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Landfills are sources of soil, water, and air pollution due to the release of toxic compounds such as metals and metalloids. In both tropical and temperate environments, scavenger birds such as the Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus) that have learned to use these sites as a feeding area are probably exposed to metals, metalloids and other "persistent bioaccumulative toxic substances (PBTs)" released in open dumpsite (OD) and sanitary landfill (SL). The objective of this study is to evaluate the presence and distribution of toxic metals (Al, Sn, Hg, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr) and As in OD and SL from urban, semi-urban and rural localities in Campeche, México, using molting feathers of C. atratus as bioindicators. A total of 125 Black Vulture primary and secondary wing feathers were collected from OD and SL. Metals were determined by voltammetry through acid digestion. The highest levels of metals occurred in landfills in urban, semi-urban, and rural localities. The elements with the highest concentrations were Al, with an average of 35.67 ± 33.51 µg g-1 from rural environments, and As, with 16.20 ± 30.06 µg g-1 from the urban localities. Mercury was the only element that had a very homogeneous distribution between the three environments we studied. In general, Pb, Hg, Cu and Cd were the elements that presented the lowest concentrations with 0.32 ± 0.35, 0.16 ± 0.22, 0.14 ± 0.31 and 0.06 ± 0.10 µg g-1, respectively regardless of any particular location or environment. Black Vultures from dumpsites are good bioindicators of what humans consume in urban, semi-urban, and rural environments. However, the conservation of vultures is of great importance since these scavenger birds perform ecosystem services by feeding on decomposing organic material.

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In this study, a stochastic model was applied to investigate the degradation of landfill leachate by solar photo-Fenton processes. The coefficient of determination (R2) between experimental and predicted data ranged from 0.9958-0.9995. The optimal conditions for the initial phase (lasting 5-22 min) were high Fe2+ level, low pH level, and intermediate H2O2 level. For the second phase, optimal leachate degradation percentages were obtained by maintaining the pH, increasing H2O2, and decreasing Fe2+ to the lowest level. Determination of optimal reaction conditions (such as pH, Fe2+, and H2O2 values) for both degradation phases is of paramount importance for process scale-up. The major contribution of this study was the development of a tool that considers the effects of one or more reactions on organic carbon degradation. This was achieved by assessing the significance of the effects of experimental conditions on model parameters for the fast and slow steps of leachate degradation by advanced oxidation processes.

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Aim of study: identify consultation reasons, experiences with seeking dermatological assistance and skin care strategies within neighbours from an urban deprived settlement in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. This setting lies onto a sanitary landfill with a high index of environmental contamination. Materials and methods: a dermatological health care team from the main local hospital designed a dermatological assistance device (DAD), in cooperation with social leaders and institutions of the neighborhood. The DADs included walks around the neighborhood for attending those who could not get a consultation. The experiences were evaluated through a qualitative research strategy, developed from the theoretical framework of Sociocultural Epidemiology. Those who attended the DADs were interviewed. Ethnographic field notes were also recorded. Multiple accessibility barriers to the public health care system were identified and self care practices were also recognized. Results: The most frequent consultations to the DADs were for "pimples", "stains'' and "lumps" on exposed areas of the skin. These lesions generated discomfort or pain, or even affected the interviewees aesthetically or emotionally. Most of them were associated to extremely dry skin and a high sun exposure, in connection with the lack of shade in the neighbourhood. An initiative to plant trees was promoted in order to prevent sun radiation-induced dermatoses. Conclusion: the reflective immersion of the dermatology team in the realm of the neighborhood daily life enabled the development of attention strategies grounded on the perceived needs of the population.

Objetivo: analizar motivos de consulta, experiencias y formas de atención de las afecciones dermatológicas de la población de un asentamiento de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, ubicado sobre un relleno sanitario con altos índices de contaminación ambiental. Materiales y métodos: investigación cualitativa, mediante entrevistas en profundidad a vecinos/as y elaboración de registros etnográficos de las recorridas. La investigación se realizó en el contexto de un dispositivo de atención dermatológica, planificado en conjunto con referentes barriales, bajo el marco teórico de la Epidemiología Sociocultural. Resultados: se identificaron múltiples barreras de accesibilidad a la atención dermatológica en el sistema público de salud, y prácticas de autoatención como el uso de cremas, medidas de higiene y uso de elementos de protección personal para trabajos que significaban un riesgo para la salud. Las consultas al dispositivo más frecuentes fueron "granos", "manchas", "bultitos" en zonas visibles del cuerpo, que generaban molestia, dolor y/o afectaban estética y emocionalmente a lo/as entrevistado/as. Estas consultas se relacionaban principalmente con piel extremadamente seca y patologías por alta exposición solar, coincidiendo con la escasez de sombra en el barrio. Para prevenir patologías relacionadas a la exposición solar, se impulsó una iniciativa para plantar árboles. Conclusión: a partir de la inmersión reflexiva del equipo de atención, en las experiencias de atención de lo/as habitantes del barrio, se desplegaron estrategias según las necesidades percibidas por la población.

