RESUMO

This review aimed to clarify the mechanisms through which exogenous enzymes (carbohydrases and phytase) influence intestinal health, as well as their effects on the nutrients and energy matrix in diets fed to poultry and pigs reared under sanitary challenging conditions. Enzyme supplementation can positively affect intestinal microbiota, immune system, and enhance antioxidant status. Although enzymes have been shown to save energy and nutrients, their responses under sanitary challenging conditions are poorly documented. Immune system activation alters nutrient partitioning, which can affect the matrix values for exogenous enzymes on commercial farms. Notably, the carbohydrases and phytase supplementation under sanitary challenging conditions align with energy and nutritional valorization matrices. Studies conducted under commercial conditions have shown that matrices containing carbohydrases and phytase can maintain growth performance and health in poultry and pigs. However, these studies have predominantly focused on assessing a single level of reduction in energy and/or available phosphorus and total calcium, limiting our ability to quantify potential energy and nutrient savings in the diet. Future research should delve deeper into determining the extent of energy and nutrient savings and understanding the effects of alone or blended enzymes supplementation to achieve more specific insights.

RESUMO

Salmonella Typhimurium is the most frequent serovar in pigs and causes infections in humans. However, the dosage used for experimentation is not well defined. The present study aimed to evaluate a dosage for oral inoculation with Salmonella Typhimurium to assess immunological and growth performance alterations in pigs. Gilts were randomly allocated into one of three experimental treatments: no Salmonella Typhimurium inoculation (Basal), or oral inoculation of 1 × 108 or 1.5 × 108 colony-forming units of Salmonella Typhimurium. Growth rate, rectal temperature, and fecal Salmonella shedding were recorded. Blood samples were taken. Inoculated pigs shed the bacteria for up to 7 days, but no differences were observed between the groups. No differences were observed in rectal temperature, body weight, or average daily feed intake. However, reductions in average daily gain (-17 and -22%) and feed efficiency (-14 and -20%) were observed in pigs inoculated with 1 × 108 and 1.5 × 108 colony-forming units, respectively. The hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations increased in challenged pigs compared to Basal pigs. The oral dosage of 1.5 × 108 colony-forming units of Salmonella Typhimurium is suitable for activating the immune system of pigs and assessing the impact of Salmonella on pig performance.

RESUMO

In this study, the objective was to assess the growth performance, rectal microbiological profile, serum and immunological standards, and incidence of diarrhoea in piglets in the nursery phase fed diets with and without the addition of coated sodium butyrate 30% (SB). A total of 80 crossbred piglets (40 entire males and 40 females), with an average initial body weight of 9.47 ± 1.03 kg, were distributed in a randomised block design, with four treatments repeated twice in the two blocks and five piglets of the same gender per experimental unit. The treatments comprised a combination of two feeds, formulated based on corn and soybean meal with and without 0.1% SB inclusion as an additional product, and both genders, fed from of the pre-starter I diet. SB did not affect (p > 0.05) the growth performance and rectal microbiological profile of the piglets, but efficiently (p = 0.05) controlled the incidence of diarrhoea. The average values of the characteristics measured in the blood of the piglets were within the normal physiological parameters of the species. The inclusion of SB in commercial feed did not alter the growth performance and rectal microbiological profile of nursery piglets under low sanitary challenge conditions. However, the organic acid efficiently reduced gastrointestinal disorders that cause diarrhoea, with diarrhoea incidence rates of 2.68 and 4.46% for piglets fed with and without the inclusion of the additional organic acid, respectively.(AU)

Neste estudo, o objetivo foi o de avaliar o desempenho zootécnico, o perfil microbiológico retal, padrões imunológicos e no soro, e a incidência de diarreia em leitões na fase de creche alimentados com dietas adicionadas ou não do butirato de sódio 30% revestido (BS). Um total de 80 leitões mestiços (40 machos inteiros e 40 fêmeas), com um peso corporal médio inicial de 9,47 ± 1,03 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos repetidos duas vezes nos dois blocos e cinco suínos de mesmo sexo por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de duas rações formuladas à base de milho e farelo de soja, com e sem inclusão de 0,1% de BS como produto adicional, e dois sexos, alimentados a partir da dieta pré-inicial I. Não houve efeito (p > 0,05) do BS no desempenho zootécnico e no perfil microbiológico retal dos leitões, mas houve eficiência do BS (p = 0,05) no controle da incidência de diarreia. Os valores médios das características mensuradas no sangue dos leitões estão dentro dos parâmetros fisiológicos normais da espécie. A inclusão de BS em rações comerciais não altera o desempenho zootécnico e o perfil microbiológico retal de leitões na fase de creche sob condições de baixo desafio sanitário. Entretanto, o ácido orgânico é eficiente na redução de distúrbios gastrointestinais causadores de diarreia, com proporções de incidência de diarreia de 2,68% e 4,46% para leitões alimentados com e sem inclusão do ácido orgânico adicional, respectivamente.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

