RESUMO
Background: Fatigue is associated with increased injury risk along with changes in balance control and task performance. Musculoskeletal injury rates in runners are high and often result from an inability to adapt to the demands of exercise and a breakdown in the interaction among different biological systems. This study aimed to investigate whether changes in balance dynamics during a single-leg squat task following a high-intensity run could distinguish groups of recreational runners who did and did not sustain a running-related injury within 6 months. Methods: Thirty-one healthy recreational runners completed 60 s of single-leg squat before and after a high-intensity run. Six months after the assessment, this cohort was separated into two groups of 13 matched individuals with one group reporting injury within this period and the other not. Task performance was assessed by the number of repetitions, cycle time, amplitude, and speed. To evaluate balance dynamics, the regularity and temporal correlation structure of the center of mass (CoM) displacements in the transverse plane was analyzed. The interaction between groups (injury, non-injured) and time (pre, post) was assessed through a two-way ANOVA. Additionally, a one-way ANOVA investigated the percent change difference of each group across time. Results: The injured group presented more regular (reduced entropy; 15.6%) and diffusive (increased short-term persistence correlation; 5.6%) CoM displacements after a high-intensity run. No changes were observed in the non-injured group. The within-subject percent change was more sensitive in demonstrating the effects of fatigue and distinguishing the groups, compared to group absolute values. No differences were observed in task performance. Discussion: Runners who were injured in the future demonstrate changes in balance dynamics compared to runners who remain injury-free after fatigue. The single-leg squat test adopted appears to be a potential screening protocol that provides valuable information about balance dynamics for identifying a diminished ability to respond to training and exercise.
RESUMO
This study investigated the effectiveness of an 8-week foot-core exercise training program on foot-ankle kinematics during running and also on running kinetics (impact loads), with particular interest in biomechanical outcomes considered risk factors for running-related injuries in recreational runners. A single-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted with 87 recreational runners randomly allocated to either the control (CG) or intervention (IG) group and assessed at baseline and after 8 weeks. The IG underwent foot-core training 3 times/week, while the CG followed a placebo lower-limb stretching protocol. The participants ran on a force-instrumented treadmill at a self-selected speed while foot-segment motion was captured simultaneously with kinetic measurements. After the intervention, there were statistically significant changed in foot biomechanics, such as: IG participants strike the ground with a more inverted calcaneus and a less dorsiflexed midfoot than those in the CG; at midstance, ran with a less plantarflexed and more adducted forefoot and a more abducted hallux; and at push-off, ran with a less dorsiflexed midfoot and a less adducted and more dorsiflexed hallux. The IG runners also had significantly decreased medial longitudinal arch excursion (p = 0.024) and increased rearfoot inversion (p = 0.037). The 8-week foot-core exercise program had no effect on impact (p = 0.129) and breaking forces (p = 0.934) or on vertical loading rate (p = 0.537), but it was positively effective in changing foot-ankle kinematic patterns."
RESUMO
Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) is characterized by the presence of diffuse pain in the posteromedial portion of the medial border of the tibia. Current evidence from the literature has not established an effective treatment and has not been able to demonstrate effectiveness of numerous modalities commonly used to treat MTSS pain. CASE DESCRIPTION: This report describes an 18-year-old male collegiate soccer player who presented with pain along the distal medial tibial border bilaterally consistent with the diagnosis of medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS). Treatment focused on correcting clinical and kinesiological findings likely contributing to the patient's condition including fascial mobilization, interferential currents (IFC), strengthening and stretching exercises. After 10 sessions over 10 weeks the patient was able to return to training and competition without pain.