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The inadequate disposal of solid waste, a common practice in developing countries, can represent an important pollution source since the closure of these deposits typically does not include the adoption of monitoring, isolation, or remediation techniques. Even so, several disposal areas are abandoned, without performing long-term monitoring in order to evaluate the depletion of contaminants' concentrations. This research aimed at comparing current and historical physicochemical data of water resources surrounding a non-sanitary landfill situated in a Guarani Aquifer recharge zone. The primary objective was to recognize whether significant changes in contaminants concentrations occurred, as well as if the area still poses a significant threat to the environment, 20 years after ending disposing activities. Samples from eight monitoring wells and three surface water points (upstream and downstream to the deposit) were evaluated in the periods of 1996-1997 and 2016-2019. The parameters pH, electrical conductivity (EC), alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), chloride, nitrate, iron, manganese, calcium, and magnesium were investigated. Contamination has been detected in the landfill surroundings since the ending of the waste disposal (1996-1997), even though its intensity reduced within short distances from the waste mass. Nevertheless, no statistical variation occurred in 20 years' time considering COD, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and ORP. Moreover, increases of EC, pH, alkalinity, iron, and manganese concentrations were observed for the years of 2016-2019. The results indicate that the evaluated contaminants do not suffer depletion in the surroundings of non-sanitary landfills in sandy aquifers, considering a time span of 20 years. This study also suggests that those areas need to be adequately remediated to permit other future land uses.

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Despite environmental regulations in Ecuador, particularly in the Province of Azuay, the solid waste final disposal management is still a socio-environmental problem, worsened by weak governance processes. The province has three sanitary landfills with almost expired service lives. The site selection was based on circumstantial reasons, which makes landfills more likely to cause environmental pollution and, therefore, have negative implications for public health. The largest landfill serves Cuenca and also leases service to other small cities. The remaining two are small and, accordingly, have limited technology and fewer resources. In this context, the main aim of this study is to evaluate the terrain of the province to find the most suitable area for landfill siting. A multi-criteria decision analysis, integrated with a geographical information system and analytical hierarchy process methodology, was conducted. Fourteen factors and seven constraints were simultaneously analysed, divided into technical, environmental, social, and economic categories; 15 of these criteria were from the Ecuadorian Unified Text of the Secondary Legislation of the Environmental Ministry. According to the results, 76.17% of the territory is not suitable for landfill implementation, and the unrestricted area represents the remaining 23.83%. The highest landfill suitability index (70-81%) is located in the south of the province in Santa Isabel, Oña, and Nabón cantons, which are dry and clay-rich areas.

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Natural effluents with marked variation in their chemical composition over decomposition time in the matrix from which they are generated have a complex composition and are not totally known in most cases. Landfill leachate can be considered an effluent with complex composition, requiring imminent and more comprehensive studies on organic load degradation. Such complexity of numerous organic compounds (most of them recalcitrant humic and fulvic substances) demands a large number of kinetic equations to satisfactorily describe the temporal evolution of such conversion. Thereby, this work aims to study a kinetic approach grounded on previously consolidated chemical reactions of radical generation through the photo-Fenton mechanism. A molar balance was developed for each species in a batch photo-Fenton process and the resulting ordinary differential equations were numerically solved in MATLABTM. The kinetic model satisfactorily described an organic load conversion of the effluent under the various experimental conditions studied herein. Experimental trends could be represented by a free-radical mechanism and a degradation rate equation of first order for organic carbon, hydroxyl radical and H+. The model fittings revealed a hydroxyl radical/organic carbon stoichiometric ratio of 2:1. The kinetic study has confirmed the importance of pH levels for the reaction medium, and indicated that degradation rate depends on the medium organic composition, which provided an exponential function of conversion for the degradation rate coefficient. The model simulations corroborated the positive effect of sunlight on the radical generation through [Formula: see text] decomposition reaction with a rate coefficient in the range 4 × 10-3-2 × 10-1 s-1.

