Maximum number of pod per plant achieved from combination of 30 kg Nitrogen and bradyrhizobium. Also both bio-fertilizer was able to increase number of pod per plant. Maximum 1000 seed weight obtained from inoculation of plants with bradyrhizobium and mycorrhiza simultaneously with no nitrogen utilization. Application of 60 kg ha-1 nitrogen caused to decreased mycorrhizal symbiosis about 20.22 percent in comparison with no use of starter fertilizer. Application bradyrhizobium and mycorrhiza under the application of 30 kg ha-1 nitrogen, produced the highest grain yield (511.67 g m-2) and biological yield (1223.16 gm-2).(AU)

Com o objetivo de estudar a interação entre micorriza e bradyrhizobium na produção de soja com diferentes quantidades de adubo nitrogenado de partida, realizou-se um experimento de campo na estação de pesquisa agrícola da Universidade Bu-Ali Sina em 2015. Um experimento fatorial baseado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso foi organizado com três repetições. Fatores experimentais que abrangem três níveis de nitrogênio inicial de 0, 30 e 60 kg ha-1, bradyrhizobium em dois níveis de inoculados e não inoculados e micorriza, incluindo os níveis de aplicação e não aplicação. Os resultados indicaram que a altura da planta, número de folhas por planta, rendimento e componentes de rendimento e rendimento biológico e percentagem de simbiose micorrízicaafectada pela interacção dos factores estudados significativamente. Número máximo de pod por planta obtido a partir da combinação de 30kg de nitrogênio e bradyrhizobium. Também ambos os bio-fertilizantes foram capazes de aumentar o número de pod por planta. Peso máximo 1000 semente obtido da inoculação de plantas com bradyrhizobium e mycorrhiza simultaneamente com nenhuma utilização de nitrogênio. A aplicação de 60 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio causou diminuição da simbiose micorrízica cerca de 20, 22 porcento em comparação com a ausência de adubação inicial. Aplicação bradyrhizobium e micorrizas sob aplicação de 30 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio, produziu o maior rendimento de grãos (511.67 g m-2) e o rendimento biológico (1223.16 gm-2).(AU)

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RESUMO

In order to study interaction between mycorrhiza and bradyrhizobium on yield of soybean under different amounts of starter nitrogen fertilizer, a field experiment was conducted at the agricultural research station, Bu-Ali Sina University in 2015 growing season. A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was arranged with three replications. Experiment factors covering three levels of starter nitrogen of 0, 30 and 60 kg ha-1, bradyrhizobiumin two level of inoculated and non-inoculated and mycorrhiza including application and non-application levels. Results indicated that plant height, number of leaves per plant, yield and yield components and biological yield and mycorrhizal symbiosis percent affected by interaction of studied factors significantly. Maximum number of pod per plant achieved from combination of 30 kg Nitrogen and bradyrhizobium. Also both bio-fertilizer was able to increase number of pod per plant. Maximum 1000 seed weight obtained from inoculation of plants with bradyrhizobium and mycorrhiza simultaneously with no nitrogen utilization. Application of 60 kg ha-1 nitrogen caused to decreased mycorrhizal symbiosis about 20.22 percent in comparison with no use of starter fertilizer. Application bradyrhizobium and mycorrhiza under the application of 30 kg ha-1 nitrogen, produced the highest grain yield (511.67 g m-2) and biological yield (1223.16 gm-2).