Assuntos
Síndrome do Estresse Tibial Medial , Adolescente , Atletas , Exercício Físico , Humanos , Masculino , Síndrome do Estresse Tibial Medial/diagnóstico , Síndrome do Estresse Tibial Medial/terapia , Dor , Medição da DorRESUMO
SUMMARY BACKGROUND: A triathlon consists of 3 modalities: swimming, cycling and running. Its higher training frequency, the environmental factors and extrinsic factors (technique and equipment) may lead to injuries. This study aimed to determine injury epidemiology in triathletes, as well as their type, location, mechanism of injury, and risk factors. METHODS: The sample was constituted of 174 triathletes who participated in the Triathlon Club Portuguese Championship, being 131 (75.3%) male, aged 18 to 70 years old (36.09±11.03). The measurement instrument was a questionnaire concerning the characterization of the population and aspects related to the modality and injuries. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty (69%) athletes reported one injury since the beginning of their practice, and 95 (54.6%) had an injury in the previous year, with a total of 130 injuries. There were 2.39 injuries per 1,000 hours of triathlon training. The most common injuries were muscle contusion (31.5%) and inflammatory injuries (19.2%), located in the knee (22.3%) and the leg (18.5%). Overtraining (43.1%) was the mechanism that led to the highest occurrence of injuries. Fourteen (10.8%) injuries occurred during swimming, 23 (17.7%) during cycling, and 93 (71.5%) during running. No statistical significance was observed between the risk factors analyzed and the occurrence of injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Triathlon practice is associated with a high prevalence of injuries, being contusions, knee, and overtraining the most common type, location, and mechanism of injury respectively. It is necessary to create injury prevention strategies, including specific training and suitable materials for use by athletes.
RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: O triatlo é constituído por três modalidades: natação, ciclismo e corrida. Uma maior frequência de treinamento, fatores ambientais e fatores extrínsecos (técnica e equipamento) podem levar a lesões. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a epidemiologia de lesões em triatletas, bem como seu tipo, localização, mecanismo de lesão e fatores de risco. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi constituída por 174 triatletas que participaram do Campeonato Português de Clubes de Triatlo, sendo 131 (75,3%) do sexo masculino, com idades entre 18 e 70 anos (36,09 ± 11,03). O instrumento de medida foi um questionário referente à caracterização da população e aspectos relacionados à modalidade e lesões. RESULTADOS: Cento e vinte (69%) atletas referiram ter tido uma lesão desde que iniciaram a sua prática e 95 (54,6%) sofreram uma lesão no último ano, totalizando 130 lesões. Verificaram-se 2,39 lesões por 1.000 horas de treinamento em triatlo. As lesões mais comuns incluíram contusão muscular (31,5%) e lesões inflamatórias (19,2%), localizadas no joelho (22,3%) e na perna (18,5%). O excesso de treinamento (43,1%) foi o mecanismo que levou à maior ocorrência de lesões. Quatorze (10,8%) lesões ocorreram durante a prática de natação, 23 (17,7%) durante o ciclismo e 93 (71,5%) durante a corrida. Não foi observada significância estatística entre os fatores de risco analisados com a ocorrência de lesões. CONCLUSÕES: A prática de triatlo esteve associada a uma alta prevalência de lesões, sendo a contusão, o joelho e o excesso de treinamento, o tipo, a localização e o mecanismo mais comuns de lesão. É necessário criar estratégias de prevenção de lesões, incluindo treinamento específico e adequação do material utilizado pelo atleta.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Adulto Jovem , Traumatismos em Atletas/etiologia , Traumatismos em Atletas/epidemiologia , Portugal/epidemiologia , Corrida , Natação , Ciclismo , Músculo Esquelético , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
RESUMO No Brasil, a corrida de rua é o segundo esporte mais praticado; entretanto, pode ocasionar lesões musculoesqueléticas. Estudos sobre o tema são importantes para nortear estratégias de prevenção e intervenção. Assim, o objetivo foi investigar a prevalência de lesões e os fatores associados em corredores de rua da cidade de Juiz de Fora(MG). Trata-se de um estudo observacional do tipo transversal. A amostra foi selecionada por conveniência. Foram incluídos corredores amadores, entre 18 e 60 anos e que realizavam treinos em diferentes locais da cidade. Foram excluídos participantes com histórico de fratura e osteossíntese em membros inferiores ou que praticassem outro esporte que não fosse a musculação. Para analisar os dados, foram utilizados os testes t de Student, Mann-Whitney e X2 (α=0,05). Os participantes foram alocados em grupo lesão (GL, n=37) e grupo sem lesão (GSL, n=113). A prevalência de lesão foi de 24,7%. O GL praticava a corrida há mais tempo (76,2 ± 9,1 × 36,7 ± 39,0 meses; P<.01), teve menor aumento da frequência semanal do treinamento (49,5% × 54,2%; P=.04), realizou menos alongamento prévio (48,6% × 75,2%; P=.02), apresentou maior percentual de análise da marcha para escolha do calçado (62,1% × 43,3%; P=.04) e uso de palmilha (35,1% X 14,1%; P=<.01). A prevalência de lesões foi baixa. Os que correm há mais tempo têm maior risco de lesão mesmo sem incremento na frequência semanal. O alongamento foi protetor e a prescrição de calçado e palmilha indiscriminados não garantiram resultados satisfatórios.