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RESUMO O aproveitamento do biogás gerado a partir da decomposição da matéria orgânica dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU), além de ser uma fonte renovável de energia, também contribui com a redução do lançamento de metano e do dióxido de carbono (CO2) na atmosfera, que são importantes gases de efeito estufa (GEE). No entanto, o biogás é pouco explorado no país e seu potencial continua sendo controverso, principalmente devido às diferentes metodologias de avaliação adotadas. A pesquisa realizada mostra que, entre 2004 e 2015, foram implantadas nos aterros de resíduos do País somente 9 usinas termelétricas, que juntas geram 86,3 MW de energia elétrica, e duas usinas que produzem biometano. Considerando as estimativas existentes, o Brasil explora somente de 7 a 20% do biogás produzido nos aterros de resíduos para fins energéticos.

ABSTRACT The use of biogas generated by the decomposition of organic matter from urban solid waste, besides being a renewable source of energy, also contributes to the reduction of the methane and carbon dioxide's release into the atmosphere, which are significant greenhouse effect gases (GHG). However, biogas is little explored in the country and its potential remains controversial, mainly due to the different adopted methodologies of evaluation. This research shows that, between 2004 and 2015, only nine thermoelectric plants were implanted in waste landfills in the country, which together generated 86.3MW of electricity and two plants that produced biomethane. Considering the existing estimates, Brazil exploits only 7 to 20% of the biogas produced in landfills for energy purposes.

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The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) presents an ever increasing and more complex challenge in global terms. The disposal of MSW in landfills generates leachate, a liquid highly polluting to the aquatic environment. This review describes the state-of-the-art approaches to treatments applied to leachate in Brazil, highlighting the new technologies and alternatives that are still in the research phase, and compares the leachate treatment technologies applied around the world with the current scenario in Brazil. In Brazilian landfills, along with other technologies, the biological process is commonly applied, since this is a simple and economical approach and often it is the only technique used in small municipalities. The sanitary landfills in large Brazilian cities located in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, invest in or outsource landfill activities, where apply advanced treatment technologies, such as membrane filtration. The use of membrane filtration technology in these cases reveals similarities with leachate treatments applied in the developed countries of North America and Europe. Brazilian researchers have highlighted the need to use efficient and economically viable technologies for the treatment of leachate in Brazilian landfills. However, the current scenario of MSW management in Brazil shows deficiencies related to the monitoring of sanitary landfills and limited information is available on the performance of leachate treatment systems.

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The appropriate treatment of sanitary landfill leachate is one of the greatest challenges nowadays due to the large volumes of solid waste generated. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of different routes involving the integration of advanced oxidation processes based on Fenton's reagents (AOP-Fenton) and microfiltration (MF) and nanofiltration (NF) membrane processes for the treatment of landfill leachate. MF module configuration (submerged or sidestream) and MF and NF recovery rate were evaluated. The combination of AOP-Fenton, MF and NF proved to be an effective treatment for landfill leachate. High removal efficiencies of chemical oxidation demand (94-96%) and colour (96-99%) were obtained. The configuration named route 3, composed of MF of raw landfill leachate (MF1), POA-Fenton-MF2 of the MF1 concentrate and NF of both MF1 and MF2 permeates, showed a higher global water recovery and was responsible for lower waste generation. It was considered the best one in terms of environmental, technical and economical aspects.

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Sanitary landfill remains the most common methodology for final treatment and disposal of municipal solid waste worldwide, the cost per tonne depends on its scale. The bigger the landfill, the cheaper the cost of treatment, so the consortium of municipalities is the solution to achieve an economic scale. However, the growth of waste production introduces pressure for adequate solutions and therefore has been increasing sanitary landfill site selection studies. This study proposes a methodology for siting sanitary landfills and optimising the transport of municipal solid waste for a locality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Environmental, social, and economic criteria were established. Their correlated attributes were categorised into suitability levels and weighted according to multiple decision analysis. The data were organised and mapped within a geographic information system. Considering sites where landfills are prohibited, two scenarios were generated. The Mixed-Integer Quadratic Programming mathematical model is used to minimise the costs of transporting municipal solid waste and operating sanitary landfills. In Scenario 1, the results indicated that 64% of the area was suitable as a potential sanitary landfill site, 9% of the area exhibited medium suitability, and 27% of the area was classified as restricted. In Scenario 2, the results indicated that 25% of the area was suitable as a potential sanitary landfill site, 4% of the area had medium suitability, and 71% of the area was classified as restricted. The optimal solutions for Scenario 1 and Scenario 2 enabled sites to be determined for five landfills and four landfills, respectively.