Com o objetivo de estudar a interação entre micorriza e bradyrhizobium na produção de soja com diferentes quantidades de adubo nitrogenado de partida, realizou-se um experimento de campo na estação de pesquisa agrícola da Universidade Bu-Ali Sina em 2015. Um experimento fatorial baseado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso foi organizado com três repetições. Fatores experimentais que abrangem três níveis de nitrogênio inicial de 0, 30 e 60 kg ha-1, bradyrhizobium em dois níveis de inoculados e não inoculados e micorriza, incluindo os níveis de aplicação e não aplicação. Os resultados indicaram que a altura da planta, número de folhas por planta, rendimento e componentes de rendimento e rendimento biológico e percentagem de simbiose micorrízicaafectada pela interacção dos factores estudados significativamente. Número máximo de pod por planta obtido a partir da combinação de 30kg de nitrogênio e bradyrhizobium. Também ambos os bio-fertilizantes foram capazes de aumentar o número de pod por planta. Peso máximo 1000 semente obtido da inoculação de plantas com bradyrhizobium e mycorrhiza simultaneamente com nenhuma utilização de nitrogênio. A aplicação de 60 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio causou diminuição da simbiose micorrízica cerca de 20, 22 porcento em comparação com a ausência de adubação inicial. Aplicação bradyrhizobium e micorrizas sob aplicação de 30 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio, produziu o maior rendimento de grãos (511.67 g m-2) e o rendimento biológico (1223.16 gm-2).

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The objective of this study was to assess the effects of environmental and genotype x environment (GxE) interaction on the commercial quality and grain yield of common bean for the identification of new cultivars for the South Central and Central regions of Brazil, that combine high adaptability/ stability for grain yield, sieve yield (SY) and 100-seed weight (100M). Sixty-two trials were performed in a randomised block design with three replicates in different sowing seasons in the South Central (Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Santa Catarina (SC), Paraná (PR), São Paulo (SP) and Mato Grosso do Sul (MS)) and Central (Goiás (GO) and Distrito Federal (DF)) regions in 2009 and 2010. In the trials, 16 “carioca”-seeded lines were evaluated, and grain yield, SY and 100M were collected. The data were then subjected to individual and joint analyses of variance and to adaptability and stability analyses using the Annichiarico method. Genetic variation was found between the lines for all three traits. Coefficient of determination estimates showed that the genotype effect was more important for commercial quality than for grain yield and that the environmental effect was equally important for all three traits, indicating that the highest possible number of environments should be tested. The highest-yielding lines in the Brazilian Central (CNFC 11954 and CNFC 11959) and South Central (CNFC 11948) regions were different, indicating the importance of GxE interactions for yield. However, the two best lines in the Central Region had low commercial grain quality. Thus, CNFC 11948 will be recommended as the new cultivar selected for broad adaptation because it combines high commercial quality with increased mean grain yield and stability in the South Central Region and better yield and stability than the main controls in the Central Region.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar o efeito ambiental e da interação genótipos × ambientes para produtividade e qualidade comercial de grãos na indicação de novas cultivares de feijoeiro-comum para as Regiões Centro Sul e Central do Brasil, identificando linhagens que reúnam alta adaptabilidade/ estabilidade para produtividade, rendimento de peneira e massa de 100 grãos. Foram realizados 62 ensaios em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, em diferentes épocas de semeadura, nas Regiões Centro Sul (RS, SC, PR, SP e MS) e Central (GO e DF), nos anos de 2009 e 2010. Os ensaios foram compostos por 16 linhagens de grãos carioca e foram obtidos dados de produtividade, rendimento de peneira e massa de 100 grãos. Os dados foram submetidos a análises de variância individuais e conjuntas e a análises de adaptabilidade e estabilidade pela metodologia de Annichiaricco. Existe variação genética entre as linhagens para os três caracteres. As estimativas do coeficiente de determinação mostraram que o efeito de genótipos é mais importante para a qualidade comercial do que para produtividade de grãos e que o efeito ambiental é igualmente importante para os três caracteres, indicando que a avaliação deve ser realizada no maior número possível de ambientes. As linhagens superiores para produtividade nas Regiões Central (CNFC 11954 e CNFC 11959) e Centro-Sul (CNFC 11948) do Brasil são diferentes, indicando a importância da interação genótipos x ambientes para essa característica. Entretanto, as duas melhores linhagens na Região Central apresentaram baixa qualidade comercial dos grãos. Assim, a linhagem CNFC 11948 será indicada como nova cultivar de ampla adaptação, pois reúne ótima qualidade comercial de grãos, maior produtividade média e estabilidade na Região Centro-Sul e produtividade e estabilidade superiores as principais testemunhas na Região Central.