RESUMEN En Brasil, la carrera callejera es el segundo deporte más practicado; mientras tanto, puede ocasionar lesiones musculo esqueléticas. Estudios sobre el tema son importantes para orientar estrategias de prevención e intervención. Así, el objetivo ha sido investigar la prevalencia de lesiones y los factores asociados en corredores callejeros de la ciudad de Juiz de Fora (MG). Se trata de un estudio observacional del tipo transversal. La muestra ha sido seleccionada por conveniencia. Han sido incluidos los corredores amadores, entre 18 y 60 años y que realizaban entrenos en distintos locales de la ciudad. Han sido excluidos los participantes con historial de fractura y osteosíntesis en miembros inferiores o que practicaran otro deporte que no fuera la musculación. Para analizar los datos, han sido utilizadas las pruebas t de Student, Mann-Whitney y X2 (α=0,05). Los participantes han sido asignados en grupo lesión (GL, n=37) y grupo sin lesión (GSL, n=113). La prevalencia de lesión ha sido del 24,7%. El GL practicaba la carrera hacía más tiempo (76,2 ± 9,1 × 36,7 ± 39,0 meses; P<.01), ha tenido menor incremento de la frecuencia semanal del entrenamiento (el 49,5% × el 54,2%; P=.04), ha realizado menos tiramiento previo (el 48,6% × el 75,2%; P=.02), ha presentado mayor porcentual de análisis de la marcha para escoja del calzado (el 62,1% × el 43,3%; P=.04) y uso de plantilla (el 35,1% × el 14,1%; P=<.01). La prevalencia de lesiones ha sido baja. Los que corren hace más tiempo tienen mayor riesgo de contusión aunque sin incremento en la frecuencia semanal. El tiramiento ha sido protector y la prescripción de calzado y plantilla indiscriminados no ha garantizado resultados satisfactorios.
ABSTRACT In Brazil, running is the second most practiced sport, and it can cause musculoskeletal injuries. Studies on the subject are important to guide prevention and intervention strategies. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate the prevalence of injuries and associated factors in road runners in the city of Juiz de Fora-MG-Brazil. This is an observational cross-sectional study. A convenience sampling was adopted. This study included amateur runners of both sexes, aged between 18 and 60, training in the city of Juiz de Fora-MG. Participants with history of fracture and osteosynthesis in lower limbs or who performed sports practices other than weight training were excluded. Student's t-tests, Mann-Whitney and X² (α = 0,05) were used to analyze the data. Participants were allocated in Injury Group (IG, n=37) and Without Injury Group (WIG, n=113). Injury prevalence was 24.7%. The IG had been practicing running for a longer time (76.2±9.1 X 36.7±39.0 months, p<.01); had their weekly training frequency increased (49.5% vs. 54.2%, P=.04); stretched less before training (48.6% X 75.2%, P=.02); presented a higher percentage of gait analysis for footwear selection (62.1% X 43.3%, P=.04) and insole use (35.1% X 14.1%, P=<.01). Injury prevalence was low and those who have been running longer than others had a higher risk of injury even without an increase in weekly frequency. Stretching was protective and the prescription of indiscriminate footwear and insole did not guarantee satisfactory results.
