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Background: A scale is used to establish performance ranges in different sciences, it being necessary to design specialized biological and pedagogical indicators in physical activity, sport and health. Objective: To design a scale for the pedagogical control of the vertical jumping ability in untrained adolescents (13-16 years), stratifying the sample by age range, ethnicity, urban and rural area, socioeconomic level, and gender. Methods: A representative sample of the Ecuadorian population (n = 3,705) is studied, classifying it into the aforementioned strata, controlling the vertical jump by ISAK I and II level experts, applying the Sargent Test to measure vertical jumps on a multi-force wall, establishing scales with seven percentile levels, and making comparisons related to chronological age, gender, socioeconomic, and genetic indicators. Results: Significant differences in the vertical jumping performance were determined according to the category or age range (13-14 ≠ 15-16 years) and by gender (w = 0.000). Various levels of performance were determined, classifying the maximum level as talented in the female gender (≥40 cm; and ≥42 cm) and male gender (≥47 cm; and ≥57 cm) in the 13‒14 and 15‒16 years categories, respectively. Sampling comparisons by geographical area only determined significant differences in the male gender, with the jumping ability being higher in urban areas (13‒14 years: w = 0.046; 15‒16 years: w = 0.013). The comparison by ethnic groups showed significant differences (k = 0.030), favoring the Afro-Ecuadorian ethnic group in both genders, while there are significant differences by socioeconomic level, especially between the middle and lower classes. Conclusions: The present research solves the lack of a tool for making correct didactic decisions related to the vertical jumping ability, taking into account various important stratified indicators. The complementary conclusions show significant differences according to the category stratum or age range, the gender stratum, and the ethnic stratum in females and males, where the best average rank favored the Afro-Ecuadorian ethnic group in both genders. There are significant differences in the geographical area stratum in the male gender, and differences in the socioeconomic stratum in favor of the upper and middle classes.

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Foodborne diseases now represent one of the most important public health problems. The objectives were to analyze the leafy vegetables and crop soil to detect parasitic species and evaluate the factors that increase the risk of parasitic contamination in the productive units in La Plata horticultural area. The study included 261 leafy vegetable and 87 crop soil samples that were processed using washing, sedimentation, and flotation techniques. Socio-environmental characteristics and agricultural practices were surveyed, and a generalized linear model was used to assess the change in parasitic prevalence with different predictor variable. The 58.6% of leafy vegetable and 31.0% of crop soil samples contained parasitic species, the most prevalent being Blastocystis sp. and oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. Risk factors were the limited access to health, dirt roads, children and dogs circulating in crops, field cultivation, furrow irrigation and lettuce cultivation. The high prevalence of intestinal parasites in the vegetable crops was mainly associated with the conditions of structural precariousness in the production units. These results elaborated with the participation of the population, provide valuable knowledge for the planning of epidemiological programs that include environmental health as a fundamental nexus in health campaigns.

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Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar os sentidos atribuídos pelos enfermeiros ao seu trabalho na Atenção Primária à Saúde em áreas rurais. A relevância desta pesquisa está no fato de existirem lacunas em relação ao trabalho dos profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde rural, tendo em vista que o Brasil ainda não tem uma política de Atenção Primária à Saúde específica para áreas rurais que direcione o trabalho dos profissionais. Pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva-exploratória, com enfermeiros de equipes da Estratégia de Saúde da Família rurais do município de Campina Grande, Paraíba. Utilizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas, com análise a partir da técnica de Análise de Conteúdo. Constatou-se que o sentido do trabalho dos enfermeiros está na satisfação pessoal, contribuição social, na identificação com o trabalho em áreas rurais e na existência de vínculo com a população rural e equipe; e como perda de sentido para o trabalho, as condições de trabalho precárias, além da ordenação dos serviços, e a distância do ponto de vista físico e relacional entre a gestão municipal e os profissionais de áreas rurais, que não oferece suporte para o desenvolvimento eficaz das ações. A partir desta pesquisa, pôde-se constatar a influência dessas dimensões na atribuição de sentido ao trabalho exercido pelos enfermeiros de Atenção Primária à Saúde de áreas rurais. Este estudo pode contribuir na orientação de pesquisas de enfermagem em sistemas e serviços de saúde, em se tratando de áreas mais vulneráveis, como as rurais e remotas.

This study aims to analyze the meanings attributed by nurses to their work in Primary Health Care in rural areas. The relevance of this research lies in the fact that there are gaps in relation to the work of rural Primary Health Care professionals, given that Brazil still does not have a specific Primary Health Care policy for rural areas that directs the work of professionals. Qualitative, descriptive-exploratory research, with nurses from rural Family Health Strategy teams in the city of Campina Grande, Paraiba. Semi-structured interviews were used, with analysis based on the Content Analysis technique. It was found that the meaning of nurses' work lies in personal satisfaction, social contribution, identification with work in rural areas and the existence of a bond with the rural population and the team; and as a loss of meaning for work, precarious working conditions, in addition to the ordering of services, and the distance from the physical and relational point of view between municipal management and professionals in rural areas, which does not offer support for effective development of the actions. From this research, it was possible to verify the influence of these dimensions in the attribution of meaning to the work carried out by primary health care nurses in rural areas. This study can contribute to guiding research on nursing in health systems and services, when it comes to more vulnerable areas, such as rural and remote areas.

