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Bacteria continue to disrupt poultry production and can cause resistant and persistent yolk sac infections to prevention efforts, known as omphalitis, resulting in poultry death. This literature review aims to demonstrate how plant extracts can help combat omphalitis in poultry. The Google Scholar database served as a resource for retrieving pertinent literature covering a wide range of search terms relevant to the scope of the research. The search strategy involved a combination of terms such as antimicrobials, chick embryo, omphalitis, plant extracts, poultry nutrition, and sanitization. The potential of plant extracts in preventing or treating infections in poultry, especially omphalitis, is mainly due to their antibacterial and safety properties. Sanitization and direct delivery of plant extracts to the internal contents of eggs, feed, or water are cutting-edge interventions to reduce the bacterial load in eggs and poultry, minimizing infection rates. For example, these interventions may include advanced treatment technologies or precise delivery systems focused on disease prevention in poultry.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using two ozone applications (gaseous and mist) as a disinfection method for fresh persimmon. To test these sanitizers, in vitro and in vivo assays were performed, and the Escherichia coli was selected because it is a pathogen that causes foodborne diseases in humans. For in vitro experiments, a plate was inoculated with Escherichia coli strain ATCC 25922 and treated. For in vivo assays, persimmon fruit surface was inoculated with the bacteria and treated. For both assays, it was used 10,15,20,30,40 and 50 µL L-1 of gaseous ozone or ozonized mist for five minutes. The results demonstrated that the gas ozone application significantly reduced the growth of E. coli on the plate surface in vitro at doses of 30, 40 and 50 µL L-1 (with 0.83, 0.89 and 0.95 log CFU mL-1, respectively). The application of ozonized mist showed a significant reduction for 50 µL L-1 (with 1.28 log CFU g-1). And, for the in vivo assays, ozonized mist significantly reduced the number of bacteria on the persimmon surface, with a 1.57 log reduction, which was the largest for 40 µL L-1. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the ozone application can contribute to the control of microorganisms present on fruit surfaces.

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This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and the genetic diversity of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica in sausages from Southern Brazil, evaluate virulence genes and determine the phenotypic and genotypic basis of antimicrobial and sanitizer resistance. Salmonella was detected in sausage samples with an overall prevalence of 5.5%. The prevalent serovars were S. Infantis and S. Rissen. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis yielded nine distinct PFGE profiles, and some of them were recurrently recovered in the same establishment on different dates. Among tested isolates, 28.5% showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent and a multidrug-resistance (MDR) profile was observed in 21.4%. Resistance occurred most frequently to ampicillin, sulfonamide, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim. Regarding the genotypic antimicrobial resistance profile, S. Schwarzengrund carried tet(B), strA, strB, and sul2 genes. Benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine were more effective than peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite, showing lower minimum inhibitory concentration values. Six Salmonella serovars were found, demonstrating a potential risk of salmonellosis associated with consuming this food. Salmonella carrying virulence genes, MDR profile, and tolerance to sanitizers is a public health concern and a challenge for the food industry, suggesting that new strategies should be developed to control this pathogen. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05809-w.

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The growing number of Listeria monocytogenes strains displaying increased tolerance to sanitizers widely applied in the food industry is becoming a problem. The aims of this study were to evaluate the susceptibility of L. monocytogenes isolates from food and food industry environments to sanitizers (benzalkonium chloride, sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid, and chlorhexidine) and heavy metals (cadmium chloride), as well as to investigate the presence of the main genes related to efflux pumps. All 82 isolates showed reduced susceptibility to benzalkonium chloride (MIC from 16 to 128 µg mL-1), sodium hypochlorite (MIC of ≥ 2048 µg mL-1), and peracetic acid (MIC from 512 to ≥ 2048 µg mL-1), while 22 isolates showed reduced susceptibility to cadmium chloride (MIC > 70 µg mL-1). Susceptibility to chlorhexidine was found (MIC from 2 to 16 µg mL-1). PCR-based analysis revealed that mdrl and lde genes were harbored by 14.6% (12/82) and 40.2% (33/82) of the isolates, respectively. This study demonstrates the presence of L. monocytogenes from food and food industry environments with reduced susceptibility to sanitizers commonly used in food processing environments, highlighting the importance of continuous monitoring of the tolerance profile of this microorganism to sanitizers, as well as the need for strict control of sanitation conditions in food industries.

