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Objective: To describe the Factors to Effective Clinical Experience and Willingness to pursue Career in Rural Health Facilities among Nursing Students on Clinical Placement in southeast Nigeria. Methods: The study was conducted among 48 rural health centres and general hospitals with 528 respondents from different higher institutions of learning serving in these health facilities for their clinical experience. The study applied survey design and utilized questionnaire instrument for data collection. Results: Majority of the students (60%) agreed that their school lacked functional practical demonstration laboratory for students' clinical practice, 66.7% agreed that their school lab lacked large space for all the students to observe what is being taught, 79.9% that their school lab lacked enough equipment that can enable many students to practice procedures; majority of the students (79.9%) answered that the hospitals where they are on clinical placement lacked enough equipment needed for the students on each shift of practice, 59.9% agreed that student/client ratio in each ward during clinical experience periods was not enough for students' practice under supervision, while 73.3% indicated that their school lacked library with current nursing texts for references. Personal, socioeconomic and institutional factors explain the 76% of the variance of effective clinical experience and the 52% of the variance of the willingness to work in rural health facilities in the future if offered employment. Conclusion: The factors surrounding effective clinical experience in rural healthcare facilities in southeastern Nigeria are unfavorable and could discourage future nurses from working there. It is necessary to implement strategies to improve the management of these centers in order to promote the perspective of improving sustainable rural health in this region.

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Objective. To describe the Factors to Effective Clinical Experience and Willingness to pursue Career in Rural Health Facilities among Nursing Students on Clinical Placement in southeast Nigeria. Methods. The study was conducted among 48 rural health centres and general hospitals with 528 respondents from different higher institutions of learning serving in these health facilities for their clinical experience. The study applied survey design and utilized questionnaire instrument for data collection. Results. Majority of the students (60%) agreed that their school lacked functional practical demonstration laboratory for students' clinical practice, 66.7% agreed that their school lab lacked large space for all the students to observe what is being taught, 79.9% that their school lab lacked enough equipment that can enable many students to practice procedures; majority of the students (79.9%) answered that the hospitals where they are on clinical placement lacked enough equipment needed for the students on each shift of practice, 59.9% agreed that student/client ratio in each ward during clinical experience periods was not enough for students' practice under supervision, while 73.3% indicated that their school lacked library with current nursing texts for references. Personal, socioeconomic and institutional factors explain the 76% of the variance of effective clinical experience and the 52% of the variance of the willingness to work in rural health facilities in the future if offered employment. Conclusion. The factors surrounding effective clinical experience in rural healthcare facilities in southeastern Nigeria are unfavorable and could discourage future nurses from working there. It is necessary to implement strategies to improve the management of these centers in order to promote the perspective of improving sustainable rural health in this region.

Objetivo. Describir la experiencia clínica efectiva entre los estudiantes de enfermería en prácticas clínicas en las instalaciones sanitarias rurales en el sudeste de Nigeria. Métodos. Este estudio descriptivo se llevó a cabo entre 48 centros de salud rurales y hospitales generales con 528 encuestados de diferentes instituciones de enseñanza superior que prestaban servicio en estas instalaciones sanitarias para su experiencia clínica. Resultados. 60% de los estudiantes comentaron que su centro carecía de un laboratorio de simulación para las prácticas clínicas de los estudiantes, el 66.7% indicó que el laboratorio de su centro carecía de un espacio para que todos los estudiantes pudieran observar lo que se enseñaba. Un 79.9% indicó que el laboratorio de su centro no disponía de equipos suficientes para practicar los procedimientos, y otro porcentaje igual (79.9%) manifestaron que los hospitales carecían del equipo necesario para realizar adecuadamente las prácticas clínicas. El 59.9% indicaron que la razón de estudiantes por paciente en cada sala durante los periodos de experiencia clínica era insuficiente para que los estudiantes realizaran prácticas bajo supervisión, y el 73.3% indicaron que los recursos de la biblioteca en textos de enfermería eran insuficientes para sus necesidades. Los factores personales, socioeconómicos e institucionales explican el 76% de la varianza en la experiencia clínica efectiva y el 52% en la disposición a trabajar en centros sanitarios rurales en el futuro. Conclusión. Los factores que rodean la experiencia clínica efectiva en los centros sanitarios rurales del sudeste de Nigeria son desfavorables y podrían desanimar a los futuros enfermeros a trabajar en ellos. Es necesario implementar estrategias de mejoramiento de la gestión de estos centros con el fin de impulsar la perspectiva de mejorar la salud rural sostenible en esta región.

Objetivo. Descrever a experiência clínica eficaz entre estudantes de enfermagem em estágios clínicos em unidades de saúde rurais no sudeste da Nigéria (África). Métodos. Este estudo descritivo foi realizado em 48 centros de saúde rurais e hospitais gerais com 528 entrevistados de diferentes instituições de ensino superior que atendem essas unidades de saúde pela sua experiência clínica. Resultados. 60% dos alunos comentaram que seu centro não possuía laboratório de simulação para as práticas clínicas dos alunos, 66.7% indicaram que o laboratório de seu centro carecia de espaço para que todos os alunos pudessem observar o que estava sendo ensinado. 79.9% indicaram que o laboratório do seu centro não possuía equipamentos suficientes para a realização dos procedimentos e outro percentual igual (79.9%) afirmou que os hospitais não possuíam os equipamentos necessários para a realização adequada das práticas clínicas. 59.9% indicaram que a proporção de estudantes por pacientes em cada sala durante os períodos de experiência clínica era insuficiente para que os estudantes realizassem as práticas sob supervisão e 73.3% indicaram que os recursos da biblioteca em textos de enfermagem eram insuficientes para suas necessidades. Fatores pessoais, socioeconómicos e institucionais explicam 76% da variação na experiência clínica efetiva e 52% na vontade de trabalhar em centros de saúde rurais no futuro. Conclusão. Os fatores que rodeiam a experiência clínica eficaz em unidades de saúde rurais no sudeste da Nigéria são desfavoráveis e podem desencorajar futuros enfermeiros de trabalhar lá. É necessário implementar estratégias para melhorar a gestão destes centros, a fim de promover a perspectiva de melhorar a saúde rural sustentável nesta região.