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Distúrbios do sono (DS) designam um conjunto de diferentes condições capazes de afetar pessoas que mesmo após uma noite dormida, podem não conseguir descansar e isto pode afetar sua saúde. DS podem estar presentes em crianças. Este estudo buscou identificar a prevalência de DS entre crianças de três a cinco anos de idade residentes no município de Belo Vale, Minas Gerais e sua associação com área de residência (rural/urbana), fatores sociodemográficos, peso ao nascer e tempo de gestação. Participaram deste estudo transversal pais/responsáveis de crianças de três a cinco anos de idade residentes em áreas urbanas e rurais de Belo Vale, no sudeste do Brasil. Os pais responderam a questões sociodemográficas da família e dos filhos (sexo, idade, renda, escolaridade), perguntas sobre a gestação e parto da criança e a versão brasileira da Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC). Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Foram realizadas análises descritivas, teste Mann-Whitney e Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta (p<0,05). Um total de 154 pais/responsáveis foram incluídos no estudo, sendo 77,3% residentes na área rural. A maioria das crianças eram meninas (53,2%) e não-brancas (57,1%). DS foram identificados em 48% das crianças, com uma média de 41,9 pontos do escore total (±12,8) na SDSC, sendo os distúrbios respiratórios do sono o domínio mais prevalente (15,1%). Crianças da área urbana apresentaram maiores escores para o distúrbio de iniciação e manutenção do sono (p=0,009) e hiperidrose do sono (p=0,045). Crianças não-brancas apresentaram maiores escores para os distúrbios iniciação e manutenção do sono (p=0,021) e transição sono e vigília (p=0,003). Crianças nascidas pré-termo apresentaram maiores escores para o distúrbio hiperidrose do sono (p=0,020). Na análise de regressão ajustada, crianças da área urbana (RP=1,169; 95%IC=1,043­1,310), não-brancas (RP=1,197; 95%IC=1,096­ 1,307) e nascidas pré-termo (RP=1,117; 95%IC=1,016­1,228) apresentaram maiores escores totais na SDSC. Concluiu-se que maiores escores de DS foram mais prevalentes entre crianças residentes em área urbana, cor da pele não-branca e com baixo peso ao nascer.

Sleep disorders (SD) designate a set of different conditions capable of affecting people who, even after a night's sleep, may not be able to rest and this can affect their health. SD may be present in children. This study sought to identify the prevalence of SD among children aged three to five years old living in the city of Belo Vale, Minas Gerais and its association with area of residence, sociodemographic factors, birth weight and gestation period. Parents/guardians of 3 to 5 years old children from urban and rural areas of Belo Vale, in southeastern Brazil, participated in this cross-sectional study. Parents answered sociodemographic questions about the family and child (sex, age, income, education), questions about the child's pregnancy and delivery, and the Brazilian version of the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC). This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Descriptive analyses were conducted, as were the Mann-Whitney test and the Poisson regression test with robust variance (p<0.05). This study included 154 parents/guardians, 77.3% of whom were rural area residents; most of the children were girls (53.2%) and not-white (57.1%). SDs were identified in 48% of the children, with an average of 41.9 points (±12.8) in the SSDC, and sleep-related breathing disorders were most prevalent (15.1%). Children from the urban area presented higher scores of initiation and maintenance of sleep disorders (p=0.009) and sleep hyperhidrosis (p=0.045). Non-white children showed higher scores in the initiation and maintenance of sleep disorders (p=0.021) and in sleep-wake transition disorders (p=0.003). Preterm children showed higher scores for sleep hyperhidrosis disorder (p=0.020). In the adjusted regression analysis, children from the urban area (PR=1.169; 95% CI=1.043­1.310), not-white (PR=1.197; 95% CI=1.096­1.307) and born preterm (PR=1.117; 95% CI=1.016­ 1.228) presented more total scores in the SSDC. It was concluded that higher SD scores were more prevalent among children living in urban areas, with non-white skin color and with low birth weight.

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Human T-lymphotropic viruses 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) infection has been described in several Amazonian populations; however, there is still a lack of data on the prevalence of the virus in riparian populations living in rural areas of the state of Pará. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection in four riverine communities and one rural area in the state of Pará and to describe the possible risk factors for infection. A total of 907 individuals responded to an epidemiological survey and gave blood samples collected for anti-HTLV-1/2 antibodies by immunoenzymatic assay (EIA). The serum-reactive samples were subjected to confirmation by an in-line assay (Inno-Lia) and by proviral DNA screening using real-time PCR (qPCR). The total prevalence was 0.8% (7/907) for HTLV-1/2 (CI: 0.2-1.3%), with 0.66% HTLV-1 and 0.11% HTLV-2. The prevalence by sex was 0.7% in women (4/565) and 0.9% in men (3/342). Among seropositive patients, 83.3% (5/7) reported being sexually active, and 57.1% (4/7) reported not having the habit of using condoms during their sexual relations. Intrafamily infection was also observed. The results reinforce the need for public policies to prevent and block the spread of HTLV, especially in riparian communities that are subject to difficulties in accessing the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde/SUS) because infected individuals need clinical monitoring for surveillance and early diagnosis of symptoms associated with HTLV-1.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: las enfermedades parasitarias representan un problema de salud pública debido a su alta prevalencia por todo el mundo sobre todo en países en desarrollo, especialmente en áreas rurales y Bolivia no es la excepción. OBJETIVO: el presente estudio tuvo el objetivo de determinar la frecuencia y distribución de enteroparásitos en 8 municipios rurales del departamento de La Paz durante el periodo de agosto a septiembre de 2014. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: el trabajo es un estudio tipo transversal-descriptivo con un universo de trabajo de 1238 muestras de heces fecales conservadas con formol, las cuales fueron enviadas por el equipo médico de SUYANA (organización no gubernamental sin fines de lucro) a los laboratorios del Instituto SELADIS (Servicios de Laboratorio de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Salud). RESULTADOS: se realizaron estudios coproparasitológicos directos de cada una de las muestras y la observación microscópica dio los siguientes resultados. Se evidencio la presencia de enteroparásitos en 89,5% de la población estudiada, de los cuales 97,2% representan protozoarios tales como B. hominis, E. coli (protoozoos comensales) y G. lamblia (protozoo intestinal patógeno) los cuales estarían como los de mayor distribución, por otro lado el 2.8% de la población total corresponden a helmintos donde H. nana tiene una distribución de 1,8%, A. lumbricoides 0,7% y T. trichiura, S. stercoralis, Uncinarias estarían en el 0,1% de la población. También se pudo evidenciar que la mayor distribución de enteroparásitos estaría entre 1-10 años de edad (37,4%). Finalmente se evidencio que de las 8 poblaciones de estudio Charazani, Calacoto, Comanche presentarían mayor distribución de enteroparásitos (10-11 parásitos). CONCLUSIÓN: se evidencio que casi el 90% de la población en estudio, presentarían parásitos intestinales, con un claro predominio de los protozoarios sobre los helmintos. Esta información epidemiológica servirá de apoyo para mejorar los programas de salud en estas poblaciones.