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Bacterial biofilm formation in low moisture food processing (LMF) plants is related to matters of food safety, production efficiency, economic loss, and reduced consumer trust. Dry surfaces may appear dry to the naked eye, however, it is common to find a coverage of thin liquid films and microdroplets, known as microscopic surface wetness (MSW). The MSW may favor dry surface biofilm (DSB) formation. DSB formation is similar in other industries, it occurs through the processes of adhesion, production of extracellular polymeric substances, development of microcolonies and maturation, it is mediated by a quorum sensing (QS) system and is followed by dispersal, leading to disaggregation. Species that survive on dry surfaces develop tolerance to different stresses. DSB are recalcitrant and contribute to higher resistance to sanitation, becoming potential sources of contamination, related to the spoilage of processed products and foodborne disease outbreaks. In LMF industries, sanitization is performed using physical methods without the presence of water. Although alternative dry sanitizing methods can be efficiently used, additional studies are still required to develop and assess the effect of emerging technologies, and to propose possible combinations with traditional methods to enhance their effects on the sanitization process. Overall, more information about the different technologies can help to find the most appropriate method/s, contributing to the development of new sanitization protocols. Thus, this review aimed to identify the main characteristics and challenges of biofilm management in low moisture food industries, and summarizes the mechanisms of action of different dry sanitizing methods (alcohol, hot air, UV-C light, pulsed light, gaseous ozone, and cold plasma) and their effects on microbial metabolism.

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In recent decades, Aeromonas hydrophila has emerged as a foodborne bacterial pathogen of public health concern, especially as it exhibits resistance to the major chemical sanitizers commonly used in the food industry. Meanwhile, this pathogen may be spread from diseased fish flesh through the contamination of equipment contact surfaces during food processing, thus posing a food safety risk. Thise determined the susceptibility profiles of retail fish-borne A. hydrophila isolates to 24 common antibiotics and five major sanitizers used in the food industry. The polymerase chain reaction technique was used to confirm all A. hydrophila isolates to the species level, and the agar diffusion method was applied to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. All isolates were confirmed to be A. hydrophila species. This bacterium was observed to have resistance to multiple antibiotics, with the highest resistance index being for those of the beta-lactam class. Additionally, the isolates showed high resistance to four of the five chemical sanitizers tested, with the highest resistance rate being toward sodium hypochlorite. The results suggested that A. hydrophila isolates with multiple resistance to the antimicrobials and main sanitizers used in the food industry can be found in retail fish sold in the Cuiabá region of Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Aeromonas hydrophila emergiu nas últimas décadas como um patógeno humano relevante. O fato desse patógeno alimentar emergente apresentar resistência antimicrobiana é um desafio considerável para as Agências de Saúde devido à resistência desta espécie aos principais sanitizantes químicos comumente utilizados na indústria alimentícia em que representa um risco à segurança dos alimentos, uma vez que pode contribuir para a disseminação desta bactéria na carne de peixes e levar à contaminação da superfície de contato dos equipamentos durante o processamento dos alimentos. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar os padrões de suscetibilidade de isolados de A. hydrophila de peixes comercializados no varejo a 24 antibióticos comuns e cinco principais sanitizantes utilizados nas indústrias alimentícias. Neste estudo, todos os isolados de A. hydrophila foram confirmados em nível de espécie pela técnica de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). A técnica de difusão em ágar foi utilizada para determinar o perfil de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana frente aos 24 antibióticos testados e para avaliar a suscetibilidade aos principais sanitizantes utilizados na indústria alimentícia. A partir dos resultados, todos os isolados foram confirmados como sendo da espécie A. hydrophila pela técnica de PCR molecular. Observou-se A. hydrophila com perfil de resistência a múltiplos antibióticos, em que os da classe dos Beta-Lactâmicos foram os antimicrobianos com maior índice de resistência. Além disso, a suscetibilidade aos sanitizantes apresentou alta resistência em quatro dos cinco sanitizantes testados, sendo o hipoclorito de sódio foi o sanitizante químico com maior índice de resistência entre os isolados deste estudo. Os resultados sugerem que isolados de A. hydrophila com perfil de resistência a antimicrobianos e aos principais sanitizantes utilizados na indústria alimentícia podem ser encontrados em peixes comercializados no varejo da região de Cuiabá/Mato Grosso.