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The objective of this study was to assess the effects of environmental and genotype x environment (GxE) interaction on the commercial quality and grain yield of common bean for the identification of new cultivars for the South Central and Central regions of Brazil, that combine high adaptability/ stability for grain yield, sieve yield (SY) and 100-seed weight (100M). Sixty-two trials were performed in a randomised block design with three replicates in different sowing seasons in the South Central (Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Santa Catarina (SC), Paraná (PR), São Paulo (SP) and Mato Grosso do Sul (MS)) and Central (Goiás (GO) and Distrito Federal (DF)) regions in 2009 and 2010. In the trials, 16 “carioca”-seeded lines were evaluated, and grain yield, SY and 100M were collected. The data were then subjected to individual and joint analyses of variance and to adaptability and stability analyses using the Annichiarico method. Genetic variation was found between the lines for all three traits. Coefficient of determination estimates showed that the genotype effect was more important for commercial quality than for grain yield and that the environmental effect was equally important for all three traits, indicating that the highest possible number of environments should be tested. The highest-yielding lines in the Brazilian Central (CNFC 11954 and CNFC 11959) and South Central (CNFC 11948) regions were different, indicating the importance of GxE interactions for yield. However, the two best lines in the Central Region had low commercial grain quality. Thus, CNFC 11948 will be recommended as the new cultivar selected for broad adaptation because it combines high commercial quality with increased mean grain yield and stability in the South Central Region and better yield and stability than the main controls in the Central Region.(AU)

O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar o efeito ambiental e da interação genótipos × ambientes para produtividade e qualidade comercial de grãos na indicação de novas cultivares de feijoeiro-comum para as Regiões Centro Sul e Central do Brasil, identificando linhagens que reúnam alta adaptabilidade/ estabilidade para produtividade, rendimento de peneira e massa de 100 grãos. Foram realizados 62 ensaios em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, em diferentes épocas de semeadura, nas Regiões Centro Sul (RS, SC, PR, SP e MS) e Central (GO e DF), nos anos de 2009 e 2010. Os ensaios foram compostos por 16 linhagens de grãos carioca e foram obtidos dados de produtividade, rendimento de peneira e massa de 100 grãos. Os dados foram submetidos a análises de variância individuais e conjuntas e a análises de adaptabilidade e estabilidade pela metodologia de Annichiaricco. Existe variação genética entre as linhagens para os três caracteres. As estimativas do coeficiente de determinação mostraram que o efeito de genótipos é mais importante para a qualidade comercial do que para produtividade de grãos e que o efeito ambiental é igualmente importante para os três caracteres, indicando que a avaliação deve ser realizada no maior número possível de ambientes. As linhagens superiores para produtividade nas Regiões Central (CNFC 11954 e CNFC 11959) e Centro-Sul (CNFC 11948) do Brasil são diferentes, indicando a importância da interação genótipos x ambientes para essa característica. Entretanto, as duas melhores linhagens na Região Central apresentaram baixa qualidade comercial dos grãos. Assim, a linhagem CNFC 11948 será indicada como nova cultivar de ampla adaptação, pois reúne ótima qualidade comercial de grãos, maior produtividade média e estabilidade na Região Centro-Sul e produtividade e estabilidade superiores as principais testemunhas na Região Central.(AU)

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RESUMO

In order to study interaction between mycorrhiza and bradyrhizobium on yield of soybean under different amounts of starter nitrogen fertilizer, a field experiment was conducted at the agricultural research station, Bu-Ali Sina University in 2015 growing season. A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was arranged with three replications. Experiment factors covering three levels of starter nitrogen of 0, 30 and 60 kg ha-1, bradyrhizobiumin two level of inoculated and non-inoculated and mycorrhiza including application and non-application levels. Results indicated that plant height, number of leaves per plant, yield and yield components and biological yield and mycorrhizal symbiosis percent affected by interaction of studied factors significantly. Maximum number of pod per plant achieved from combination of 30 kg Nitrogen and bradyrhizobium. Also both bio-fertilizer was able to increase number of pod per plant. Maximum 1000 seed weight obtained from inoculation of plants with bradyrhizobium and mycorrhiza simultaneously with no nitrogen utilization. Application of 60 kg ha-1 nitrogen caused to decreased mycorrhizal symbiosis about 20.22 percent in comparison with no use of starter fertilizer. Application bradyrhizobium and mycorrhiza under the application of 30 kg ha-1 nitrogen, produced the highest grain yield (511.67 g m-2) and biological yield (1223.16