INTRODUCTION: parasitic diseases represent a public health problem because of its high prevalence throughout the world, especially in developing countries, particularly in rural areas and Bolivia is no exception. OBJETIVE: therefore, the present study had the objective of determining the frequency and distribution of enteroparasites in eight municipalities of La Paz between August and September in 2014. MATERIALS AND METHODS: this was a cross-sectional-descriptive study with a universe of 1238 formalin-preserved stool samples, which were sent for analysis by the medical team of SUYANA (a non-profi t organization) to the Bolivian Institute of Health Diagnostic and Research Laboratory Services (SELADIS, acronym in Spanish). RESULTS: Copro-parasitological studies of each sample and microscopic analysis were detected. As a result, prevalence of infection by any given enteroparasites were detected, 89.5% of protozoans (B. hominis, E. coli (commensal protozoa) and 97.2%, G. lamblia (pathogenic intestinal protozoa) which represent the highest distribution. Besides, we identified, 2.8% of helmintos, among them, 1.8% of H. nana, 1.7% of A. lumbricoides and 0.1% of others (T. trichiura, S. stercoralis and Uncinarias). According to age group, 37.4% were people between 1 and 10 years old (enteroparasites infection). From eight municipalities, Charazani, Calacoto, and Comanche had the highest distribution of enteparasites (10-11 parasites). CONCLUSIONS: the present study showed that 90% of the population had intestinal parasites, where protozoans were higher than helminths. This epidemiological information could be reliable to improve health care programs for these populations.

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Human interaction with dogs can potentially lead to zoonoses. The aim of this integrative approach is to describe the relationship between dog parasites, dog care, and the human population of a rural Patagonian village. Surveys were carried out to evaluate owners' attitudes towards dogs, and coproparasitological and coproELISA analyses were performed to determine parasitic infection values. Fur samples and vegetable garden soil were also analyzed. A multivariate regression was performed to identify factors determining infection. All households owned at least one dog, of which only 54.9% had been dewormed in the past three months, and almost half of which were allowed to roam freely. Dogs with protozoan and helminth infections represented 68.8% of the total, 50% being parasitized by helminths of 7 species, including the zoonotic Toxocara canis, Uncinaria sp. Ancylostoma sp. and Echinococcus sp. All hair samples were negative, but 42.8% of vegetable gardens harbored Ancylostomatidae larvae. Statistical analyses indicated that the predictor "time since last deworming" explained infections by Cryptosporidium sp. and helminths, while the predictors "number of dogs per household", "sex", and "freedom to roam" explained the infections by helminths. This shows that the longer the time interval since the last deworming treatment, the greater the probability of a dog being infected by some type of parasite, either Cryptosporidium sp. or a helminth. On the other hand, the probability of being infected by helminths increased when there was more than one dog in the household. Furthermore, male dogs and dogs allowed to roam freely were more likely to be infected. Considering the inadequate care and sanitary status of dogs infected with zoonotic species, it is necessary to raise awareness of the need for responsible care of dogs.

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Inadequate food and nutrition affect human well-being, particularly for many poor subpopulations living in rural areas. The purpose of this research was to analyze the factors that determine the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) in the rural area of the Paute River Basin, Azuay Province, Ecuador. The sample size of 383 surveys was determined by a stratified random sampling method with proportional affixation. Dietary diversity was measured through the HDDS, with 12 food groups (cereals; roots and tubers; fruits; sugar/honey; meat and eggs; legumes or grains; vegetables; oils/fats; milk and dairy products; meats; miscellaneous; fish and shellfish) over a recall period of 7 days. A Poisson regression model was used to determine the relationship between the HDDS and sociodemographic variables. The results show that the average HDDS of food consumption is 10.89 foods. Of the analyzed food groups, the most consumed are cereals; roots and tubers; fruits; sugar/honey. In addition, the determinants that best explain the HDDS in the predictive model were housing size, household size, per capita food expenditure, area of cultivated land, level of education, and marital status of the head of household. The tools used in this research can be used to analyze food and nutrition security interventions. Furthermore, the results allow policymakers to identify applicable public policies in the fight against hunger.