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The sanitization of hatching eggs is the backbone of the hygienic-sanitary management of eggs on farms and extends to the hatchery. Poultry production gains depend on the benefits of sanitizers. Obtaining the maximum yield from incubation free of toxic sanitizers is a trend in poultry farming, closely following the concerns imposed through scientific research. The toxic characteristics of formaldehyde, the primary sanitizer for hatching eggs, are disappointing, but it is a cheap, practical and widely used antimicrobial. To overcome this shortcoming, multiple synthetic and natural chemical sanitizers have been, and continue to be, tested on hatching eggs. This review aims to evaluate the effects of different sanitizers on the microbiological quality of hatching eggshells and poultry health during embryogenesis and early stages after hatching.

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Salmonella spp. causes foodborne diseases related to the consumption of contaminated foods, especially poultry products. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Salmonella spp. serovars in raw eggs from supermarkets and street food markets in southern Brazil, to analyze virulence genes, resistance profiling to antimicrobials and sanitizers, and to determine the susceptibility of the isolates to Butia odorata extract. Among 160 samples analyzed, just two (1.25%) were positive for Salmonella spp.. One positive sample was from egg yolk (S. enterica serovar Gallinarum, isolate S28), and another one was from eggshell (S. enterica serovar Panama, isolate S37). Regarding the virulence genes, the isolate S37 harbored all the genes evaluated (hilA, invA, spvC, sefA, and pefA), while the isolate S28 did not harbor the pefA gene. The isolate S28 was resistant to tobramycin, azithromycin, and trimethoprim, while the isolate S37 showed resistance profile just to nalidixic acid. However, none of the resistance genes evaluated were identified. Both isolates showed resistance to benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine digluconate, sodium hypochlorite, and peracetic acid, presenting high MIC values for these sanitizers. In contrast, B. odorata extract showed antimicrobial activity against the isolates S28 and S37, however, more studies are needed to prove its potential as a natural antimicrobial compound.

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INTRODUCTION: The bacteria Acinetobacter spp. are extremely relevant in clinical settings. Recently, they have emerged as potential food-borne opportunistic pathogens. Their ability to form biofilms contributes to antibiotic resistance by generating an environment that facilitates the acquisition and transfer of resistance genes. Studies on the tolerance of Acinetobacter spp. from food sources to sanitizers used in the food industry and homes are necessary to help mitigate food contamination by these microorganisms. METHODOLOGY: Isolates from ready-to-eat salads (n = 11) and raw goat milk (n = 4) were evaluated for their tolerance to sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), quaternary ammonium compound/biguanide (QAC/BG), and peracetic acid (PAA). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends that the concentration of these sanitizers in food-processing equipment and utensils and other food-contact articles should not exceed 200 parts per million (ppm). RESULTS: The minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) concentrations of NaClO were above 312.5 ppm for all isolates tested and ≥ 2,500 ppm for four isolates from salads. Only three isolates from salads and four isolates from goat milk were inhibited by an MIC lower than 200 ppm of PAA. QAC/BG presented the lowest MIC and MCB values (9.37/6.25  ppm for all isolates tested), suggesting that it is the most effective agent against the isolates used in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that Acinetobacter spp. isolates from food can be tolerant to the recommended concentrations of NaClO and PAA, which highlights the health risks to consumers.