Com o objetivo de estudar a interação entre micorriza e bradyrhizobium na produção de soja com diferentes quantidades de adubo nitrogenado de partida, realizou-se um experimento de campo na estação de pesquisa agrícola da Universidade Bu-Ali Sina em 2015. Um experimento fatorial baseado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso foi organizado com três repetições. Fatores experimentais que abrangem três níveis de nitrogênio inicial de 0, 30 e 60 kg ha-1, bradyrhizobium em dois níveis de inoculados e não inoculados e micorriza, incluindo os níveis de aplicação e não aplicação. Os resultados indicaram que a altura da planta, número de folhas por planta, rendimento e componentes de rendimento e rendimento biológico e percentagem de simbiose micorrízicaafectada pela interacção dos factores estudados significativamente. Número máximo de pod por planta obtido a partir da combinação de 30kg de nitrogênio e bradyrhizobium. Também ambos os bio-fertilizantes foram capazes de aumentar o número de pod por planta. Peso máximo 1000 semente obtido da inoculação de plantas com bradyrhizobium e mycorrhiza simultaneamente com nenhuma utilização de nitrogênio. A aplicação de 60 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio causou diminuição da simbiose micorrízica cerca de 20, 22 porcento em comparação com a ausência de adubação inicial. Aplicação bradyrhizobium e micorrizas sob aplicação de 30 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio, produziu o

RESUMO

In order to study interaction between mycorrhiza and bradyrhizobium on yield of soybean under different amounts of starter nitrogen fertilizer, a field experiment was conducted at the agricultural research station, Bu-Ali Sina University in 2015 growing season. A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was arranged with three replications. Experiment factors covering three levels of starter nitrogen of 0, 30 and 60 kg ha-1, bradyrhizobiumin two level of inoculated and non-inoculated and mycorrhiza including application and non-application levels. Results indicated that plant height, number of leaves per plant, yield and yield components and biological yield and mycorrhizal symbiosis percent affected by interaction of studied factors significantly. Maximum number of pod per plant achieved from combination of 30 kg Nitrogen and bradyrhizobium. Also both bio-fertilizer was able to increase number of pod per plant. Maximum 1000 seed weight obtained from inoculation of plants with bradyrhizobium and mycorrhiza simultaneously with no nitrogen utilization. Application of 60 kg ha-1 nitrogen caused to decreased mycorrhizal symbiosis about 20.22 percent in comparison with no use of starter fertilizer. Application bradyrhizobium and mycorrhiza under the application of 30 kg ha-1 nitrogen, produced the highest grain yield (511.67 g m-2) and biological yield (1223.16

Com o objetivo de estudar a interação entre micorriza e bradyrhizobium na produção de soja com diferentes quantidades de adubo nitrogenado de partida, realizou-se um experimento de campo na estação de pesquisa agrícola da Universidade Bu-Ali Sina em 2015. Um experimento fatorial baseado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso foi organizado com três repetições. Fatores experimentais que abrangem três níveis de nitrogênio inicial de 0, 30 e 60 kg ha-1, bradyrhizobium em dois níveis de inoculados e não inoculados e micorriza, incluindo os níveis de aplicação e não aplicação. Os resultados indicaram que a altura da planta, número de folhas por planta, rendimento e componentes de rendimento e rendimento biológico e percentagem de simbiose micorrízicaafectada pela interacção dos factores estudados significativamente. Número máximo de pod por planta obtido a partir da combinação de 30kg de nitrogênio e bradyrhizobium. Também ambos os bio-fertilizantes foram capazes de aumentar o número de pod por planta. Peso máximo 1000 semente obtido da inoculação de plantas com bradyrhizobium e mycorrhiza simultaneamente com nenhuma utilização de nitrogênio. A aplicação de 60 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio causou diminuição da simbiose micorrízica cerca de 20, 22 porcento em comparação com a ausência de adubação inicial. Aplicação bradyrhizobium e micorrizas sob aplicação de 30 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio, produziu o