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En la actualidad, la oferta de cuidados paliativos especializados ha sido superada por la demanda, por lo cual la atención a pacientes con enfermedades en estado terminal o en fase final de la vida suele estar a cargo del médico del nivel primario de asistencia. En ese sentido, los cuidados paliativos primarios incluyen el diagnóstico, el tratamiento paliativo, la planificación anticipada, la gestión y coordinación de intervenciones multidisciplinarias y la transferencia a cuidados especializados cuando sea necesario y haya disponibilidad para ello. Al respecto, en este artículo se exponen brevemente algunos elementos sobre el tema y se propone, además, un algoritmo práctico y fácil de aplicar en la atención primaria, que permitirá identificar a la población aquejada por dolencias en esas etapas, con diferenciación en cuanto a afecciones neoplásicas o no neoplásicas.

Nowadays, the offer of specialized palliative care has been overcome by the demand, reason why care to patients with terminal illness or in end-of-life period is usually in charge of the doctor from primary care level. In that sense, primary palliative care includes the diagnosis, palliative treatment, early planning, administration and coordination of multidisciplinary interventions and referring to specialized care when it is necessary and the service is available. In this respect, some elements on the topic are shortly exposed in this work and, also, a practical and easy implementation algorithm in primary care is proposed that will allow identifying population suffering from pain in those stages, with differentiation as for neoplastic or non neoplastic affections.

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INTRODUCTION: Rural riverside populations of Brazil face several difficulties to access health services. The Brazilian National Primary Care Policy implemented the Fluvial Family Health Teams (FFHT), which is a specific primary care team arrangement for these territories. The aim of the study was to assess the use of dental services by adults living in rural riverside areas covered by a FFHT. METHODS: A household-based cross-sectional survey was carried out with a rural riverside population of 38 localities on the left bank of the Rio Negro, Manaus, Amazonas, representative of the area covered by the FFHT. Stratified random sampling was calculated based on the number of adults and households in each riverside locality. An electronic questionnaire was used to obtain information on sociodemographic and oral health conditions, and the utilization of dental services. After descriptive analysis, logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the odds ratios for the outcome 'use of dental health services over the past 12 months'. RESULTS: A total of 492 individuals, aged 18 years or more, from 38 rural riverside areas were assessed. The mean age of participants was 43.5 years (standard deviation 17.0), ranging from 18.0 to 90.7 years. Of these participants, 3.1% had never been to a dentist and 21.9% had been to a dentist more than 3 years ago. Among those who attended the dental service, 77.4% of appointments occurred in public health services. Dental pain over the previous 6 months (odds ratio (OR)=2.44; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.51-3.96), higher education (OR=2.62; 95%CI 1.23-5.56), most recent appointment in public health services (OR=1.86; 95%CI 1.19-2.93), edentulism (OR=0.38; 95%CI 0.17-0.85) and dissatisfaction with oral health (OR=0.59; 95%CI 0.38-0.93) were associated with the dental services utilization. CONCLUSION: The study results revealed that approximately a quarter of the individuals did not use dental services over the previous 3 years or have never used them. Despite the increase in access provided by the FFHT, edentulous individuals, individuals dissatisfied with their oral health, and those with lower levels of education were less likely to use dental services, while individuals who experienced dental pain sought dental services more frequently. These findings suggest that the healthcare model offered to this population must be rearranged.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Specific types of violence such as intimate partner sexual violence and intimate partner homicide occur more frequently in rural areas. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to systematically review the literature on the knowledge and attitudes of rural healthcare providers regarding cases of domestic violence against women. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review developed at Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. METHODS: We conducted an electronic search of six databases, which only included observational studies, regardless of the year, language, or country of publication, except for studies that used secondary data and were exclusively qualitative. Two reviewers performed the selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment using a specific Joanna Briggs Institute tool. RESULTS: Six studies met the inclusion criteria. All the studies had a low risk of bias. Approximately 38% of these professionals identified injuries caused by violence in patients. When asked about knowing the correct attitude to take in cases of confirmed violence, between 12% and 64% of rural healthcare providers answered positively; most of them would refer to specialized institutions and promote victim empowerment and counseling. The number of professionals with an educational background in the field ranged from 16% to 98%. CONCLUSIONS: The evident disparity across studies shows that some professionals have suboptimal knowledge and require training to adopt the correct attitude when identifying female victims of domestic violence in clinical practice. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: This systematic review was registered in the Open Science Framework Database under the registration http://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/B7Q6S.

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INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has emerged as one of the greatest challenges to societies, world health systems and science in the past century, making it imperative to restructure care networks. Therefore, it is essential to discuss the role and initiatives of primary health care (PHC) to deal with it. However, regarding the response to the pandemic, including the current global effort against COVID-19, the nuances of the rural/remote PHC context in the pandemic is barely visible. Rural and remote communities have differentiated health risks, such as socioeconomic disadvantages, difficulties in mobility and access to health services, in addition to linguistic and cultural barriers. This scoping review aimed to analyze the set of individual and collective initiatives and innovations developed to face the COVID-19 pandemic, within the PHC scope, in rural and remote areas. METHODS: A scoping review methodology was applied to peer-reviewed articles. Eight databases were searched to identify scientific articles published in English, Spanish and Portuguese, initially from January 2020 to July 2021, complemented by a rapid review of articles published from January 2022 to April 2023. The main focus sought in the literature was the set of initiatives and innovations carried out within the PHC scope in rural and remote locations during the pandemic, as well as the comparison with pre-pandemic situations and between different countries. The bibliographic information of each search result was imported into Rayyan (Intelligent Systematic Review), followed by the screening and eligibility stages, performed independently by two reviewers, with a third reviewer being accessed in case of conflicts. RESULTS: This review included 54 studies, with publications mostly from Australia, Canada, the US and India. The main PHC initiatives were related to access; to the roles of community health workers and health surveillance; and to the importance of placing, retaining and valuing human resources in health. Cultural, equity and vulnerability issues occupy a major place among the initiatives. Regarding the innovations, telehealth and customized communication are highlighted. From an organizational point of view, rural and remote locations showed enormous flexibility to deal with the pandemic and to improve intersectoral activities at the local level. The description of rurality and remoteness is practically coincident with that of the specific populations, present in geographic areas of difficult sociospatial and cultural access. Rarely, there is an index to measure rurality, or its description deals with the need to overcome distances and obstacles. CONCLUSION: The findings highlight and summarize knowledge about initiatives and innovations developed to face the COVID-19 pandemic, within the PHC scope in rural and remote areas in the world. This review has identified collective, clinical, intersectoral and, mainly, organizational health initiatives. An articulation between different government levels would be paramount in evaluating the implementation of policies and protocols in rural and remote locations for future sanitary crises. Innovations and lessons learned are equally relevant in strengthening health services and systems. This issue calls for considerable further exploration by new reviews and empirical research that seek evidence to assess the sustainability and effectiveness of the implemented measures to face post-pandemic difficulties and other adversities.