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O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar e comparar os níveis motivacionais para a prática esportiva de escolares de instituições rurais e urbanas. Ao todo participaram do estudo 848 estudantes, sendo 424 da escola do campo e 424 da escola urbana, com idades compreendidas entre 10 a 19 anos de ambos os sexos. Para a avaliação do quadro motivacional esportivo foi utilizado o instrumento de pesquisa "Sport Motivation Scale" (SMS), que visa mensurar e avaliar componentes intrínsecos e extrínsecos da motivação. Para a análise estatística foram utilizados os testes de Mann Whitney para comparação de grupos e o teste qui quadrado para a associação das variáveis. Após a interpretação dos dados, os resultados indicaram que os alunos das zonas rurais de ensino encontravam-se mais motivados que os estudantes do perímetro urbano, sobretudo, quando a comparação se deu entre escolares do sexo feminino e em etapas mais avançadas de escolaridade. Em consonância a esses dados, quando realizado um teste de associação entre o tipo de escola e a classificação motivacional, constatou-se que a maioria dos discentes das escolas rurais estavam classificados em um nível de motivação considerado alto. Em suma, a partir deste estudo, verificamos que o ambiente onde os escolares estudam ou residem, em alguma medida, pode influenciar na motivação esportiva. Embora não esteja claro as razões pelas quais os escolares do campo se evidenciaram mais motivados, acreditamos que no contexto rural existe uma limitação quanto à diversidade de atividades, o que acaba contribuindo para uma maior atenção para as práticas esportivas. Como na cidade o jovem tem a sua disposição um leque maior de espaços de convivência social, é provável que o esporte passe a ser dividido com outras ocupações e, por isso, ocorra um maior arrefecimento motivacional no espaço urbano quando comparado com o meio rural.(AU)

The present study aimed to identify and compare the motivational levels for the sport practice of students from rural and urban schools. The study included 848 students, being 424 of the rural school and 424 of the urban school, aged between 10 and 19 years of both sexes. For the evaluation of the sport motivational framework, we used the research instrument "Sport Motivation Scale" (SMS) to measure and evaluate the intrinsic and extrinsic components of motivation. For the statistical analysis was performed Mann Whitney tests for comparison of groups and chi-square test for the association of variables. After the data were interpreted, the results indicated that students in rural areas were more motivated than students in the urban perimeter, especially when the comparison was made between female students and at more advanced levels of schooling. In line with these data, when a test of association between the type of school and the motivational classification was carried out, it was found that the most of rural schoolchildren were classified as having a high motivation level. In short, from this study, we verified that the environment where the students study or reside can influence sport motivation. Although it is not clear why rural schoolchildren were more motivated, we believe that in the rural context there is a limitation on the diversity of activities, which contributes to greater attention to sport practices. As in the city the youth has at its disposal a wider range of social coexistence, it is probably that the sport will be divided with other occupations, which contributes to the reduction of the sports motivation when compared to rural students.(AU)

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BACKGROUND: Despite high seroprevalence of asymptomatic infection in humans, toxoplasmosis can manifest as a severe systemic disease, as occurs in the congenital infection. Here we evaluate the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection among pregnant women in a highly urbanized area of Brazil. METHODS: A robust seroepidemiological study was conducted using laboratory databases of anti-Toxoplasma gondii serological results together with information on age, month/year of diagnosis and place of residence of pregnant women in the public health system of the city of Juiz de Fora, Brazil. RESULTS: Of 5895 pregnant women analysed, 54.7% showed seronegativity and 44.4% showed seropositivity for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii. This seropositivity rate increased to 68.3% when only considering participants from rural areas. Multivariate analysis revealed higher odds of being seropositive associated with age (odds ratio [OR] 1.06 [confidence interval {CI} 1.05 to 1.07]) and with living in rural areas (OR 2.96 [CI 1.64 to 5.36]). The spatial distribution of IgG seropositivity indicated a higher prevalence concentrated in rural and peripheral neighbourhoods. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report to use spatial analysis to show a cluster of Toxoplasma infection in rural and peripheral neighbourhoods of a highly urbanized municipality, which highlights the need for adequate healthcare actions to be implemented for women living in these areas.

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No ano de 2018, houve 227.920 óbitos no Brasil por neoplasias, 19.692 referentes à população feminina do noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Estima-se que para 2020, 115.780 novos casos de câncer incidam sobre a população feminina brasileira, o que justifica o enfoque principal do presente estudo. Este avaliou a associação entre as características sociodemográficas, clínicas e familiares de mulheres recentemente diagnosticadas com câncer e o seu local de moradia. Trata-se de um estudo transversal e observacional, o qual a coleta de dados ocorreu no período de agosto 2018 a janeiro de 2019 através da aplicação de um questionário, participaram 143 mulheres recentemente diagnosticadas com câncer, assistidas em um Centro de Alta Complexidade em Oncologia (CACON) de um hospital geral porte IV (300 ou mais leitos) as quais foram subdivididas em três grupos: Rural, Urbano sem Exposição Rural e Urbano com Exposição Rural. Verificou-se que 51% das mulheres possuíam idade inferior a 60 anos e, comorbidades como: Obesidade, depressão e câncer de mama, demostraram associação significativa com relação ao local de moradia (p=0,035, p=0,028 p=0,032, respectivamente). Conclui-se que apesar do meio urbano disponibilizar maior infraestrutura no diagnóstico, tratamento e medidas de prevenção à ocorrência do câncer; mulheres urbanas, rurais e expostas ao meio rural, demonstraram ocorrências parecidas para a incidência de alguns tipos de canceres.