RESUMO

Background The size and weight of tomato seeds depend on genetics and can be modified by environment and management. In some species, a strong relation has been described between physical aspects of the seeds and the quality of the corresponding seedlings, but this cannot be considered a general rule. The objective of this research was to identify any association between the biometric characteristics of tomato seeds and the growth and development of their seedlings. Results A total of 18 lots of hybrid tomato seeds were used (from indeterminate plants with round fruits), belonging to six varieties from two reproduction seasons. Each lot was evaluated for seed size and weight, and seed quality, in terms of the germination test (5 and 14 d after sowing). The number of normal roots emerged with a length above 2 mm was also evaluated at d 3, 4 and 5 after sowing. The length of the seedlings and their total and partial dry weight were measured 5 d after sowing. The results indicate that there was no association between seed size and weight and subsequent seedling emergence, and only weak correlations were found between the dry weight of the radicle and cotyledon and seed size. Conclusion There is little association between the physical characteristics of the seeds and the subsequent seedlings, making it impossible to propose the use of seed weight or size as a compliment to quality evaluation tests.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A redução da área foliar é uma das causas da queda de produção em feijoeiro comum. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência de diferentes níveis de desfolha em vários estádios de desenvolvimento sobre a produtividade, massa de 100 sementes e número de vagens por planta do feijoeiro da cultivar Xamego, em condições de campo no Sul do Espírito Santo. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, sendo as parcelas dispostas no esquema fatorial 5 x 4: cinco épocas de desfolha (1ª folha trifoliolada, florescimento, formação das vagens, enchimento das vagem, e vagens secas) x quatro níveis de remoção das folhas (0, 33, 67 e 100%), com cinco repetições. Houve decréscimo linear da produtividade com os níveis de desfolha em todos os estádios de desenvolvimento, com exceção ao de vagens secas, sendo este decréscimo maior no estádio de formação das vagens. Pela análise de regressão atribui-se maior redução da produtividade com 100% de desfolha feita aos 44 dias após emergência. O componente de rendimento mais correlacionado com a produtividade foi o número de vagens por planta.

The reduction of foliar area can cause yield reduction in common bean crops. The objective of this work was to ascertain the effect of different defoliation levels realized in several developmental stages of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Xamego) in regard to yield, weight of 100 seeds and number of pods per plant. A randomized complete block design was used considering a two-way 5 x 4 factorial arrangement: (i) five defoliation stages (first trifoliate leaf, flowering, pods formation, pods filling, and dry pods), and (ii) four defoliation levels (0, 33, 67 and 100%). Five replications were carried out. A linear decrease of yield was observed for all defoliation levels considering all development stages, except for dried pods. The highest decrease was detected for pods formation. At 100% of defoliation, a higher decrease of yield was observed when it was done at 44 days after emergence. Regression analysis gave a greater reduction in yield with 100% defoliation done at 44 days after emergence. The evaluation parameter that showed the best correlation with yield was the number of pods per plant.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT The reduction of foliar area can cause yield reduction in common bean crops. The objective of this work was to ascertain the effect of different defoliation levels realized in several developmental stages of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Xamego) in regard to yield, weight of 100 seeds and number of pods per plant. A randomized complete block design was used considering a two-way 5 x 4 factorial arrangement: (i) five defoliation stages (first trifoliate leaf, flowering, pods formation, pods filling, and dry pods), and (ii) four defoliation levels (0, 33, 67 and 100%). Five replications were carried out. A linear decrease of yield was observed for all defoliation levels considering all development stages, except for dried pods. The highest decrease was detected for pods formation. At 100% of defoliation, a higher decrease of yield was observed when it was done at 44 days after emergence. Regression analysis gave a greater reduction in yield with 100% defoliation done at 44 days after emergence. The evaluation parameter that showed the best correlation with yield was the number of pods per plant.