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INTRODUCTION: Job satisfaction has been shown to have important effects at the organizational level. In various corners of the world, physicians are obliged to perform a period of social service, generally at the first level of care in rural or remote areas. OBJECTIVE: To describe the level of job satisfaction and perceptions of Ecuadorian rural physicians regarding compulsory social service. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted based on a self-administered online questionnaire from February to March 2022, in Ecuadorian rural physicians who were performing their compulsory social service. Participants were invited through official outreach groups. A total of 247 surveys were included in this study. We assessed job satisfaction by means of the S20/23 job satisfaction questionnaire and compared these results with sociodemographic variables and job characteristics of the participants. We performed the reliability test (Cronbach's alpha) to find the validity of the S20/23 questionnaire in physicians performing compulsory social service. RESULTS: The majority of participants were women (61.0%), and overall job satisfaction was 4.1/7.0 pts. "indifferent." The only satisfaction factor in which a predominance of dissatisfaction was found related to benefits/remuneration (43.3%). Participants' perceptions of wrong academic guidance during training, insufficient induction, and negative experiences during work were related to higher levels of dissatisfaction (P < .05). CONCLUSION: The level of job satisfaction of Ecuadorian rural physicians during their compulsory social service was low and graduates indicated a neutral attitude toward job satisfaction in general. Negative perceptions with respect to training and expectation formation prior to and during the mandatory social service generated greater dissatisfaction. The Ministry of Health of Ecuador, as an organizational entity, should implement improvements to increase the job satisfaction of recently graduated physicians, given the implications that this experience may have for their professional future.

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Resumo Introdução: A integração ensino-serviço com vivências que incluam ambientes rurais na prática clínica é fundamental para o ensino de uma realidade mais próxima ao Sistema Único de Saúde. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a visão dos usuários, estudantes de Medicina e profissionais de saúde de uma unidade de saúde sobre a integração ensino-serviço-comunidade no âmbito rural. Método: Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo realizado com esse público, sendo 15 entrevistas ao todo, em que se utilizou o referencial teórico fenomenológico-hermenêutico para construção das categorias de análise. Resultado: Os estudantes e profissionais identificaram como vantagens da Estratégia Saúde da Família na área rural o menor número de pessoas adscritas e o melhor acesso ao serviço. Tal fato contribui para a longitudinalidade do cuidado e a adesão dos usuários às propostas terapêuticas. Conclusão: O estudo aponta questões relevantes para fomentarmos o estágio rural nos currículos de escolas médicas, como a possibilidade de vínculos mais estruturados com a comunidade e com a equipe de saúde.

Abstract Introduction: Teaching-service integration with experiences that include rural environments is fundamental for teaching the reality of clinical practice that is closer to the Brazilian Unified Health System. Objective: To analyse the views of users, medical students and health professionals of a health unit, on teaching-service-community integration in rural areas. Method: Qualitative study with the target public, involving fifteen interviews in all, using the phenomenological-hermeneutic theoretical framework to construct the categories of analysis. Results: Students and professionals identified the advantages of the Family Health Strategy in the rural area as being the smaller number people enrolled and better access to the service. This fact contributes to longitudinal care and user adherence to proposed treatments. Conclusion: The study points to relevant issues for promoting rural internships in the curricula of medical schools, such as the possibility of closer ties with the community and the health team.

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This case study analyses the challenges to providing specialized care in Brazilian remote rural municipalities (RRM). Interviews were conducted with managers from two Brazilian states (Piauí and Bahia). We identified that the distance between municipalities is a limiting factor for access and that significant care gaps contribute to different organizational arrangements for providing and accessing specialized care. Physicians in all the RRMs offer specialized care by direct disbursement to users or sale of procedures to managers periodically, compromising municipal and household budgets. Health regions do not meet the demand for specialized care and exacerbate the need for extensive travel. RRM managers face additional challenges for the provision of specialized care regarding the financing, implementation of cooperative arrangements, and the provision of care articulated in networks to achieve comprehensive care, seeking solutions to the locoregional specificities.