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. Objetivo: Discutir a importância do Plano de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos para o pagamento de passivos ambientais de lixões e aterros relacionados com danos à saúde dos catadores de material reciclável expostos à patógenos, gases, pragas, acidentes, insolação etc. durante a operação da atividade. Metodologia: Foi escolhida a abordagem qualitativa e o método hipotético-dedutivo. Foi realizado um levantamento de dados provenientes de revisão bibliográfica. Utilizou-se o método de estudo de caso do Aterro do Jóquei Clube da Estrutural, em desativação. Resultados: A questão dos riscos e danos à saúde de catadores de material reciclável associados às más condições de lixões e aterros, mesmo os sanitários, é relevante no Distrito Federal e suas consequências podem ser sentidas no aumento de demandas ao sistema público de saúde. Conclusão: Indica-se a necessidade do fortalecimento do PGIRS, como instrumento de Gestão Ambiental de Resíduos Sólidos.

Objective: To discuss the importance of the Solid Waste Management Integrated Plan for the payment of environmental liabilities of dumps and landfills related to health damages to recyclable waste collectors exposed to pathogens, gases, pests, accidents, sunshine, etc. during the operation of the activity. Methodology: The qualitative approach and the hypothetical-deductive method were chosen. A survey of data from a literature review was carried out. We used the case study method of Jockey's Landfill Club of the Structural, in deactivation. Results: The question of the risks and damages to the health of recyclable waste collectors associated to the bad conditions of dumps and landfills, even the sanitary ones, is relevant in the Federal District and its consequences can be felt in the increase of demands to the public health system. Conclusion: It is indicated the need to strengthen the PGIRS, as an instrument for the Environmental Management of Solid Waste

Objetivo: Discutir la importancia del Plan para la Gestión Integrada de Residuos Sólidos para el pago de pasivos ambientales de basurales y vertederos relacionados con daños a la salud de los recolectores de material reciclable expuestos a patógenos, gases, plagas, accidentes, insolación, etc. durante la operación de la actividad. Metodología: Se eligió el enfoque cualitativo y el método hipotético-deductivo. Se realizó un levantamiento de datos provenientes de revisión bibliográfica. Se utilizó el método de estudio de caso del Aterro del Jockey Club de la Estructura, en desactivación. Resultados: La cuestión de los riesgos y daños a la salud de recolectores de material reciclable asociados a las malas condiciones de basurales y vertederos, incluso los sanitarios, es relevante en el Distrito Federal y sus consecuencias pueden ser sentidas en el aumento de demandas al sistema público de salud. Conclusión: Se indica la necesidad del fortalecimiento del PGIRS, como instrumento de Gestión Ambiental de Residuos Sólidos

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Sanitary landfill leachate is one of the major problems arising from disposal of urban waste. Sanitary landfill leachate may, however, have use in agriculture. This study, therefore, aimed to analyze initial plant growth and gas exchange in sunflower seedlings supplemented with sanitary landfill leachate and subjected to drought stress through variables of root fresh mass (RFM), shoot fresh mass (SFM), total fresh mass (TFM), relative chlorophyll content (CL), stomatal conductance (g s ), transpiration rate (E), net photosynthetic rate (A), ratio of internal to external CO2 concentration (Ci/Ca),water use efficiency (EUA), instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (A/Ci), and electron transport rate (ETR). The experimental design was a completely randomized 2 (irrigated and non-irrigated) × 4 (sand, sand + 100 kg N ha-1 organic fertilizer, sand + 100 kg N ha-1 sanitary landfill leachate, and sand + 150 kg N ha-1 sanitary landfill leachate) factorial with five replicates. Under drought stress conditions, leachate treatment supplemented with 100 kg N ha-1 exhibited higher plant fresh weights than those of the treatment containing 150 kg N ha-1. Increases in fresh mass in plant treatments supplemented with 100 and 150 kg N ha-1 sanitary landfill leachate were related to higher photosynthetic rates.