In this study, the objective was to assess the growth performance, rectal microbiological profile, serum and immunological standards, and incidence of diarrhoea in piglets in the nursery phase fed diets with and without the addition of coated sodium butyrate 30% (SB). A total of 80 crossbred piglets (40 entire males and 40 females), with an average initial body weight of 9.47 ± 1.03 kg, were distributed in a randomised block design, with four treatments repeated twice in the two blocks and five piglets of the same gender per experimental unit. The treatments comprised a combination of two feeds, formulated based on corn and soybean meal with and without 0.1% SB inclusion as an additional product, and both genders, fed from of the pre-starter I diet. SB did not affect (p > 0.05) the growth performance and rectal microbiological profile of the piglets, but efficiently (p = 0.05) controlled the incidence of diarrhoea. The average values of the characteristics measured in the blood of the piglets were within the normal physiological parameters of the species. The inclusion of SB in commercial feed did not alter the growth performance and rectal microbiological profile of nursery piglets under low sanitary challenge conditions. However, the organic acid efficiently reduced gastrointestinal disorders that cause diarrhoea, with diarrhoea incidence rates of 2.68 and 4.46% for piglets fed with and without the inclusion of the additional organic acid, respectively.

Neste estudo, o objetivo foi o de avaliar o desempenho zootécnico, o perfil microbiológico retal, padrões imunológicos e no soro, e a incidência de diarreia em leitões na fase de creche alimentados com dietas adicionadas ou não do butirato de sódio 30% revestido (BS). Um total de 80 leitões mestiços (40 machos inteiros e 40 fêmeas), com um peso corporal médio inicial de 9,47 ± 1,03 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos repetidos duas vezes nos dois blocos e cinco suínos de mesmo sexo por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de duas rações formuladas à base de milho e farelo de soja, com e sem inclusão de 0,1% de BS como produto adicional, e dois sexos, alimentados a partir da dieta pré-inicial I. Não houve efeito (p > 0,05) do BS no desempenho zootécnico e no perfil microbiológico retal dos leitões, mas houve eficiência do BS (p = 0,05) no controle da incidência de diarreia. Os valores médios das características mensuradas no sangue dos leitões estão dentro dos parâmetros fisiológicos normais da espécie. A inclusão de BS em rações comerciais não altera o desempenho zootécnico e o perfil microbiológico retal de leitões na fase de creche sob condições de baixo desafio sanitário. Entretanto, o ácido orgânico é eficiente na redução de distúrbios gastrointestinais causadores de diarreia, com proporções de incidência de diarreia de 2,68% e 4,46% para leitões alimentados com e sem inclusão do ácido orgânico adicional, respectivamente.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Little is known about the toxicity of concomitantly occurring mycotoxins in pig diets. This study was conducted to evaluate, through meta-analysis, the individual and the combined effects of mycotoxins on pig performance. The meta-analysis followed three sequential analyses (graphical, correlation, and variance-covariance) based on a database composed of 85 published papers, 1,012 treatments and 13,196 animals. Contamination of diets with individual mycotoxins reduced (p<0.05) feed intake by 14 % and weight gain by 17 %, while combined mycotoxins reduced the same responses by 42 % and 45 %, respectively, in comparison with the non-challenged group. The correlation (p <0.05) between reduction in weight gain (G) and reduction in feed intake (FI) was 0.67 in individual challenges and 0.93 in combined challenges. The estimated G was 6 % in individual challenges and 7 % in combined challenges when FI was zero, suggesting an increase in the maintenance requirements of challenged animals. Most of G (58 % in individual challenges and 84 % in combined challenges) was attributed to the changes in feed efficiency. The association of mycotoxins enhances individual toxic effects and the FI is important in explaining the deleterious effects on the growth of challenged pigs.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Little is known about the toxicity of concomitantly occurring mycotoxins in pig diets. This study was conducted to evaluate, through meta-analysis, the individual and the combined effects of mycotoxins on pig performance. The meta-analysis followed three sequential analyses (graphical, correlation, and variance-covariance) based on a database composed of 85 published papers, 1,012 treatments and 13,196 animals. Contamination of diets with individual mycotoxins reduced (p<0.05) feed intake by 14 % and weight gain by 17 %, while combined mycotoxins reduced the same responses by 42 % and 45 %, respectively, in comparison with the non-challenged group. The correlation (p <0.05) between reduction in weight gain (G) and reduction in feed intake (FI) was 0.67 in individual challenges and 0.93 in combined challenges. The estimated G was 6 % in individual challenges and 7 % in combined challenges when FI was zero, suggesting an increase in the maintenance requirements of challenged animals. Most of G (58 % in individual challenges and 84 % in combined challenges) was attributed to the changes in feed efficiency. The association of mycotoxins enhances individual toxic effects and the FI is important in explaining the deleterious effects on the growth of challenged pigs.

Assuntos