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INTRODUCTION: Health studies of the Amazon often focus on diseases and infections prevalent in the region, and few studies address health organizations and services. In this sense, this study fills a gap by reviewing the studies aimed at primary healthcare (PHC) implementation in the nine Amazonian countries. This review addresses a need to explore the forms in which PHC is implemented in the Amazon areas outside the urban centers and its potential to reduce health inequities. This study contributes to improvements in the practices of managers and health professionals and research on the topic. METHODS: Scoping review methodology was applied to peer-reviewed articles. The databases searched were PubMed, Scopus, Lilacs, Embase and Web of Science. Selected studies included peer-reviewed publications, published between January 2000 and November 2019, that focused on PHC or one of its components in the Amazon, and were published in English, Spanish and Portuguese. The study used Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review guidelines, supported by Levac, and included five steps: (i) identification phase, where search queries were applied to the databases followed by the removal of duplicates; (ii) screening phase, where titles and abstracts of articles were screened to exclude irrelevant articles; (iii) eligibility phase, where the full texts of articles were read to assess their relevancy to this study; (iv) data extraction, using a spreadsheet designed to capture relevant information required in this review, using an iterative process; (v) summarizing and classification of each article according to content. The second and third phases were conducted independently by two reviewers. If a disagreement arose between the reviewers, a third reviewer was consulted to help decide whether to include or exclude a study. RESULTS: This review included 25 studies. Of these, 11 presented promising results regarding PHC functioning in the Amazon region, and 14 presented challenges and difficulties in its functioning. Some PHC strategies implemented in the Amazon showed the potential to reduce inequities, mostly when they involved actions that increased access to PHC in the region when they developed a culturally adapted role and engaged community members in the decision-making and in the collaborative construction of health services. Actions that exposed challenges and difficulties were related to ill-prepared healthcare professionals, inadequate service approach and the inability to adapt to cultural issues. CONCLUSION: The findings reveal information about PHC implementations that have had promising results in the Amazon region and, at the same time, show the challenges and difficulties of the PHC actions. The findings also highlight and synthesize knowledge about the potential that PHC strategies have to affect existing inequities in the Amazon region and gaps in the studies that have been undertaken, or at least published, including a lack of studies of PHC implementation and examination of strategies aimed at health determinants.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the repercussions of COVID-19 on women's daily lives in a rural settlement. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in a rural settlement of the Landless Workers' Movement (MST) in a municipality in Northeastern Brazil between January and March 2021. Forty-eight women participated through semi-structured interviews. The data collected were analyzed by the Collective Subject Discourse method in light of the referential of pandemic processes. Results: The grouping of the speeches unveiled similar and/or complementary meanings about the coping strategies and the feelings generated due to the pandemic. Four Central Ideas were organized: denial to progressive awareness; Perception of the problem, acceptance, and explanation of reality; Negotiation; and Retrospection/reflection. Conclusion: The pandemic repercussions are intrinsically related to an inhospitable reality from the perspective of the experience of women daily forgotten, marginalized, and suppressed.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprender repercusiones del COVID-19 en el cotidiano de mujeres en un asentamiento rural. Método: Estudio de abordaje cualitativo, realizado en un asentamiento rural del Movimiento de los Trabajadores Rurales Sin Tierra, en un municipio del Nordeste de Brasil, entre enero y marzo de 2021. Participaron 48 mujeres mediante entrevista semiestructurada. Los datos recolectados fueron analizados por el método del Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo, basado en el referencial de los procesos pandémicos. Resultados: El agrupamiento de los discursos desveló sentidos semejantes y/o complementarios acerca de las estrategias de enfrentamiento y de los sentimientos generados como consecuencia de la pandemia. Fueron organizadas cuatro Ideas Centrales: De la negación al progresivo reconocimiento; Percepción del problema, aceptación y explicación de la realidad; Negociación; y Retrospección/reflexión. Conclusión: Las repercusiones de la pandemia están intrínsecamente relacionadas a una inhóspita realidad de la perspectiva de la experiencia de mujeres que son cotidianamente olvidadas, marginadas y silenciadas.

RESUMO Objetivo: Compreender as repercussões da COVID-19 no cotidiano de mulheres em um assentamento rural. Métodos: Estudo de abordagem qualitativa, realizado num assentamento rural do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra, em um município no Nordeste do Brasil, entre janeiro e março de 2021. Participaram 48 mulheres por meio de entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados coletados foram analisados pelo método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, à luz do referencial dos processos pandêmicos. Resultados: O agrupamento dos discursos desvelou sentidos semelhantes e/ou complementares acerca das estratégias de enfrentamento e dos sentimentos gerados como consequência da pandemia. Foram organizadas quatro Ideias Centrais: Negação ao progressivo reconhecimento; Percepção do problema, aceitação e explicação da realidade; Negociação; e Retrospecção/reflexão. Conclusão: As repercussões da pandemia estão intrinsicamente relacionadas a uma inóspita realidade da perspectiva da vivência de mulheres que são cotidianamente esquecidas, marginalizadas e silenciadas.

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INTRODUCTION: Specialized care barriers are widespread and multifactorial, with consequences for timely access, health outcomes, and equity, especially in rural contexts. This article aims to identify and analyze arrangements for providing specialized care in the Brazilian remote rural municipalities (RRMs). METHODS: This is a multiple-case qualitative case study developed in seven RRMs located in the Brazilian semi-arid region. Twenty-two semi-structured interviews were conducted with the public health system managers, complemented by analysis of secondary data from national health information systems. Thematic content analysis was guided by the Integrated Health Service Network attributes related to the provision of specialized care. RESULTS: Socioeconomic indicators and indicators of availability and accessibility to health services express the context of greater vulnerability of RRM and their respective health regions when compared to states and the country. The analyzed cases do not come close to the RISS constitutive attributes. Various arrangements for the provision and financing of specialized care in the RRM were identified: public provision through an agreement between managers in the health region, health consortia, public provision in the municipality itself or neighboring municipalities, provision in private health services through direct purchase (out-of-pocket), and telehealth (very incipient). Such arrangements were unable to respond quantitatively and qualitatively to the demand for specialized care. Providing timely specialized care in an adequate place is not achieved, resulting in a fragmented, low-resolution model. The fragility of regionalized networks, aggravated by underfunding of the Brazilian Unified Health System, insufficient logistical support, and computerization of health services, contributes to care gaps and unacceptably long travel times for common specialized procedures, with more severe effects for people residing in the rural areas of the municipalities. CONCLUSION: Brazil's disorganization or lack of a systemic response based on regionalized health networks generates several care improvisations. The less structured the RISS, the more informal arrangements are made, with gains for the private sector to the detriment of public health system users.