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This study aimed to determine theoretically, the electrical optimum power of LFG using the maximum net benefit (MNB) methodology, and taking into consideration the economic, demographic, and regional aspects of the Inter municipal Consortium of the Micro-region of the High Sapucaí for Sanitary Landfill (CIMASAS, as acronym in Portuguese), that is located in the southern part of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. To this end, the prognosis for a 20-year period of household solid waste generation in this region was estimated and quantified based on population data, in order to estimate the LFG production and the energy that can be generated. From this point, the optimum power for thermal power plant (TPP) by LFG was determined. The results indicated that the landfill in this region could produce more 66,293,282m3CH4 (with maximum power of 997kW in 2036) in twenty years and that there would be no economic viability to generate energy from LFG, because the Net Present Value (NPV) would not be positive. The smallest population to that can achieve a minimum attractiveness rate (MAR) of 15% should be 3,700,000 inhabitants under the conditions studied. Considering the Brazilian National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL) Resolutions, it would be 339,000 inhabitants with an installed power of 440kW. In addition, the outcome of the CIMASAS case-study demonstrated the applicability of MNB methodology for the determination of TPP optimum power.

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RESUMO A disposição final inadequada dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) em lixões é realizada em 60% dos municípios brasileiros. Ademais, a escolha das áreas para a implantação desses depósitos, comumente, não leva em consideração as restrições legais vigentes. Na Zona da Mata mineira, esse fator é agravado pela existência de extensas áreas de preservação permanente, que implica em reduzido número de áreas disponíveis para tratamento de resíduos. O consórcio intermunicipal, como forma de gestão compartilhada, é considerado uma alternativa prevista em lei para regularizar essa situação. Para nortear o consorciamento, a Fundação Estadual do Meio Ambiente (FEAM), por meio do Sistema Estadual de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos (SISEMA), subdividiu o estado em arranjos territoriais ótimos (ATOs). Considerando que as formas adequadas de tratamento de RSU mais adotadas no Brasil são aterros sanitários e usinas de triagem e compostagem, este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar áreas para a implantação de aterros sanitários e usinas de triagem e compostagem na Zona da Mata. Ademais, foi realizado o cálculo estimado das áreas requeridas para atender aos ATOs através de consórcios e o número de áreas existentes que atendessem à extensão mínima calculada. Para tanto, foi construída uma extensa base de dados para a identificação das áreas restritas legalmente e realização de análises espaciais multicritério utilizando os softwares de geoprocessamento ArcGIS e IDRISI Taiga. As análises resultaram em número reduzido de áreas passíveis de serem utilizadas para o tratamento de resíduos dificultando, assim, a utilização dos ATOs como referência para a gestão de RSU.

ABSTRACT Inappropriate solid waste disposal is found in 60% of Brazilian cities and, in most cases, site selection does not follow legal or regulatory restrictions. In the Zona da Mata region, southeast Brazil, this process is still more problematic because of the large permanent protection areas, which results in a low number of available areas for waste treatment. Considering multiple cities consortium as an alternative to ensure solid waste disposal sites in Minas Gerais state, the Minas Gerais Environmental Foundation (FEAM), using the State System of Environment and Water Resources (SISEMA), subdivided the state in optimum territorial arrangements (ATOs), which comprise units to be used in waste management shared by the cities within each ATO. Considering that the most adopted forms for appropriate solid waste treatment in Brazil are landfills and plants for sorting and composting, this study aimed to determine suitable areas for landfill and plants for waste sorting and composting in the Zona da Mata region. Furthermore, site surface sizes to each ATO were calculated and the number of suitable areas for each ATO was determined. A detailed and extensive database was generated by collecting spatial information that could be used in geoprocessing softwares (ArcGIS and IDRISI Taiga) to develop spatial analysis. In general, the analysis resulted in a reduced number of suitable sites, thus making it difficult to use ATOs in shared waste management.