RESUMO A redução da área foliar é uma das causas da queda de produção em feijoeiro comum. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência de diferentes níveis de desfolha em vários estádios de desenvolvimento sobre a produtividade, massa de 100 sementes e número de vagens por planta do feijoeiro da cultivar Xamego, em condições de campo no Sul do Espírito Santo. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, sendo as parcelas dispostas no esquema fatorial 5 x 4: cinco épocas de desfolha (1ª folha trifoliolada, florescimento, formação das vagens, enchimento das vagem, e vagens secas) x quatro níveis de remoção das folhas (0, 33, 67 e 100%), com cinco repetições. Houve decréscimo linear da produtividade com os níveis de desfolha em todos os estádios de desenvolvimento, com exceção ao de vagens secas, sendo este decréscimo maior no estádio de formação das vagens. Pela análise de regressão atribui-se maior redução da produtividade com 100% de desfolha feita aos 44 dias após emergência. O componente de rendimento mais correlacionado com a produtividade foi o número de vagens por planta.

RESUMO

Foram conduzidos três ensaios em município de Minas Gerais, com inverno ameno, para estudar a viabilidade do cultivo do feijão-arroz no outono-inverno. Os ensaios foram instalados em Leopoldina, nestas datas: 3 de maio de 1996, 18 de abril de 1997 e 11 de maio de 1998. Foram usados 12 genótipos de feijão-arroz; uma cultivar de feijão-comum foi usada para comparação. Foi empregado o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com 4 repetições. As plantas foram irrigadas por aspersão, e o controle de pragas com inseticida foi feito quando necessário. Os ciclos de vida do feijão-arroz variaram de 99 a 111 dias (da emergência à colheita), enquanto os do feijão-comum variaram em torno de 90 dias. Não foi observada doença na folhagem do feijão-arroz. As produtividades médias variaram de 1164 (11 de maio) a 2261 kg ha-1 (18 de abril). O feijão-arroz foi tão produtivo quanto o feijão-comum. Conclui-se que é viável o cultivo do feijão-arroz [Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & Ohashi] no outono-inverno em regiões de inverno ameno.

Three trials were carried out in a municipality of the state of Minas Gerais of mild winter to study the viability of rice bean cultivation in fall-winter season. Trials were installed in Leopoldina on the following dates: May 3, 1996; April 18, 1997; and May 11, 1998. Twelve genotypes of rice bean were used; one cultivar of common bean was also included for comparison. A randomized complete-block design with 4 replications was used. Plants were sprinkler irrigated and insecticide was applied when necessary. Rice bean life cycles varied from 99 to 111 days (from emergence to harvest), while common bean life cycles varied around 90 days. No foliar disease was observed on rice bean plants. Yields ranged from 1164 (May 11) to 2261 kg ha-1 (April 18). Rice bean yielded as much as common bean. One concluded that the cultivation of rice bean [Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & Ohashi] in fall-winter in regions of mild winter is viable.

RESUMO

Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] is one of the most widely adapted grain legumes in hot regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas. In the semiarid Northeast of Brazil, it is the main subsistence crop, an excellent protein source of low cost, for the poor population. The objective of this work was to estimate genetic parameters to understand the inheritance of seed sizes in cowpea. The parents P1 and P2 and the generations, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 of the cross TVx5058-09C X Manteiguinha formed the genetic material for this study. These six generates (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC) were evaluated in a completely randomized block-design with six replications, in Teresina - PI, Brazil, in 1998. The genetic parameters estimated were: phenotypic and total genetic variance, additive and dominance genetic components of variance and the variance attributed to the environment, heritability in the broad and narrow senses, average degree of dominance and the number of genes controlling the character. The additive - dominance model fitted the data for 100-seeds weight in as much as the midparental value and the additive effect were the more important genetic parameters for the determination of this character. The number of genes that control its expression is five. The occurrence of high values for narrow sense heritability indicates that the selection for seed size can be made in early generations.