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Introducción. La adecuada dotación y distribución con equidad de recursos humanos son fundamentales para el desempeño del sistema de salud, especialmente en el primer nivel de atención. El Programa Servicio Rural y Urbano Marginal (SERUMS) es la principal estrategia desarrollada por el Estado peruano para este fin. Objetivo. Describir el efecto de la dotación de médicos, enfermeros y obstetras del Programa SERUMS en la equidad de la distribución de recursos humanos en el primer nivel de atención. Métodos. Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, de carácter censal con base en el Registro Nacional de Personal de Salud - INFORHUS, agosto 2019. Se aplicó indicadores de dotación, se verificó si existe diferencia entre la distribución porcentual de profesionales SERUMS y no SERUMS, se calculó la densidad (profesionales/10 000 hab. a nivel departamental, quintil de pobreza y ruralidad) y coeficientes de Gini (departamental). Resultados. La población estuvo constituida por 6037 profesionales SERUMS y 27 495 no SERUMS. El Programa SERUMS incrementó de manera importante la dotación y densidad de profesionales en casi todas las regiones del país. En 5 regiones los profesionales SERUMS representaron más del 50% de la dotación. Incrementos importantes se encontraron en el análisis por quintil de pobreza y en el ámbito rural, especialmente en la dotación de médicos. El programa SERUMS evidenció una mayor desigualdad en su distribución, según los coeficientes de Gini, a favor de las poblaciones más vulnerables. Conclusiones. El Programa SERUMS incrementa de manera importante la dotación y densidad de profesionales, especialmente en los distritos más pobres del Perú.

Introduction. The adequate allocation and equitable distribution of human resources are essential for the health system›s performance, especially at the first level of care. The Rural and Urban Marginal Service Program (SERUMS) is the primary strategy developed by the Peruvian State for this purpose. Objective. To describe the effect of the number of doctors, nurses, and midwives of the SERUMS Program on the equity of the distribution of human resources at the primary care level. Methods. Observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study of a census nature based on the National Registry of Health Personnel - INFORHUS, August 2019. Staffing indicators were applied, it was verified if there is a difference between the percentage distribution of SERUMS and non-SERUMS professionals, density (professionals per 10 000 inhabitants at the departmental level, poverty quintile, and rurality), and Gini coefficients (departmental) were calculated. Results. The population consisted of 6037 SERUMS professionals and 27 495 non-SERUMS professionals. The SERUMS Program significantly increased the number and density of professionals in almost all departments. In 5 regions, SERUMS professionals represented more than 50% of the workforce. Significant increases in the number of doctors were found in the poverty quintile and rural areas analysis. According to the Gini coefficients, the SERUMS program showed greater inequality in its distribution in favor of the most vulnerable populations. Conclusions. The SERUMS Program significantly increases the number and density of healthcare professionals, especially in the poorest districts of Peru.

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INTRODUCTION: While Brazil has achieved a significantly higher coverage through primary care and improved health outcomes through the Family Health Strategy, rural areas still have worse indicators and several barriers to access primary healthcare units, which sometimes condition users to seek alternative answers outside the formal circuit. From the framework of medical anthropology, Arthur Kleinman indicates that the sociohistorical-cultural context also determines the search for health care, and not only by the conditions of access and availability of formal services. From this perspective, each health system would consist of three interrelated subsystems: the informal, the popular, and the professional subsystem, widely used in an overlapping and non-exclusive way, interacting according to an individual's needs. This study analyzes how informal and popular health subsystems are featured in a remote rural municipality in the Brazilian Amazon region. METHODS: This is a single, exploratory, qualitative case study conducted in the remote rural municipality of Assis Brasil, in the state of Acre, Brazil. Data were collected with onsite visits to the municipality through semi-structured interviews with users, managers, and health professionals. Data thematic analysis was guided by categories inspired by Arthur Kleinman's framework and emerging in the field, focusing on the dimensions of the informal and popular subsystems. RESULTS: In the informal system, family, friends, and community seem to have broader roles in the field of care, underpinning the social support network to allow using health services. Also included in the informal system are NGOs, armed forces, and the church, acting complementarily to the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde). Two patterns of relationship with the popular system were identified: in complementarity with the formal system, with the specific or longitudinal use of its resources, and replacing formal practices. In the popular system, secular healing agents such as shamans, healers, prayers, and midwives, and the use of medicinal herbs and other natural resources, are part of the care scenario, especially among the traditional populations of the territory. Popular resources are sometimes activated mainly due to geographic and economic barriers, which prevent timely access to health services and contribute to the deterioration of conditions. The level of resistance of health professionals varied according to the substitutive or complementary nature that such care assumes in users' therapeutic trajectories. CONCLUSION: Complex policies and processes such as health care have been implemented nationwide, in general, with a poor understanding of the context and culture of rural communities. In this sense, understanding the dynamics between the subsystems can help identify more appropriate and sensitive strategies for the organization of health services, which respond to the population's needs from a broader perspective, especially in the context of rurality.

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Resumo A Política Nacional de Atenção Básica proporcionou uma mudança significativa no que se refere às ações da saúde no território ribeirinho, criando equipes e equipamentos de saúde. As equipes de Saúde Ribeirinha e Saúde Fluvial para as áreas da Amazônia Legal e Pantanal foram inovadoras na atenção integral das populações da floresta. Esse estudo tem como objetivo analisar a atenção primária em saúde no contexto rural e ribeirinha no território amazônico, a partir da produção de ações individuais e coletivas das equipes de saúde, bem como o seu desempenho por meio de serviços ofertados nos municípios. O estudo é transversal, com delineamento descritivo-analítico e abordagem quantitativa, analisando a cobertura das ações de atenção básica de equipes da estratégia saúde da família em áreas urbanas, rurais e ribeirinhas de oito municípios situados no estado do Amazonas. Os resultados mostraram que houve aumento da cobertura da atenção básica em quase todos os municípios analisados, indicando que modelos tecnoassistenciais como das equipes ribeirinhas e fluviais produziram a inclusão de uma população que está dispersa em longas áreas do território dos municípios. Uma política de saúde com equidade produz mudanças e transformações nos modos de vida e nas condições de saúde das populações amazônicas.