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RESUMO: Introdução: A prevalência de acidentes de trabalho no Brasil é elevada, tendo impactos no sistema de saúde e na Previdência Social e requerem ações de prevenção, as quais devem ser iniciadas com estudantes da Educação Básica. Objetivo: Foi estimado o conhecimento sobre acidentes de trabalho, antes e depois de atividades de educação para a saúde, entre escolares que residem em área impactada por um aterro sanitário. Métodos: Foi realizado em 2013 um estudo transversal que incluiu a aplicação de um mesmo questionário entre alunos matriculados numa escola da rede municipal de Cuiabá-MT, Brasil, antes e depois de atividades de educação para a saúde voltadas para a definição dos acidentes de trabalho. Procedeu-se análise univariada de frequências absolutas e relativas e análise bivariada utilizando o Teste do χ2 e o Teste Exato de Fisher, com nível de 0,05 de significância e IC95%. Resultado: Verificou-se aumento estatisticamente significativo do conhecimento sobre acidente de trabalho de uma fase para outra do programa (p < 0,05). Conclusão: As atividades desenvolvidas evidenciaram a escola como espaço privilegiado para a valorização e a sistematização de saberes advindo da realidade dos escolares.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: The prevalence of occupational accidents is very high in Brazil, having impacts on the health system and social security. This requires prevention, which must start with students of the Basic Education. Objectives: The knowledge on this kind of accidents among children and adolescents studying in an area near a sanitary landfill was evaluated, before and after the development of activities on health education. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2013 and included the application of the same questionnaire among students from a school in Cuiabá-MT, Brazil, before and after educational health activities related to the definition of occupational accidents. Univariate analyses of absolute and relative frequencies and bivariate analyses using the χ2 Test and Fisher's Exact Test were performed with a significance level of 0.05 and 95%CI. Results: There was a statistically significant increase of the knowledge on these types of accidents after the educational activities (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The activities carried out indicate that schools are important for the development and systematization of knowledge arising from reality.

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Objetivo: Realizar la comparación de las metodologías mexicano, EPA e IPCC para la estimación de biogás en un horizonte de predicción de 20 años, aplicado en un caso de estudio, en el relleno sanitario doña Juana, Bogotá, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo para el desarrollo de la predicción de las metodologías, examinando la información secundaria obtenida de los datos iniciales de producción de Biogás en el relleno sanitario, dentro de un fenómeno homogéneo. Resultados: La producción promedio de biogás (m3/año) para los métodos de mexicano, EPA e IPCC, es de 2.48E+05, 2.14E+05 y 6.71E+05, respectivamente. El método con menor desviación estándar y error cuadrático medio es el mexicano. Conclusiones: La aplicación de los modelos de la EPA, Mexicano e IPCC en la estimación del biogás en un relleno sanitario, considera que la tendencia de los dos primeros métodos expuestos, es exponencial decreciente, mientras que el IPPC presenta tendencia exponencial creciente, evaluados en un periodo de predicción de 20 años. Con la determinación de la cantidad de biogás por las diferentes metodologías, se reduce la posibilidad de exposición del riesgo de largo plazo de efectos adversos en la salud pública de la comunidad adyacente a los rellenos sanitarios.

Objective: Compare the Mexican, EPA and IPCC methodologies for estimating biogas in a prediction horizon of 20 years applied in a case study in the landfill Doña Juana in Bogotá, Colombia. Materials and methods: A descriptive study for the development of prediction methodologies was carried out by examining the secondary information obtained from the initial data biogas production in the landfill, within a homogeneous phenomenon. Results: The average production of biogas (m3 / year) for Mexican, EPA and IPCC methods is 2.48E + 05, 2.14e + 05 and 6.71E + 05, respectively. The method with lower standard deviation and root mean square error is the Mexican. Conclusions: The application of the EPA, Mexican and IPCC models in the estimation of biogas in a landfill, believes that the trend of the first two exposed methods exhibit is decreasing exponentially, while the IPPC has exponentially growing trend, evaluated for a prediction period of 20 years. With the determination of the amount of biogas by different methodologies, the possibility of exposure of risk in the long term with adverse effects on public health of the adjacent community landfills is reduced.