Caupi [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] é uma das leguminosas mais adaptadas às regiões quentes da África, Ásia e das Américas. No semi-árido do nordeste do Brasil é a principal cultura de subsistência, por ser uma excelente fonte de proteína de baixo custo para a população mais carente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar parâmetros genéticos que podem explicar a herança do tamanho das sementes de caupi. Os genótipos parentais P1 e P2 e as gerações F1, F2, RC1 e RC2 do cruzamento TVx5058-09C X Manteiguinha, constituíram o material genético utilizado no estudo. As seis populações (P1, P2, F1, F2, RC1 e RC2) foram avaliadas num experimento em blocos casualizados com seis repetições, em Teresina - PI; o plantio foi realizado em março de 1998. Os parâmetros genéticos estimados foram variâncias fenotípica, genética total, genética aditiva e dos desvios de dominância e devido aos efeitos do ambiente, herdabilidades no sentido amplo e restrito, grau médio de dominância e número dos genes que controlam o caráter. O modelo aditivo - dominante ajustou-se aos dados do peso de 100 sementes, visto que a média e o efeito gênico aditivo foram os parâmetros genéticos mais importantes na determinação desse caráter. O número dos genes que controlam sua expressão é cinco. A ocorrência de alto valor para a herdabilidade no sentido restrito indicou que a seleção para o tamanho da semente pode ser realizada em gerações segregantes iniciais.

RESUMO

Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] is one of the most widely adapted grain legumes in hot regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas. In the semiarid Northeast of Brazil, it is the main subsistence crop, an excellent protein source of low cost, for the poor population. The objective of this work was to estimate genetic parameters to understand the inheritance of seed sizes in cowpea. The parents P1 and P2 and the generations, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 of the cross TVx5058-09C X Manteiguinha formed the genetic material for this study. These six generates (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC) were evaluated in a completely randomized block-design with six replications, in Teresina - PI, Brazil, in 1998. The genetic parameters estimated were: phenotypic and total genetic variance, additive and dominance genetic components of variance and the variance attributed to the environment, heritability in the broad and narrow senses, average degree of dominance and the number of genes controlling the character. The additive - dominance model fitted the data for 100-seeds weight in as much as the midparental value and the additive effect were the more important genetic parameters for the determination of this character. The number of genes that control its expression is five. The occurrence of high values for narrow sense heritability indicates that the selection for seed size can be made in early generations.

Caupi [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] é uma das leguminosas mais adaptadas às regiões quentes da África, Ásia e das Américas. No semi-árido do nordeste do Brasil é a principal cultura de subsistência, por ser uma excelente fonte de proteína de baixo custo para a população mais carente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar parâmetros genéticos que podem explicar a herança do tamanho das sementes de caupi. Os genótipos parentais P1 e P2 e as gerações F1, F2, RC1 e RC2 do cruzamento TVx5058-09C X Manteiguinha, constituíram o material genético utilizado no estudo. As seis populações (P1, P2, F1, F2, RC1 e RC2) foram avaliadas num experimento em blocos casualizados com seis repetições, em Teresina - PI; o plantio foi realizado em março de 1998. Os parâmetros genéticos estimados foram variâncias fenotípica, genética total, genética aditiva e dos desvios de dominância e devido aos efeitos do ambiente, herdabilidades no sentido amplo e restrito, grau médio de dominância e número dos genes que controlam o caráter. O modelo aditivo - dominante ajustou-se aos dados do peso de 100 sementes, visto que a média e o efeito gênico aditivo foram os parâmetros genéticos mais importantes na determinação desse caráter. O número dos genes que controlam sua expressão é cinco. A ocorrência de alto valor para a herdabilidade no sentido restrito indicou que a seleção para o tamanho da semente pode ser realizada em gerações segregantes iniciais.