Abstract The National Primary Care Policy has provided a significant change in terms of health actions in the riverside territory, establishing health teams and equipment. The Riverside and Fluvial Family Health teams for the Legal Amazon and Pantanal areas have been innovative regarding the integral care of the forest populations. This study aims to analyze primary health care in the rural and riverside context in the Amazon territory, based on the production of individual and collective actions by health teams, as well as their performance through services offered in the municipalities. The study is cross-sectional, with a descriptive-analytical design and quantitative approach, and analyzes the coverage of primary health care actions of family health strategy teams in urban, rural and riverside areas of eight municipalities located in the state of Amazonas. The results showed that there was an increase in primary care coverage in almost all analyzed municipalities, indicating that techno-assistance models such as the riverside and fluvial teams resulted in the inclusion of a population that is scattered over large areas of the territory of municipalities. A health policy that promotes equity results in changes and alterations in the ways of life and health status of the Amazonian populations.

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RESUMO

Em áreas rurais e remotas, a atenção primária à saúde é essencial para enfrentar iniquidades que marcam estes territórios. O conceito de ruralidade é pouco preciso e políticas voltadas à saúde rural no Brasil são frágeis. A revisão da literatura internacional pode apoiar uma maior compreensão sobre estratégias desenvolvidas em questões centrais da saúde rural. O objetivo deste artigo foi identificar e analisar os desafios do acesso, organização da atenção à saúde e a força de trabalho em saúde na atenção primária em áreas rurais. Foi feita uma revisão integrativa da literatura, com busca de artigos científicos publicados entre 2000 e 2019, nas bases Cochrane e MEDLINE e revistas específicas de saúde rural. A pesquisa resultou em 69 artigos, categorizados em acesso, organização à saúde e força de trabalho. Foram analisados os temas principais de seus achados. Os artigos classificados como acesso apresentaram entre os temas centrais: aspectos geográficos, necessidades de deslocamento dos usuários e acesso aos serviços hospitalares e especializados. Artigos da organização da atenção à saúde trataram de: estrutura e insumos, funcionamento dos serviços de saúde e gestão com base na comunidade. Em força de trabalho em saúde, destacou-se: perfil e papel profissional e fatores de atração/fixação. Ações transversais ao fortalecimento do acesso, organização à saúde e força de trabalho em saúde em áreas rurais foram: atuação comunitária, modelos de extensão/visitação, tecnologias de comunicação/informação, acesso à assistência e formação/desenvolvimento profissional. A revisão fornece compreensão abrangente da atenção primária na saúde rural em prol da equidade das populações rurais.

En áreas rurales y remotas, la atención primaria en salud es esencial para combatir las inequidades que caracterizan estos territorios. El concepto de ruralidad es poco preciso y las políticas dirigidas a la salud rural en Brasil son frágiles. Una revisión de la literatura internacional puede apoyar una mayor comprensión sobre las estrategias desarrolladas en cuestiones centrales de la salud rural. El objetivo de este artículo fue identificar y analizar desafíos del acesso, organización de la atención a la salud y fuerza de trabajo en salud en la atención primaria en áreas rurales. Se realizó una revisión integral de la literatura, con una búsqueda de artículos científicos, publicados entre 2000 y 2019, en las bases Cochrane y MEDLINE, así como revistas específicas de salud rural. La investigación resultó en 69 artículos, categorizados por acceso, organización de la atención a la salud y fuerza de trabajo en salud. Se analizaron los temas principales de sus resultados. Los artículos clasificados como acceso tuvieron como temas centrales: aspectos geográficos, necesidades de desplazamiento de los usuarios y acceso a los servicios hospitalarios y especializados. Los artículos de la organización de la atención a la salud trataron sobre: estructura e insumos, funcionamiento de los servicios de salud y gestión basada en la comunidad. En fuerza de trabajo en salud, se destacó: perfil y papel profesional, así como factores de atracción/fijación. Las acciones transversales para el fortalecimiento del acceso, organización de la atención a la salud y fuerza de trabajo en salud en áreas rurales fueron: actuación comunitaria, modelos de extensión/visitas, tecnologías de comunicación/información, acceso a la asistencia y formación/desarrollo profesional. La revisión proporciona una comprensión amplia de la atención primaria en salud rural en pro de la equidad de las poblaciones rurales.

Primary healthcare is essential for dealing with the iniquities marking rural and remote territories. The concept of rurality is somewhat imprecise, and rural health policies in Brazil are insufficient. A review of the international literature can foster better understanding of the strategies developed in central rural health issues. The article's objective was to identify and analyze the challenges in access, organization of healthcare, and health workforce in primary care in rural areas. An integrative literature review was performed to search for scientific articles published from 2000 to 2019 in the Cochrane and MEDLINE databases and specific rural health journals. The search yielded 69 articles, categorized as addressing access, organization of healthcare, or health workforce. The findings' main themes were analyzed. Articles classified as access presented the following central themes: geographic aspects, patients' needs to travel for care, and access to hospital and specialized services. Articles on organization of healthcare dealt with structure and inputs, functioning of health services, and community-based management. Health workforce featured healthcare workers' profiles and roles and factors for their attraction/retention. Crosscutting issues in strengthening access, organization of healthcare, and health workforce in rural areas were community action, outreach/visiting models, communication/information technologies, access to care, and professional training/development. The review provides a comprehensive understanding of primary care in rural health to promote equity for rural populations.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Em áreas rurais e remotas, a atenção primária à saúde é essencial para enfrentar iniquidades que marcam estes territórios. O conceito de ruralidade é pouco preciso e políticas voltadas à saúde rural no Brasil são frágeis. A revisão da literatura internacional pode apoiar uma maior compreensão sobre estratégias desenvolvidas em questões centrais da saúde rural. O objetivo deste artigo foi identificar e analisar os desafios do acesso, organização da atenção à saúde e a força de trabalho em saúde na atenção primária em áreas rurais. Foi feita uma revisão integrativa da literatura, com busca de artigos científicos publicados entre 2000 e 2019, nas bases Cochrane e MEDLINE e revistas específicas de saúde rural. A pesquisa resultou em 69 artigos, categorizados em acesso, organização à saúde e força de trabalho. Foram analisados os temas principais de seus achados. Os artigos classificados como acesso apresentaram entre os temas centrais: aspectos geográficos, necessidades de deslocamento dos usuários e acesso aos serviços hospitalares e especializados. Artigos da organização da atenção à saúde trataram de: estrutura e insumos, funcionamento dos serviços de saúde e gestão com base na comunidade. Em força de trabalho em saúde, destacou-se: perfil e papel profissional e fatores de atração/fixação. Ações transversais ao fortalecimento do acesso, organização à saúde e força de trabalho em saúde em áreas rurais foram: atuação comunitária, modelos de extensão/visitação, tecnologias de comunicação/informação, acesso à assistência e formação/desenvolvimento profissional. A revisão fornece compreensão abrangente da atenção primária na saúde rural em prol da equidade das populações rurais.