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BACKGROUND: Several actions in the realm of public policies and programs have been implemented worldwide to prevent and control the spread of COVID-19. As Brazil and many parts of the world are marked by regional, cultural, and social inequalities, risk communication and assimilation of protection recommendations by the public may be erratic, hampering the proper measurement of their effectiveness. SCOPE AND APPROACH: Even though transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by foods is unlikely, this work aimed to evaluate the population's adherence to the recommended food hygiene and personal protection measures to prevent COVID-19. An online survey containing questions on food hygiene and personal protection was publicly disseminated via internet and social networks. Data from 3000 respondents were collected and discussed herein.Key findings and conclusions: Most respondents adopted the recommended hygienic and personal protection measures to avoid contamination with SARS-CoV-2. However, some important flaws were detected, such as lack of use of face masks when in public places (6%), improper hand washing and sanitizing (10-12%) and use of incorrect products for food or environment cleaning and sanitization (28%), indicating that adequate risk communication and preventive recommendations must continue in order to avoid contamination with the coronavirus. The heighten awareness with food hygiene during the pandemic may have an enduring positive effect on food safety.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: La adherencia a la higiene de manos (HM) por parte del personal de salud es de 38% a nivel mundial. Con la estrategia multimodal de la OMS se incluyeron los preparados de base alcohólica como un componente para la mejora de la HM. La campaña "los 5 momentos de la HM" incentiva a utilizar este producto que, entre otros beneficios, su aplicación ocupa menor tiempo en comparación con el lavado de manos. OBJETIVO: Conocer cuáles son los factores facilitadores o las barreras que favorecen o dificultan el uso de preparados de base alcohólica por el personal de salud para aumentar la adherencia a la HM según la estrategia multimodal de la OMS. MÉTODOS: Fueron utilizadas dos bases de datos PubMed y CINHAL (años 2009 - 2019). Los artículos fueron seleccionados según criterios de inclusión - exclusión. RESULTADOS: De 30 artículos se seleccionaron 12, los que tenían como tema central la adherencia a la HM, personal de salud y preparados de base alcohólica. Se organizaron en facilitadores y barreras: infraestructura, presentación del producto y capacitación del personal. DISCUSIÓN: Los facilitadores y barreras que más impacto reportan en aumentar la adherencia a la HM son la infraestructura, acceso, disponibilidad en el punto de atención, presentación del producto y capacitación al personal de salud sobre los productos de base alcohólica para la desinfección de las manos, con el fin de disminuir las IAAS y brindar una atención segura.

INTRODUCTION: The compliance with HH (hand hygiene) practices by health personnel is 38.7% worldwide. Using a multimodal strategy of the WHO (World Health Organization), alcohol based products was introduced. The campaign "The five moments of HH" encourages the use of this product which offers countless benefits, an important one being that it takes much less time compared to hand washing. OBJECTIVE: To discover what the motivating factors or barriers are that favor or hinder the use of alcohol based products by health personnel, in order to increase compliance with HH according to the WHO multimodal strategy. METHODS: Two databases were used; PubMed and CINHAL (from 2009 - 2019) The articles were selected according to inclusion - exclusion criteria. RESULTS: From 30 articles, 12 were selected that had HH compliance, health personnel and alcohol based products as their main topics. They were organized into motivating factors and barriers: using infrastructure, product presentation and staff training. DISCUSSION: Discovering the motivating factors and the barriers is essential to directing the efforts of strategies that include these points and to increase the compliance of HH with health personnel in order to reduce the HCAI (Health Care Associated Infection) and provide safe healthcare.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of sanitizing fertile eggs with clove essential oil as an alternative to paraformaldehyde; effects on the reduction in eggshell microbial count, incubation yield, and neonatal chick quality were measured. A total of 1,460 brown fertile eggs with a mean weight of 58.64 ± 0.49 g (from 37-wk-old CPK [Pesadão Vermelho] breeder hens) were collected under aseptic conditions and randomly distributed into 4 treatments (nonsanitized and sanitized with grain alcohol, clove essential oil, and paraformaldehyde) before incubation. The count of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria was significantly lower after spraying with clove essential oil (2.30 ± 0.24 log10 CFU/mL) than on nonsanitized eggs (3.49 ± 0.34 log10 CFU/mL) or on eggs sprayed with grain alcohol (3.09 ± 0.14 log10 CFU/mL) but did not differ significantly from the count in the paraformaldehyde group (2.23 ± 0.29 log10 CFU/mL). The hatchability of fertile eggs differed significantly between the studied treatments. The mean values for the eggs treated with clove essential oil (84.69 ± 1.65%) and paraformaldehyde (81.87 ± 3.92%) were statistically similar but were higher than the negative control (74.03 ± 3.58%) and grain alcohol (73.59 ± 2.87%) values. In the Pasgar© score assessment, it was determined that the clove essential oil (9.21 ± 0.89%) had a superior effect on the physical quality of the chicks compared with the effects of the other treatments. Clove essential oil is effective and safe for eggs intended for incubation. Its use as an alternative to paraformaldehyde in the sanitation of fertile eggs is strongly recommended.