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RESUMO: Considerando as diretrizes de gestão e gerenciamento da Política Nacional dos Resíduos Sólidos e a necessidade de uma visão ampla da problemática dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, este artigo propôs uma metodologia qualitativa de análise regional dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, baseada em um índice aplicado como ferramenta de planejamento. Apresentou-se, também, um panorama dos resíduos sólidos urbanos gerados no estado de São Paulo. Para o desenvolvimento do método, foram usados dados de geração de resíduos, população e desenvolvimento humano. Planilhas de cálculo e sistema de informações geográficas foram empregadas como ferramentas. Um índice de adequação do gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos foi gerado a partir da atribuição de pesos para variáveis de população, geração de resíduos sólidos urbanos, coleta seletiva e dos resíduos de serviço de saúde e participação em consórcios intermunicipais. Foi obtida uma equação para estimativa da geração de resíduos sólidos urbanos em função da população do estado de São Paulo, com R²=0,9977. O índice de adequação do gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos não apresentou tendência espacial, mas possibilitou identificar municípios com maiores problemas na gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Uma análise dos aterros regionais foi realizada, os quais, em sua maioria, estão localizados próximos aos municípios de maior porte do estado de São Paulo. Existe necessidade de aumentar a quantidade de aterros regionais próximos aos municípios de menor porte da parte Oeste do estado. A metodologia do índice de adequação do gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos se mostrou adequada para uma análise regional da problemática de resíduos, podendo ser adaptada para outras áreas de estudo, em regiões administrativas diversificadas. Não foi encontrada correlação entre os dados de geração e de desenvolvimento humano.

ABSTRACT: Given the guidelines for management and administration of the Brazilian Policy for Solid Waste, as well as the need for a broad view of the problematics regarding municipal solid waste, this article proposed a qualitative methodology of regional analysis of municipal solid waste, based on an index used as a planning tool. An overview of the municipal solid waste generated in the state of São Paulo was presented, since it was the area under study. Data for waste generation, population and human development were used for the method development. Measurement spreadsheets and geographic information system were used as tools. An adequacy index of municipal solid waste management (IMSWM) was generated based on weight attribution for variables of population, municipal solid waste generation, selective collection, collection of waste from healthcare services, and participation in municipal consortia. An equation for estimating the generation of municipal solid waste based on the population of the state of São Paulo was obtained, with R²=0.9977. The adequacy index of municipal solid waste management did not show a spatial trend, though it was possible to identify municipalities with greater problems regarding the municipal solid waste management. An analysis of regional landfills was carried out. Most of those from the state of São Paulo are located close to larger municipalities. There is a need of increasing the amount of regional landfills closer to smaller municipalities in the Western part of the state. The methodology of adequacy index of municipal solid waste management seemed adequate for a regional analysis of the waste problematics. It can be adapted to other study areas, in different regions, in several administrative divisions. No correlation between data generation and human development was found.

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The inadequate disposal of leachate is one of the key factors in the environmental impact of urban solid waste landfills in Brazil. Among the compounds present in the leachates from Brazilian landfills, ammonia nitrogen is notable for its high concentrations. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficiency of a permeable reactive barrier filled with a natural zeolite, which is part of a biochemical system for the tertiary treatment of the leachate from Muribeca Municipal Solid Waste Landfill in Pernambuco, Brazil, to reduce its ammonia nitrogen concentration. This investigation initially consisted of kinetic studies and batch equilibrium tests on the natural zeolite to construct the sorption isotherms, which showed a high sorption capacity, with an average of 12.4 mg NH4+.L(-1), a value close to the sorption rates found for the aqueous ammonium chloride solution. A permeable reactive barrier consisting of natural zeolite, as simulated by the column test, was efficient in removing the ammonia nitrogen present in the leachate pretreated with calcium hydroxide. Nevertheless, the regenerated zeolite did not satisfactorily maintain the sorption properties of the natural zeolite, and an analysis of their cation-exchange properties showed a reduced capacity of 54 meq per 100 g for the regenerated zeolite compared to 150 meq per 100 g for the natural zeolite.

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The sanitary landfill leachate is a dark liquid, of highly variable composition, with recalcitrant features that hamper conventional biological treatment. The physical-chemical characteristics of the leachate along the landfill aging, as well as their effects on the efficiency of the conventional treatment, were evaluated at this paper. The feasibility of photoelectrooxidation process as an alternative technique for treatment of landfill leachates was also determined. Photoelectrooxidation experiments were conducted in a bench-scale reactor. Analysis of the raw leachate revealed many critical parameters demonstrating that the recalcitrance of leachate tends to increase with time, directly influencing the decline in efficiency of the conventional treatment currently employed. The effects of current density and lamp power were investigated. Using a 400 W power lamp and a current density of 31.5 mA cm(-)(2), 53% and 61% efficiency for the removal of ammoniacal nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand were respectively achieved by applying photoelectrooxidation process. With the removal of these pollutants, downstream biological treatment should be improved. These results demonstrate that photoelectrooxidation is a feasible technique for the treatment of sanitary landfill leachate, even considering this effluent's high resistance to treatment.