In 2018, there were 227,920 deaths in Brazil due to neoplasms, 19,692 referring to the female population in the northwest of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. It is estimated that by 2020, 115,780 new cases of cancer affected the Brazilian female population, which justifies the main focus of the present study. This study assessed the association between the sociodemographic, clinical, and family characteristics of women recently diagnosed with cancer and their place of residence. This is a cross-sectional and observational study, in which data collection took place from August 2018 to January 2019 through the application of a questionnaire applied to 143 women recently diagnosed with cancer. These subjects were attended in a High Complexity Oncology Center (CACON) of a size IV general hospital (300 or more beds) which were subdivided into three groups: Rural, Urban without Rural Exposure, and Urban with Rural Exposure. It was found that 51% of women were under the age of 60 years old, and comorbidities such as obesity, depression, and breast cancer showed a significant association in relation to the place of residence (p=0.035, p=0.028 p=0.032, respectively). It is concluded that despite the urban environment providing greater infrastructure in the diagnosis, treatment, and measures to prevent the occurrence of cancer, urban, rural and women exposed to the rural environment, demonstrated similar occurrences for the incidence of some types of cancers.

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ABSTRACT Objective: to understand the health-disease-care process of the older adult living in rural areas. Method: a qualitative research study from the perspective of Madeleine Leininger's Theory of Diversity and Universality of Cultural Care, carried out with the participation of 19 older adults living in the rural area of a municipality in southern Brazil. Data collection took place in July and August 2018 by means of semi-structured interviews and simple observation. And data analysis was performed following Laurence Bardin's Content Analysis proposal. Results: the conceptions of health and disease of the older adult living in rural areas are mainly related to the ability and inability to perform the activities of daily living and work, especially with the land and animals. We highlight the care practices of older adults living in rural areas with regard to the use of medications, food consumption and the practice of physical exercise. In addition, the notion about their health condition and the capacity for self-management and adaptation to the challenges of the health-disease-care process. Conclusion: the health-disease-care process of older adults living in rural areas is influenced by social and cultural factors of the context in which they are inserted. This suggests the planning, implementation, development, evaluation and (re)formulation of health policies, programs and actions focused on providing culturally congruent care, which encompasses more than the singularities of the rural area, in the sense of dichotomy in relation to the urban area.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender el proceso de salud-enfermedad-atención de ancianos residentes en zonas rurales. Método: investigación cualitativa desde la perspectiva de la Teoría de la Diversidad y Universalidad de la Atención Cultural de Madeleine Leininger, realizada con la participación de 19 ancianos en la zona rural de un municipio de la Región Sur de Brasil. Los datos se recolectaron en los meses de julio y agosto de 2018 por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas y observación simple. El análisis de los datos se efectuó mediante la propuesta de Análisis de Contenido de Laurence Bardin. Resultados: las concepciones de salud y enfermedad de los ancianos residentes en zonas rurales están principalmente relacionadas a la capacidad e incapacidad de realizar las actividades de la vida diaria y del trabajo, especialmente, con la tierra y los animales. Las prácticas de atención a ancianos residentes en zonas rurales se destacan con respecto al uso de medicamentos, al consumo de alimentos y a la práctica de ejercicio físico; además de la noción sobre su estado de salud y de la capacidad de autogestión y adaptación frente a los desafíos del proceso de salud-enfermedad-atención. Conclusión: el proceso de salud-enfermedad-atención para los ancianos residentes en zonas rurales se ve influenciado por factores sociales y culturales del contexto en el que se encuentran. Eso sugiere planificación, implementación, desarrollo, evaluación y (re)formulación de políticas, programas y acciones de salud enfocadas en proporcionar atención culturalmente congruente, que comprenda no solamente las singularidades de la zona rural, en el sentido de la dicotomía en relación con el área urbana.

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender o processo saúde-doença-cuidado do idoso residente em área rural. Método: pesquisa qualitativa na perspectiva da Teoria da Diversidade e Universalidade do Cuidado Cultural de Madeleine Leininger, realizada com a participação de 19 idosos residentes na área rural de um município da Região Sul do Brasil. A coleta de dados se deu nos meses de julho e agosto de 2018 por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação simples. E a análise de dados, mediante a proposta de Análise de Conteúdo de Laurence Bardin. Resultados: as concepções de saúde e doença dos idosos residentes em área rural encontram-se, principalmente, relacionadas à capacidade e incapacidade de realização das atividades da vida diária e do trabalho, sobretudo, com a terra e os animais. Destacam-se as práticas de cuidado dos idosos residentes em área rural no que diz respeito ao uso de medicamentos, ao consumo de alimentos e à prática de exercícios físicos. Além, da noção sobre sua condição de saúde e da capacidade de autogestão e adaptação frente aos desafios do processo saúde-doença-cuidado. Conclusão: o processo-saúde-doença-cuidado dos idosos residentes em área rural é influenciado por fatores sociais e culturais do contexto em que estão inseridos. O que sugere o planejamento, a implementação, o desenvolvimento, a avaliação e a (re)formulação de políticas, programas e ações de saúde com foco na prestação de um cuidado culturalmente congruente, que compreenda mais do que as singularidades da área rural, no sentido da dicotomia em relação à área urbana.