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The use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) based on a low-cost portable instrument for monitoring the quality of the three major formulations of ethanol-based hand sanitizers used for prevention against CoVID-19 disease is described. The quality of the sanitizers was evaluated using two approaches. In the first, a qualitative method was developed to identify gross non-conformities, using NIR spectral data compression by principal components analysis and projection of the spectrum of the tested sample in the principal component space delimited by samples of sanitizers prepared in the laboratory. In the second, a quantitative method was designed to determine the active substance (ethanol) employing multivariate regression based on partial least squares. The results demonstrate that the first approach can be used to detect non-conformities in the sanitizer composition, mostly associated with incorrect ethanol content. The second explores the use of NIRS for determination of the ethanol content in the three formulations aiming the quality control of the sanitizer manufacturing process. The ethanol content can be determined with an absolute root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) equal to 0.68% (m/m), 0.83% (m/m) and 1.0% (v/v) for the three formulations evaluated. The RMSEP was estimated as 1.3% (m/m) for the commercial products. The measurement protocol takes approximately 1 min and requires only about 120 µL of a sample. Besides, NIRS was employed to compare the rate of volatilization of the ethanol in the different formulations, an important parameter concerning the efficacy of ethanol-based sanitizers.

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The objective of this work was to assess the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid for sanitization of Brazil nuts. To evaluate the natural microbiota of the nuts, the total bacteria and fungi as well as the Aspergillus section Flavi were counted. The moisture, water activity and the presence of aflatoxins was quantified. The response surface method was used to determine the influence of exposure time and sanitizers concentration on the reduction of Aspergillus nomius inoculated on the nuts. Microbiological, sensory and quantification analyzes of aflatoxins were performed under optimum conditions The evaluation of the initial contamination of the nuts, despite presenting high microbiological contamination, humidity and water activity, was not detected aflatoxins in any samples. In artificially inoculated samples, the response surface and the desirability function were obtained to determine the optimal point of use for each sanitizer. The nuts had high microbiological contamination, moisture content and water activity. Aflatoxins were not detected in any samples. The response surface and desirability function indicated the optimal sanitization conditions were 250 mg/L and 8.5 min and 140 mg/L and 15 min for sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid, respectively. Reductions greater than 2 log CFU/g were obtained with sodium hypochlorite and of 1 log CFU/g for peracetic acid. In the tests performed with new Brazil nuts samples under the optimized conditions, reductions of less than 2 log CFU/g were obtained. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in one untreated sample (1.51 µg/kg), one sample treated with sodium hypochlorite (0.60 µg/kg) and two samples treated with peracetic acid (0.64 and 0.72 µg/kg). Demonstrating that the sanitizers in the concentrations used had no action on aflatoxins, despite being efficient for fungal control. The treatments did not cause an unacceptable sensorial impact on the samples.