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Introducción: Son variadas las experiencias de desarrollo y salud ambiental en zonas impactadas por vertederos sanitarios en Bogotá y en el mundo. Por ello, el presente estudio se propone recoger dichas experiencias, analizarlas y debatir respecto a esta temática, con un especial énfasis en la zona aledaña al relleno sanitario Doña Juana, en Usme, Bogotá. Objetivo: Plantear una discusión acerca del desarrollo y la salud ambiental en zonas impactadas por vertederos sanitarios en Bogotá y en el mundo. Métodos: Estudio de tipo descriptivo, con enfoque cualitativo, que partió de antecedentes respecto a zonas aledañas a vertederos sanitarios a escala mundial, local y municipal, con la posterior identificación de instrumentos de gestión ambiental y de gestión en salud para el desarrollo y el manejo del impacto de estas zonas frente a comunidades cercanas. Resultados: En diferentes países, ciudades, localidades, e, incluso, en la zona aledaña al relleno sanitario Doña Juana, en Bogotá, se utilizan múltiples enfoques para el desarrollo de zonas impactadas por los rellenos sanitarios, con base en lineamientos de organismos multilaterales como la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (onu), la Agencia de Protección Ambiental, el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo y la Comunidad Económica Europea. Conclusiones: Persisten experiencias de desarrollo en zonas impactadas por vertederos sanitarios con un bajo o nulo desarrollo, caracterizadas por la marginalidad y la discriminación hacia las personas que reciclan o viven cerca de estos lugares, así como otras muy progresistas, que emplean tecnologías avanzadas para afrontar las condiciones socioeconómicas y ambientales de dichas zonas.

Introduction: The experiences of development and environmental health in areas impacted by sanitary landfills globally and locally are varied. Therefore, this study aims to collect these experiences, analyze and debate on this subject, with particular emphasis on the area surrounding the Doña Juana landfill in Usme, Bogotá. Objective: Conduct a discussion about development and environmental health in areas impacted by sanitary landfills in a global and local context. Methods: It is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach, which started with background regarding areas surrounding landfills at a global, local and municipal level, with subsequent identification of instruments of environmental management and health management for the development and management of impact of these areas against surrounding communities. Results: In different countries, cities, towns and even the area surrounding the Doña Juana landfill in Bogotá, multiple approaches are used for the development of areas impacted by sanitary landfills, based on guidelines of multilateral organizations like the united nations, the environmental protection agency, the inter-american development bank or the european economic community. Conclusions: Development experiences persist in areas impacted by landfills with a low or no development, this is characterized by marginalization and discrimination against people who recycle or live near these places, as well as other very progressive who employ advanced technologies to address the socio-economic and environmental conditions of these areas.

Introdução: São várias as experiências de desenvolvimento e saúde ambiental em áreas impactadas por aterros sanitários de nível mundial e local. Portanto, este estudo tem como objetivo recolher essas experiências, analisar e debater sobre este assunto, com particular ênfase para a área circundante do aterro sanitário Doña Juana en usme Bogotá. Objetivo: Realizar uma discussão sobre desenvolvimento e saúde ambiental em áreas impactadas por aterros sanitários de contexto mundial e local. Métodos: É um estudo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, que partiu dos antecedentes sobre as áreas circundantes dos aterros sanitários de nível mundial, local e municipal, com posterior identificação dos instrumentos de gestão ambiental e gestão em saúde para o desenvolvimento e administração do impacto dessas áreas frente a comunidades vizinhas. Resultados: Em diferentes países, cidades, localidades e até mesmo nas áreas em torno do aterro sanitário Doña Juana, em Bogotá, utiliza-se múltiplas abordagens para o desenvolvimento de áreas impactadas por aterros sanitários com base em diretrizes de organizações multilaterais, como as nações unidas , a agência proteção ambiental, banco interamericano de desenvolvimento ou comunidade económica europeia. Conclusões: Persistem experiências de desenvolvimento em áreas impactadas por aterros sanitários com baixo ou nenhum desenvolvimento caracterizado pela marginalização e discriminação contra as pessoas que reciclam ou vivem perto destas áreas lugares, bem como em outras de maneira progressiva utilizam tecnologias avançadas para lidar com as condições sócias econômicas e ambientais nessas áreas.

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