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The assemblage of helminths of Trachemys dorbigni was analyzed according two environments (rural and urban) and according to hosts gender. Thus, the helminths found were: Spiroxys contortus (Rudolphi, 1819), Falcaustra affinis (Leidy, 1856), Camallanus emydidius Mascarenhas & Müller, 2017, Dioctophyme renale (Goeze, 1782) (larvae), Eustrongylides sp. (larvae) (Nematoda), Telorchis corti (Stunkard, 1915), Telorchis achavali Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector, 1973, Telorchis spp. (Digenea), Polystomoides rohdei Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector,1968 and Neopolystoma sp. (Monogenoidea). Parasitological indices suggests that S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius, T. corti and P. rohdei are species common in helminth assemblage of T. dorbigni in southern Brazil. Infection by Dioctophyme renale is typical of the urban area and suggest relation with eutrophication process and feedback of parasitic cycle in the freshwater urban environment. Parasitological indices of Neopolystoma sp. and T. achavali suggest to be occasional infections; whereas infection by Eustrongylides sp. could be considered accidental. About Telorchiidae, there was no co-occurrence of the species of this group for the examined hosts. In relation to hosts gender, it was observed that infections by S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius and T. corti had higher rates in females, showing a more intimate association with the females of T. dorbigni. The results suggest that human impact on the environment could affect the infrapopulacional dynamics of parasite species influencing the presence and rates of infection of helminths or exacerbating heterogeneities related to hosts gender.(AU)

A assembleia de helmintos de Trachemys dorbigni foi analizada de acordo com dois ambientes (rural e urbano) e de acordo com o gênero sexual dos hospedeiros. Os helmintos encontrados foram: Spiroxys contortus (Rudolphi, 1819), Falcaustra affinis (Leidy, 1856), Camallanus emydidius Mascarenhas & Müller, 2017, Dioctophyme renale (Goeze, 1782) (larva), Eustrongylides sp. (larva) (Nematoda), Telorchis corti (Stunkard, 1915), Telorchis achavali Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector, 1973, Telorchis spp. (Digenea), Polystomoides rohdei Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector,1968 and Neopolystoma sp. (Monogenoidea). Os indices parasitológicos sugerem que S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius, T. corti e P. rohdei são espécies comuns da assembleia de helmintos de T. dorbigni no extremo sul do Brasil. A infecção por Dioctophyme renale é tipica da area urbana e sugere estar relacionada com os processos de eutrofização e a retroalimentação do ciclo parasitário no ambiente aquático urbano. Os indices parasitológicos de Neopolystoma sp. e T. achavali sugerem que a infecção por estes seja occasional; a infecção por Eustrongylides sp. pode ser considerada acidental. Não houve co-ocorrência entre as espécies de Telorchiidae. Em relação ao gênero sexual, observou-se que as infecções por S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius e T. corti apresentaram taxas mais elevadas nas fêmeas, mostrando uma associação mais íntima com as fêmeas de T. dorbigni. Os resultados sugerem que o impacto humano sobre o ambiente pode afetar a dinâmica das infrapopulações dos helmintos parasitos, influenciando a presença e os índices de infecção de helmintos ou exacerbando heterogeneidades relacionadas ao gênero sexual dos hospedeiros.(AU)

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ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the factors that influence physical activity (PA) participation among secondary school learners in the Hlanganani rural area of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Methods: A quantitative approach was used to examine factors that influence PA involvement among 151 students (mean age: 18.14 ± 1.81 years) attending three rural public secondary schools in the Hlanganani rural area of Limpopo Province, South Africa, who volunteered to participate in the study. Data were collected using validated structured questionnaires. Results: Overall, the results indicated that preferring to do other things with their time, exercise is too hard, unsafe environment, and the lack of facilities and time to exercise were cited as major factors that deterred the students from participating in PA. Conclusion: The findings of this study provide practical implications for promoting students' participation in PA in rural schools. It is recommended that schools should be provided with sport facilities that are proximal and safe for students. Additionally, PA programmes should be promoted through campaigns that would motivate more students to participate in view of its potential health benefits.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The assemblage of helminths of Trachemys dorbigni was analyzed according two environments (rural and urban) and according to host’s gender. Thus, the helminths found were: Spiroxys contortus (Rudolphi, 1819), Falcaustra affinis (Leidy, 1856), Camallanus emydidius Mascarenhas & Müller, 2017, Dioctophyme renale (Goeze, 1782) (larvae), Eustrongylides sp. (larvae) (Nematoda), Telorchis corti (Stunkard, 1915), Telorchis achavali Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector, 1973, Telorchis spp. (Digenea), Polystomoides rohdei Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector,1968 and Neopolystoma sp. (Monogenoidea). Parasitological indices suggests that S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius, T. corti and P. rohdei are species common in helminth assemblage of T. dorbigni in southern Brazil. Infection by Dioctophyme renale is typical of the urban area and suggest relation with eutrophication process and feedback of parasitic cycle in the freshwater urban environment. Parasitological indices of Neopolystoma sp. and T. achavali suggest to be occasional infections; whereas infection by Eustrongylides sp. could be considered accidental. About Telorchiidae, there was no co-occurrence of the species of this group for the examined hosts. In relation to host’s gender, it was observed that infections by S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius and T. corti had higher rates in females, showing a more intimate association with the females of T. dorbigni. The results suggest that human impact on the environment could affect the infrapopulacional dynamics of parasite species influencing the presence and rates of infection of helminths or exacerbating heterogeneities related to host’s gender.