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Objetivo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo verificar a efetividade de sanitizantes de uso caseiros quanto a capacidade de paralisar e desinfetar larvas de Ancilostomídeos. Método Para obtenção das larvas de Ancilostomídeos foi utilizado o método de Hoffman, Pons e Janer (HPJ). Em seguida, foram preparadas lâminas com o sedimento e adicionou-se concentrações diferentes de saneantes empregados na rotina doméstica. Simultaneamente, foi avaliado, através de microscopia óptica, o tempo cronometrado que cada saneante em diferentes concentrações, necessitaria para paralisação completa do helminto. Resultados: O ácido acético e o hipoclorito não apresentaram efetividade em nenhuma das concentrações testadas. Já o vinagre de álcool puro na diluição de 40% paralisou 90% das larvas em um período de 14 minutos e 31 segundos. O vinagre composto de álcool, na concentração de 40% foi capaz de paralisar mais de 90% das larvas em um tempo médio de 9 minutos e 50 segundos. Conclusão: A utilização de 40% de sanitizantes de vinagre se mostraram eficazes na desinfecção de larvas de Ancilostomídeos. No entanto, este estudo alerta que a eliminação de larvas não é segura quando se leva em conta a concentração usada na rotina doméstica atual.

Objective: The present work aims to verify the effectiveness of homemade sanitizers for the ability to paralyze and disinfect hookworm larvae. Method: To obtain hookworm larvae, the method of Hoffman, Pons, and Janer (HPJ) was applied. The next slides were prepared with the sediment, and different sanitizing concentrations, routinely used in the domestic, were added. Simultaneously, we evaluated, by optical microscopy, the chronometer time that each sanitizer in different concentrations, would require for complete helminth paralysis. Results: Acetic acid and hypochlorite were not effective in any of the tested concentrations. Pure alcohol vinegar in the 40% dilution paralyzed 90% of the larvae in 14 minutes and 31 seconds. The vinegar composed of alcohol, in the 40% concentration, was able to paralyze more than 90% of the larvae in an 9,50 minutes average. Conclusion: The use of 40% of vinegar sanitizers proved to be useful in disinfecting hookworms larvae. However, this study cautions that larvae elimination is not safe when taking into account the concentration handled in the current domestic routine.

Objetivo: el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo verificar la efectividad de los desinfectantes caseros para la capacidad de paralizar y desinfectar larvas de anquilostomas. Método: para obtener larvas de anquilostomas, se utilizó el método de Hoffman, Pons y Janer (HPJ). Luego se prepararon los portaobjetos con el sedimento y se agregaron diferentes concentraciones de agentes desinfectantes utilizados en la rutina doméstica. Simultáneamente, se evaluó, usando microscopía óptica, el tiempo cronometrado que cada desinfectante en diferentes concentraciones necesitaría para completar la parálisis del helminto. Resultados: el ácido acético y el hipoclorito no fueron efectivos en ninguna de las concentraciones probadas. El vinagre puro de alcohol en la dilución al 40% paralizó el 90% de las larvas en un período de 14 minutos y 31 segundos. El vinagre compuesto de alcohol, en la concentración del 40%, fue capaz de paralizar más del 90% de las larvas en un tiempo promedio de 9 minutos y 50 segundos. Conclusión: el uso del 40% de desinfectantes de vinagre demostró ser eficaz para desinfectar larvas de anquilostomas. Sin embargo, este estudio advierte que la eliminación de las larvas no es segura cuando se tiene en cuenta la concentración utilizada en la rutina doméstica actual.

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Information on the sensitivity of spoilage fungi of bakery products to sanitizing agents is scarce in the literature. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of different classes of commercial sanitizers, which have permitted use in the food industry, on the main fungi involved in spoiling bakery products. The tests were carried out according to the protocol for testing the antifungal effect of chemical sanitizers of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), with adaptations. Different strains of six isolated fungal species responsible for spoiling bakery products (Penicillium roqueforti, Penicillium paneum, Hyphopichia burtonii, and Aspergillus pseudoglaucus) were tested against five sanitizers at three concentrations: benzalkonium chloride (0.3%, 2.5%, 5%), biguanide (2%, 3.5%, 5%), peracetic acid (0.15%, 1.5%, 3%), quaternary ammonium (0.3%, 2.5%, 5%), and sodium hypochlorite (0.01%, 0.1%, 0.2%). Peracetic acid was the most effective sanitizes considering the genera, species, and concentrations evaluated, generally being capable of reductions between 2 and 4 logs of initial control tested. Biguanide should not be the compound of choice when the main goal of the bakery industry is fungal control.