En áreas rurales y remotas, la atención primaria en salud es esencial para combatir las inequidades que caracterizan estos territorios. El concepto de ruralidad es poco preciso y las políticas dirigidas a la salud rural en Brasil son frágiles. Una revisión de la literatura internacional puede apoyar una mayor comprensión sobre las estrategias desarrolladas en cuestiones centrales de la salud rural. El objetivo de este artículo fue identificar y analizar desafíos del acesso, organización de la atención a la salud y fuerza de trabajo en salud en la atención primaria en áreas rurales. Se realizó una revisión integral de la literatura, con una búsqueda de artículos científicos, publicados entre 2000 y 2019, en las bases Cochrane y MEDLINE, así como revistas específicas de salud rural. La investigación resultó en 69 artículos, categorizados por acceso, organización de la atención a la salud y fuerza de trabajo en salud. Se analizaron los temas principales de sus resultados. Los artículos clasificados como acceso tuvieron como temas centrales: aspectos geográficos, necesidades de desplazamiento de los usuarios y acceso a los servicios hospitalarios y especializados. Los artículos de la organización de la atención a la salud trataron sobre: estructura e insumos, funcionamiento de los servicios de salud y gestión basada en la comunidad. En fuerza de trabajo en salud, se destacó: perfil y papel profesional, así como factores de atracción/fijación. Las acciones transversales para el fortalecimiento del acceso, organización de la atención a la salud y fuerza de trabajo en salud en áreas rurales fueron: actuación comunitaria, modelos de extensión/visitas, tecnologías de comunicación/información, acceso a la asistencia y formación/desarrollo profesional. La revisión proporciona una comprensión amplia de la atención primaria en salud rural en pro de la equidad de las poblaciones rurales.

Primary healthcare is essential for dealing with the iniquities marking rural and remote territories. The concept of rurality is somewhat imprecise, and rural health policies in Brazil are insufficient. A review of the international literature can foster better understanding of the strategies developed in central rural health issues. The article's objective was to identify and analyze the challenges in access, organization of healthcare, and health workforce in primary care in rural areas. An integrative literature review was performed to search for scientific articles published from 2000 to 2019 in the Cochrane and MEDLINE databases and specific rural health journals. The search yielded 69 articles, categorized as addressing access, organization of healthcare, or health workforce. The findings' main themes were analyzed. Articles classified as access presented the following central themes: geographic aspects, patients' needs to travel for care, and access to hospital and specialized services. Articles on organization of healthcare dealt with structure and inputs, functioning of health services, and community-based management. Health workforce featured healthcare workers' profiles and roles and factors for their attraction/retention. Crosscutting issues in strengthening access, organization of healthcare, and health workforce in rural areas were community action, outreach/visiting models, communication/information technologies, access to care, and professional training/development. The review provides a comprehensive understanding of primary care in rural health to promote equity for rural populations.

Assuntos

RESUMO

El objetivo del artículo es analizar dos aspectos de la asistencia sanitaria en el medio rural español durante el segundo periodo de la dictadura franquista (1959-1975). Primero analizamos la implantación del Régimen Especial Agrario de la Seguridad Social (1966), que proporcionó asistencia sanitaria a los trabajadores del campo. Hasta entonces, habían sido excluidos del Seguro Obligatorio de Enfermedad (1944), destinado a obreros industriales y otros asalariados con bajos ingresos. En segundo lugar, analizamos la oposición de los médicos rurales a la ampliación de la cobertura sanitaria a los trabajadores agrícolas. Para lograr ambos objetivos analizamos las limitaciones del ejercicio médico en el ámbito rural y cómo la Dictadura intentó solucionar infructuosamente estos problemas. Las fuentes empleadas han sido: disposiciones legislativas, publicaciones de los colegios profesionales oficiales, prensa dedicada a discutir problemas del ejercicio médico, informes sociológicos y documentación de archivo. (AU)

O objetivo do artigo é analisar dois aspectos da atenção à saúde na Espanha rural durante o segundo período da ditadura de Franco (1959-1975). Em primeiro lugar, analisamos a introdução do Regime Especial de Previdência Social Agrária (1966), que proporcionou assistência médica aos trabalhadores rurais. Até então, eram excluídos do Seguro Obrigatório de Saúde (1944), destinado aos operários da indústria e demais trabalhadores com baixos salários. Em segundo lugar, analisamos a oposição dos médicos rurais à extensão da cobertura de saúde aos trabalhadores agrícolas. Para alcançar ambos os objetivos, analisamos as limitações da prática médica no meio rural e como a ditadura tentou resolver esses problemas, sem sucesso. As fontes utilizadas são: disposições legislativas, publicações de associações profissionais oficiais, imprensa dedicada a discutir problemas da prática médica, relatórios sociológicos e documentação arquivística. (AU)