A assembleia de helmintos de Trachemys dorbigni foi analizada de acordo com dois ambientes (rural e urbano) e de acordo com o gênero sexual dos hospedeiros. Os helmintos encontrados foram: Spiroxys contortus (Rudolphi, 1819), Falcaustra affinis (Leidy, 1856), Camallanus emydidius Mascarenhas & Müller, 2017, Dioctophyme renale (Goeze, 1782) (larva), Eustrongylides sp. (larva) (Nematoda), Telorchis corti (Stunkard, 1915), Telorchis achavali Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector, 1973, Telorchis spp. (Digenea), Polystomoides rohdei Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector,1968 and Neopolystoma sp. (Monogenoidea). Os indices parasitológicos sugerem que S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius, T. corti e P. rohdei são espécies comuns da assembleia de helmintos de T. dorbigni no extremo sul do Brasil. A infecção por Dioctophyme renale é tipica da area urbana e sugere estar relacionada com os processos de eutrofização e a retroalimentação do ciclo parasitário no ambiente aquático urbano. Os indices parasitológicos de Neopolystoma sp. e T. achavali sugerem que a infecção por estes seja occasional; a infecção por Eustrongylides sp. pode ser considerada acidental. Não houve co-ocorrência entre as espécies de Telorchiidae. Em relação ao gênero sexual, observou-se que as infecções por S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius e T. corti apresentaram taxas mais elevadas nas fêmeas, mostrando uma associação mais íntima com as fêmeas de T. dorbigni. Os resultados sugerem que o impacto humano sobre o ambiente pode afetar a dinâmica das infrapopulações dos helmintos parasitos, influenciando a presença e os índices de infecção de helmintos ou exacerbando heterogeneidades relacionadas ao gênero sexual dos hospedeiros.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT The assemblage of helminths of Trachemys dorbigni was analyzed according two environments (rural and urban) and according to hosts gender. Thus, the helminths found were: Spiroxys contortus (Rudolphi, 1819), Falcaustra affinis (Leidy, 1856), Camallanus emydidius Mascarenhas & Müller, 2017, Dioctophyme renale (Goeze, 1782) (larvae), Eustrongylides sp. (larvae) (Nematoda), Telorchis corti (Stunkard, 1915), Telorchis achavali Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector, 1973, Telorchis spp. (Digenea), Polystomoides rohdei Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector,1968 and Neopolystoma sp. (Monogenoidea). Parasitological indices suggests that S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius, T. corti and P. rohdei are species common in helminth assemblage of T. dorbigni in southern Brazil. Infection by Dioctophyme renale is typical of the urban area and suggest relation with eutrophication process and feedback of parasitic cycle in the freshwater urban environment. Parasitological indices of Neopolystoma sp. and T. achavali suggest to be occasional infections; whereas infection by Eustrongylides sp. could be considered accidental. About Telorchiidae, there was no co-occurrence of the species of this group for the examined hosts. In relation to hosts gender, it was observed that infections by S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius and T. corti had higher rates in females, showing a more intimate association with the females of T. dorbigni. The results suggest that human impact on the environment could affect the infrapopulacional dynamics of parasite species influencing the presence and rates of infection of helminths or exacerbating heterogeneities related to hosts gender.

RESUMO A assembleia de helmintos de Trachemys dorbigni foi analizada de acordo com dois ambientes (rural e urbano) e de acordo com o gênero sexual dos hospedeiros. Os helmintos encontrados foram: Spiroxys contortus (Rudolphi, 1819), Falcaustra affinis (Leidy, 1856), Camallanus emydidius Mascarenhas & Müller, 2017, Dioctophyme renale (Goeze, 1782) (larva), Eustrongylides sp. (larva) (Nematoda), Telorchis corti (Stunkard, 1915), Telorchis achavali Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector, 1973, Telorchis spp. (Digenea), Polystomoides rohdei Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector,1968 and Neopolystoma sp. (Monogenoidea). Os indices parasitológicos sugerem que S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius, T. corti e P. rohdei são espécies comuns da assembleia de helmintos de T. dorbigni no extremo sul do Brasil. A infecção por Dioctophyme renale é tipica da area urbana e sugere estar relacionada com os processos de eutrofização e a retroalimentação do ciclo parasitário no ambiente aquático urbano. Os indices parasitológicos de Neopolystoma sp. e T. achavali sugerem que a infecção por estes seja occasional; a infecção por Eustrongylides sp. pode ser considerada acidental. Não houve co-ocorrência entre as espécies de Telorchiidae. Em relação ao gênero sexual, observou-se que as infecções por S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius e T. corti apresentaram taxas mais elevadas nas fêmeas, mostrando uma associação mais íntima com as fêmeas de T. dorbigni. Os resultados sugerem que o impacto humano sobre o ambiente pode afetar a dinâmica das infrapopulações dos helmintos parasitos, influenciando a presença e os índices de infecção de helmintos ou exacerbando heterogeneidades relacionadas ao gênero sexual dos hospedeiros.