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Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important pathogen for both fish industry and consumers. It forms biofilm which makes it difficult to eliminate this microorganism using sanitizers. This study aimed to assess biofilm formation on different surfaces and effect of biofilm on resistance to sanitizers. Eight isolates of biofilm-forming V. parahaemolyticus were tested for the ability to form biofilms on a number of surfaces including high density polyethylene, stainless steel, glass, exoskeleton of Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Pink Shrimp), and operculum of Micropogonias furnieri (Whitemouth Croaker). Efficiency of sanitizer sodium hypochlorite against the bacteria was evaluated in the biofilms formed on the surface of the materials used; out the eight strains analyzed four formed biofilm on different surfaces. The present study shows that there are variations between surfaces in terms of biofilm formation, with more than one bacterial strain being able to form biofilm on the surface of the operculum of M. furnieri and on high density polyethylene as well. One isolate formed biofilm on glass, and one isolate formed biofilm on stainless steel. Sanitizers reduced biofilm formation on all surfaces. Based on our findings, we concluded that V. parahaemolyticus isolates have different ability to form biofilm on different surfaces. No isolates formed biofilm on shrimp shells. Results of this study also showed that sodium hypochlorite eat a concentration of 20 parts per million (20ppm) of Cl2, albeit not able to eliminate bacteria reported in biofilms, is still capable of reducing bacterial populations.(AU)

Vibrio parahaemolyticus é uma bactéria patogênica importante tanto para a indústria como para os consumidores de pescados, uma vez que pode formar biofilme, dificultando a sua eliminação por sanitizantes. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a formação de biofilme em diferentes superfícies e o efeito do biofilme sobre a resistência a sanitizante. Oito isolados de V. parahaemolyticus formadores de biofilme foram testados quanto à capacidade de formar biofilme em superfícies de polietileno de alta densidade, aço inoxidável, vidro, exoesqueleto de Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Camarão-rosa) e opérculo de Micropogonias furnieri (Corvina). A eficiência do sanitizante hipoclorito de sódio foi avaliada frente às bactérias nos biofilmes formados sobre a superfície dos materiais utilizados. Das oito cepas analisadas, quatro foram consideradas formadoras de biofilme em diferentes superfícies. Os resultados mostraram variação entre as superfícies, sendo que mais de uma cepa formou biofilme na superfície do opérculo de M. furnieri e do polietileno de alta densidade. Um isolado formou biofilme em vidro e um em aço inoxidável. Nenhum isolado formou biofilme na carapaça de camarão. O sanitizante reduziu a formação do biofilme em todas as superfícies. Conclui-se que os isolados de V. parahaemolyticus apresentam distinta capacidade de formar biofilme em diferentes superfícies e que o hipoclorito de sódio na concentração de 20 partes por milhão (20ppm) de Cl2, embora não elimine as bactérias que se encontram em biofilme, reduz a sua população.(AU)

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ABSTRACT: Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important pathogen for both fish industry and consumers. It forms biofilm which makes it difficult to eliminate this microorganism using sanitizers. This study aimed to assess biofilm formation on different surfaces and effect of biofilm on resistance to sanitizers. Eight isolates of biofilm-forming V. parahaemolyticus were tested for the ability to form biofilms on a number of surfaces including high density polyethylene, stainless steel, glass, exoskeleton of Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Pink Shrimp), and operculum of Micropogonias furnieri (Whitemouth Croaker). Efficiency of sanitizer sodium hypochlorite against the bacteria was evaluated in the biofilms formed on the surface of the materials used; out the eight strains analyzed four formed biofilm on different surfaces. The present study shows that there are variations between surfaces in terms of biofilm formation, with more than one bacterial strain being able to form biofilm on the surface of the operculum of M. furnieri and on high density polyethylene as well. One isolate formed biofilm on glass, and one isolate formed biofilm on stainless steel. Sanitizers reduced biofilm formation on all surfaces. Based on our findings, we concluded that V. parahaemolyticus isolates have different ability to form biofilm on different surfaces. No isolates formed biofilm on shrimp shells. Results of this study also showed that sodium hypochlorite eat a concentration of 20 parts per million (20ppm) of Cl2, albeit not able to eliminate bacteria reported in biofilms, is still capable of reducing bacterial populations.