The objective of the article is to analyze two aspects of healthcare in rural Spain during the second period of the Franco dictatorship (1959-1975). Firstly, we analyze the introduction of the Special Agrarian Social Security Regime (1966), which provided healthcare to rural workers. Until then, rural workers had been excluded from the Compulsory Health Insurance (1944), which provided healthcare to industrial and other low-income workers. Secondly, we analyze the position of rural doctors against the extension of health coverage to rural workers. To achieve both objectives, we analyze the limitations of medical practice in the rural milieu and how Franco's dictatorship unsuccessfully managed these limitations. We have used several sources: legal regulations, publications of official professional associations, press devoted to medical practice, sociological reports, and archival records. (AU)

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RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o perfil das doenças infecciosas em população ribeirinha relacionando com a rede de atenção primária à saúde. Método: estudo epidemiológico, com dados de doenças infecciosas notificadas/confirmadas no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação entre 2013-2017 e da rede de atenção primária da região ribeirinha de Abaetetuba-Pará-Brasil. Análise descritiva com o Qui-quadrado de Pearson, p≤0,05. Resultados: foram registrados 393 casos de hanseníase, tuberculose, doença de Chagas, hepatites virais, meningite, leishmaniose visceral, dengue e febre de Chikungunya. As prevalentes foram hanseníase e dengue. A rede de atenção primária contempla 26 postos de saúde com equipe reduzida e quatro equipes de agentes comunitários de saúde. Conclusão: os serviços de saúde se distanciam do que é estabelecido na Política Nacional de Atenção Básica, que deve valorizar o perfil epidemiológico e o modo de vida ribeirinho. Os resultados poderão subsidiar o planejamento e a ação em saúde/enfermagem.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la relación entre historia gestacional e incontinencia urinaria en mujeres. Método: estudio epidemiológico, con datos de enfermedades infecciosas notificadas/confirmadas en el Sistema de Información de Agravamientos de Notificación entre 2013-2017 y en la red de atención primaria de la región de Abaetetuba-Pará-Brasil. Análisis descriptivo con Chi-cuadrado de Pearson, p≤0,05. Resultados: Se registraron 393 casos de enfermedad de Hansen, tuberculosis, enfermedad de Chagas, hepatitis vírica, meningitis, leishmaniasis visceral, dengue y fiebre de Chikunguña. Los más frecuentes eran la enfermedad de Hansen y el dengue. La red de atención primaria incluye 26 puestos de salud con un equipo reducido y cuatro equipos de agentes de salud comunitarios. Conclusión: los servicios de salud se distancian de lo establecido en la Política Nacional de Atención Básica, que debe valorar el perfil epidemiológico y el modo de vida ribereño. Los resultados pueden contribuir a la planificación y a la acción en materia de salud/enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the profile of infectious diseases in riverside population relating it to the primary health care network. Method: epidemiological study, with data of infectious diseases notified/confirmed in the Notifiable Diseases Information System between 2013-2017 and the primary care network of the riverine region of Abaetetuba-Pará-Brazil. Descriptive analysis with Pearson's Chi-square, p≤0.05. Results: 393 cases of Hansen´s disease, tuberculosis, Chagas disease, viral hepatitis, meningitis, visceral leishmaniasis, dengue and Chikungunya fever were recorded. The most prevalent were Hansen´s disease and dengue. The primary care network includes 26 health posts with a reduced team and four teams of community health agents. Conclusion: health services are far from what is established in the National Primary Care Policy, which should value the epidemiological profile and the riverside way of life. The results may subsidize the planning and action in health/nursing.

RESUMO

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la percepción de los médicos que realizan el Servicio Rural y Urbano Marginal de Salud (SERUMS) en Perú sobre el trabajo en el primer nivel de atención (PNA) y sus factores asociados. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un análisis secundario de datos de una muestra de médicos que realizaron el SERUMS el 2016. Para evaluar la variable de interés se utilizó la escala de «Percepción sobre el trabajo en el PNA¼, cuyos puntajes más altos indican una peor percepción del trabajo en el PNA. Se aplicó una encuesta basal (antes del SERUMS) y una encuesta de seguimiento (8-12 meses de iniciado el SERUMS) y se evaluaron las diferencias en los puntajes. Resultados: De los 780 encuestados, 215 (27,6%) completaron la encuesta basal y de seguimiento. La media del puntaje incrementó considerablemente (de 3,4 a 6,7; p < 0,001), lo que indica una peor percepción del trabajo en el PNA tras iniciar el SERUMS. De los tres dominios de la encuesta, el de las percepciones sobre el médico que trabaja en el PNA y el de las percepciones sobre el trabajo asistencial en el PNA incrementaron los puntajes de percepción sobre el trabajo en el PNA. No se encontraron variables sociodemográficas asociadas al cambio en los puntajes. Conclusiones: La percepción de los médicos sobre el trabajo en el PNA se deteriora luego de iniciar el SERUMS. Se deben promover estrategias que incentiven el interés de los médicos en este nivel de atención.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the effect of the Rural and Marginal Urban Health Service (SERUMS) on the physicians' perception of work in the primary health care (PHC) setting and its associated factors. Materials and methods: A secondary data analysis of a sample of physicians who performed the SERUMS in 2016 was carried out. To evaluate the variable of interest, the scale "Perception of work in the PHC setting" was used, higher scores indicated a negative perception of work in the PHC setting. A baseline survey (before the SERUMS) and a follow-up survey (8-12 months after starting the SERUMS) were applied and differences in both scores were evaluated. Results: Of the 780 respondents, 215 (27.6%) completed the baseline and follow-up survey. The average score increased considerably (from 3.4 to 6.7; p < 0.001), which shows a negative perception of work in the PHC setting after participating in the SERUMS. Of the three parts of the survey, the one regarding perceptions by the physicians working in the PHC and the one about perceptions of medical work in the PHC setting increased the perception scores. No sociodemographic variables were found to be associated with the change in scores. Conclusions: Physicians' perception about work in the PHC setting deteriorated after participating in the SERUMS. Therefore, strategies to encourage physicians' interest in working at this level of healthcare should be promoted.

Assuntos