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Social and community participation is a fundamental component of the development of renewed primary healthcare (PHC). With the recognition of health as a right, such participation is a significant part of the design of public policies aimed at this sector. These policies contribute not only to overcoming inequity in the provision of this type of services but also to a reduction in social inequalities as a whole. Through a comparative analysis, this study aimed to explain the conditions through which ethnic-rural territories of the Colombian Pacific coast participate in health to contribute to the generation of policies and programs in territories with similar conditions. METHODS: The work was developed through the use of multiple techniques and strategies for information collection and analysis. These include several semi-structured interviews, multiple observation exercises and analysis based on a set theory, i.e., qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). The latter aims to develop a model that provides a count of the main causal combinations that allow high community participation in health. RESULTS: Key findings include how the trajectory of social mobilization and existence of a robust community social fabric became two critical conditions for community participation in the context of social exclusion. The presence of variables such as the implementation of PHC, guarantee of social rights, and trust in institutions, is underestimated as sufficient causal conditions for obtaining this result. Therefore, it is essential to recognize the existence, validity, and importance of processes, experiences, and resourcefulness of political natures, which aim at transforming the daily reality of the inhabitants of these communities. These also set a potential space and scenario for managing the communities' main problems, including health, in the absence of institutionality that guarantees access to their social rights. CONCLUSION: This study points out the importance of understanding community participation as a political activity, expanding exchange dynamics and dialogs between institutions, rulers, and communities to provide social responses in health and well-being to communities and to understand local realities and their own community dynamics.

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OBJECTIVE: To characterize epidemiologically eye trauma in the municipality of Santa Rosa Del Sur, Bolívar, Colombia from June 2015 to May 2016. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive observational study of eye injuries was performed in patients recruited consecutively. Trauma characterization was performed following the international Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology System (BETTS) classification and incorporating ocular adnexa and burns. Injury causes, sociodemographic and clinical variables were included. RESULTS: There were 146 people with eye trauma (149 eyes) during the calendar year. The incidence was 3.61 per 1000 inhabitants: 94% (136) were men, 50.34% (73) traumas in the right eye and three people with bilateral traumas. 71.72% of the injuries were occupational accidents, the highest frequency being among people between 25 and 34 years of age 45 people, (31.03%); 8 children were affected. Applying the BETTS classification, there were 98.67% (147) with closed globe injury. Of these cases, 87.07% (128) were lamellar lacerations and 12.93% (19) contusions. Two eyes with open globe injury. The most compromised structure was the cornea in 75.84% (113). CONCLUSIONS: The data provide epidemiological characterization of eye injuries in a geographically isolated Colombian municipality. The male sex, informal work and lack of protective elements at work are factors more frequently seen in patients with eye injuries.

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Las parasitosis intestinales son un problema de salud pública sobre todo en poblaciones de escasos recursos y en niños de edad preescolar y escolar. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de parasitosis intestinales en niños de seis escuelas pertenecientes al Cantón Jipijapa, Ecuador. Se seleccionaron al azar 6 unidades educativas de diferentes parroquias urbanas y rurales. 647 niños con edades comprendidas entre 1 a 12 años y de ambos géneros. Se les realizó un examen coproparasitológico directo. Se aplicaron pruebas de Ji-cuadrado para verificar la significancia entre las variables edad, sexo, parasitados o no con respecto a la localización de las instituciones educativas. Se obtuvo una prevalencia general de enteroparásitos del 41,7%; predominando los cromistas/ protozoarios sobre los helmintos. Predominó el poliparasitismo y la prevalencia en escolares (53,2%). El complejo Entamoeba (41,8%) fue la especie más frecuentemente identificada, seguido por Blastocystis sp. (18,1%) y Entamoeba coli (175). Giardia lamblia fue el principal patógeno detectado (12,2%). Se requieren más estudios para conocer los factores determinantes de las parasitosis en estas poblaciones y establecer políticas de salud

Intestinal parasites to be a public health problem, especially in people with limited resources and in preschool and school age due to immunological immaturity and their hygienic habits are still developing. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in six schools children belonging to Canton Jipijapa, Ecuador. For this, 6 educational units from different parishes, both urban and rural. Considering children between the ages of 1 and 12, with a total population of 647 children. All children underwent a direct coproparasitological examination and, Ji-square tests were applied to verify the significance between the variables age, sex, parasitized or not with respect to the location of educational institutions. Results: A general prevalence of 41.7% was observed, with chromist/protozoa prevailing over helminths, with a predominance of 53.2% for the school age group and polyparasitism. The Entamoeba complex (41.8%) was the most frequently identified species, Blastocystis sp. and E. coli. Giardia lamblia was the most frequently isolated pathogen. The protozoa prevailed and in the urban population, with significant difference. More studies are needed to know the determinants of parasites in these populations to establish health policies

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The aims were to diagnose intestinal parasites in migrant horticultural families in the rural area of La Plata, and assess factors that increase the risk of parasitic infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serial stool samples and anal swabs of 350 individuals were processed using sedimentation and flotation techniques. Socio-sanitary and environmental characteristics were surveyed using a semi-structured questionnaire. A generalized linear model was used to assess the change in parasitic prevalence with different predictor variables. RESULTS: Of all examined individuals, 79.1% were parasitized, and 12 parasites were identified. Blastocystis sp. (58.9%), Entamoeba coli (26.3%), Enterobius vermicularis (26.0%), and Giardia lamblia (24.0%) were the most prevalent species. Risk factors were age group (<12 years), sampling site, and a basic education of parents. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of intestinal parasites in horticultural families is associated with inadequate environmental sanitation, a limited access to education, and insufficient hygienic habits. An increase in parasitological references in integrated studies (human, animal and environmental health) would result in an understanding of the parasitic etiology, and the development of effective actions for the control of intestinal parasites.