RESUMO

INTRODUCTION:   Marginalization is a significant issue in Mexico, involving a lack of access to health services with differential impacts on Indigenous, rural and urban populations. The objective of this study was to understand Mexico’s public health problem across three population areas, Indigenous, rural and urban, in relation to degree of marginalization and health service coverage. METHODS:   The sampling universe of the study consisted of 107 458 geographic locations in the country. The study was retrospective, comparative and confirmatory. The study applied analysis of variance, parametric and non-parametric, correlation and correspondence analyses. RESULTS:   Significant differences were identified between the Indigenous, rural and urban populations with respect to their level of marginalization and access to health services. The most affected area was Indigenous, followed by rural areas. The sector that was least affected was urban. CONCLUSIONS:   Although health coverage is highly concentrated in urban areas in Mexico, shortages are mostly concentrated in rural areas where Indigenous groups represent the extreme end of marginalization and access to medical coverage. Inadequate access to health services in the Indigenous and rural populations throws the gravity of the public health problem into relief.

Assuntos

Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Serviços de Saúde do Indígena/organização & administração , Serviços de Saúde Rural/organização & administração , Marginalização Social , Serviços Urbanos de Saúde/organização & administração , Humanos , México , Saúde Pública/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Retrospectivos , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos

RESUMO

Un total de 1.203 individuos de cuatro poblaciones rurales y dos zonas urbanas de Cumaná, estado Sucre, Venezuela, se incluyeron en un estudio comparativo de parasitosis intestinales. Previa información y consentimiento se recolectaron muestras fecales que fueron procesadas por examen coproparasitológico, método de Kato cualitativo, Ritchie, tinción de Zielh Neelsen y cultivo en agar. El 77,8% de los individuos resultaron parasitados, hallándose diferencias entre éstos con el tipo de población evaluada (χ2=75,1; p<0,001). En las zonas rurales predominó el poliparasitismo y en las urbanas el monoparasitismo, hallándose diferencias significativas (χ2=136,1; p<0,001). En ambas zonas fue mas frecuente en el sexo femenino. La edad arrojó asociación significativa, según el tipo de población siendo más prevalente el parasitismo en los niños de 0 a7 años en zonas rurales y 8 a14 años en urbanas (χ2=22,6; p<0,004). Se diagnosticaron más especies en las zonas rurales siendo Blastocystis spp. (protozoario) y Trichuris trichiura (helminto) las de mayor prevalencia. Blastocystis spp. estuvo asociado con otros protozoarios. Los helmintos asociados fueron T. trichiura y Ascaris lumbricoides en los dos tipos de poblaciones. La alta frecuencia de parasitosis intestinales en las poblaciones evaluadas, demostró la exposición de los habitantes a mecanismos comunes de contaminación.

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Abstract: We carried out a comparative study of intestinal parasites in 1.200 individuals from four rural and two urban populations located at Cumana, Sucre State, Venezuela. After previously obtaining their informed consent, we collected fecal samples that were processed by a coproparasitological examination, qualitative Kato’s method, Ritchie, Ziehl-Neelsen stain, and agar culture. Results showed that 77.8% of the individuals were parasitized, and that there were differences according to the type of population being evaluated (χ2=136.1; p<0.001). In both rural an urban areas predominated polyparasitism and monoparasitism respectively, finding significant differences (χ2=136.1; p<0.001). In both areas it was more frequent in females. Age showed a significant association and parasites were most prevalent in children 0 to 7 years old in rural areas and 8 to 14 years old in urban areas (χ2=22.6; p<0.004). More species were diagnosed in rural areas and Blastocytiis spp. (protozoa) and Trichuris trichuira (helminth) were the most prevalent. Blastocyttis spp. was associated with other protozoa. Associated helminths were T. trichuria and Ascaris lumbricoides in both types of populations. The high frequency of intestinal parasites in the populations evaluated shows the exposure of the inhabitants to common contamination mechanisms.