RESUMO: Vibrio parahaemolyticus é uma bactéria patogênica importante tanto para a indústria como para os consumidores de pescados, uma vez que pode formar biofilme, dificultando a sua eliminação por sanitizantes. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a formação de biofilme em diferentes superfícies e o efeito do biofilme sobre a resistência a sanitizante. Oito isolados de V. parahaemolyticus formadores de biofilme foram testados quanto à capacidade de formar biofilme em superfícies de polietileno de alta densidade, aço inoxidável, vidro, exoesqueleto de Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Camarão-rosa) e opérculo de Micropogonias furnieri (Corvina). A eficiência do sanitizante hipoclorito de sódio foi avaliada frente às bactérias nos biofilmes formados sobre a superfície dos materiais utilizados. Das oito cepas analisadas, quatro foram consideradas formadoras de biofilme em diferentes superfícies. Os resultados mostraram variação entre as superfícies, sendo que mais de uma cepa formou biofilme na superfície do opérculo de M. furnieri e do polietileno de alta densidade. Um isolado formou biofilme em vidro e um em aço inoxidável. Nenhum isolado formou biofilme na carapaça de camarão. O sanitizante reduziu a formação do biofilme em todas as superfícies. Conclui-se que os isolados de V. parahaemolyticus apresentam distinta capacidade de formar biofilme em diferentes superfícies e que o hipoclorito de sódio na concentração de 20 partes por milhão (20ppm) de Cl2, embora não elimine as bactérias que se encontram em biofilme, reduz a sua população.

RESUMO

The routine use of antimicrobials in animal production for the treatment of infections, disease prevention, or as growth promoters is a predisposing factor for the development and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. In food industries, sanitizers are used for the control of microbial colonization, and their efficacy depends on contact time and on the dilution of the products used. The present study assessed the effect of 12 antimicrobials and four commercial sanitizers on 18 Salmonella spp. strains isolated from poultry processing plants. None of the evaluated antimicrobials was 100% effective against the tested Salmonella spp. strains; however, 94% of the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, 77% to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid and to ampicillin, and 72% to enrofloxacin, whereas 100% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin G, 16% to tetracycline, and 11% to sulfonamide. The tested Salmonella spp. strains were 100% inhibited by peracetic acid after five minutes of contact, 0.5% by quaternary ammonium after 15 minutes, and 85.7% by chlorhexidine after 15 minutes. The results indicate the importance of testing of efficacy of antimicrobials used in animal production and in public health to monitor their action and the development of resistance.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The routine use of antimicrobials in animal production for the treatment of infections, disease prevention, or as growth promoters is a predisposing factor for the development and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. In food industries, sanitizers are used for the control of microbial colonization, and their efficacy depends on contact time and on the dilution of the products used. The present study assessed the effect of 12 antimicrobials and four commercial sanitizers on 18 Salmonella spp. strains isolated from poultry processing plants. None of the evaluated antimicrobials was 100% effective against the tested Salmonella spp. strains; however, 94% of the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, 77% to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid and to ampicillin, and 72% to enrofloxacin, whereas 100% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin G, 16% to tetracycline, and 11% to sulfonamide. The tested Salmonella spp. strains were 100% inhibited by peracetic acid after five minutes of contact, 0.5% by quaternary ammonium after 15 minutes, and 85.7% by chlorhexidine after 15 minutes. The results indicate the importance of testing of efficacy of antimicrobials used in animal production and in public health to monitor their action and the development of resistance.(AU)

Assuntos