RESUMO
Resumen Introducción. La termografía infrarroja (TI) es un equipo de imagen que capta las radiaciones de calor emitidas por los cuerpos y las recoge en valores de temperatura. En el ámbito deportivo se utiliza para identificar daños en estructuras músculo-esqueléticas a partir de la variación de la temperatura corporal en zonas anatómicas afectadas. Objetivo. Valorar la efectividad de la TI como herramienta para detectar músculos dañados después de correr una maratón. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron 17 corredores antes y después de correr una maratón (42.196 km) utilizando un equipo termográfíco. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la temperatura previa y posterior a correr una maratón. Se presentó una diferencia entre la medición previa y posterior >1°C en el vasto lateral, vasto medial, recto femoral y aductor de la pierna dominante, lo que, basados en parámetros clínicos, representa un daño en estos músculos. Los aumentos de temperatura se mostraron de manera heterogénea entre las zonas anatómicas. Conclusiones. La TI es una herramienta efectiva para detectar zonas musculares dañadas en corredores después de participar en una maratón.
Abstract Introduction: Infrared thermography (IT) is an imaging technique that detects heat radiation emitted by an object and collects it to convert it into temperature values. In sports, it is used to identify damage to musculoskeletal structures based on the variation of body temperature in affected anatomical areas. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of IT as a tool to detect damaged muscles after running a marathon. Materials and methods: 17 runners were assessed before and after running a marathon (42.196 km) using thermographic equipment. Results: Statistically significant temperature differences were found before and after running a marathon. There was a difference between previous and posterior measurement >1°C in the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris and adductor of the dominant leg, which, based on clinical parameters, indicates damage in these muscles. Increases in temperature were heterogeneous among anatomical areas. Conclusions: IT is an effective tool for detecting damaged muscle areas in runners after participating in a marathon.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency and severity of injuries that affect amateur runners. METHODS: This study was conducted by means of a questionnaire applied to 204 amateur runners. Individuals who were under the age of 18 years and those who were unpracticed runners were excluded. The data gathered comprised the number, type, site and degree of severity of the injuries and the individuals' age and sex. RESULTS: It was observed that male athletes predominated. The mean age was 32.6 ± 9.3 years with a range from 18 to 68 years, and the injuries were classified as mild, keeping the athlete away from practicing running for fewer than eight days. Sprains, blisters and abrasions were the most frequent injuries, located most often on the lower limbs and predominantly on the feet. CONCLUSION: In practicing running, sprains, blisters and abrasions occur frequently, but are mild injuries. They mostly affect the lower limbs.
OBJETIVOS: Verificar a frequência e a gravidade das lesões que acometem praticantes amadores de corrida. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi conduzido por meio de questionário aplicado a 204 corredores amadores. Foram excluídos do estudo menores de idade e pessoas sem prática de corrida. Número, tipo, topografia e grau de gravidade das lesões, além de idade e sexo, foram os dados coletados. RESULTADOS: Observou-se predomínio de atletas do sexo masculino, idade média de 32,6 ± 9,3 anos com variação de 18 a 68 anos. As lesões foram classificadas como leves e afastaram o atleta da prática de corrida por menos de oito dias. Entorses, lesões bolhosas e escoriações foram as lesões mais frequentes, localizadas mais frequentemente nos membros inferiores, com predomínio nos pés. CONCLUSÃO: Na prática de corrida, entorses, lesões bolhosas e escoriações são frequentes, porém são leves e acometem mais os membros inferiores.
RESUMO
Verificar a frequência e a gravidade das lesões que acometem praticantes amadores de corrida. Métodos: O estudo foi conduzido por meio de questionário aplicado a 204 corredores amadores. Foram excluídos do estudo menores de idade e pessoas sem prática de corrida. Número, tipo, topografia e grau de gravidade das lesões, além de idade e sexo, foram os dados coletados. Resultados: Observou-se predomínio de atletas do sexo masculino, idade média de 32,6 ± 9,3 anos com variação de 18 a 68 anos. As lesões foram classificadas como leves e afastaram o atleta da prática de corrida por menos de oito dias. Entorses, lesões bolhosas e escoriações foram as lesões mais frequentes, localizadas mais frequentemente nos membros inferiores, com predomínio nos pés. Conclusão: Na prática de corrida, entorses, lesões bolhosas e escoriações são frequentes,porém são leves e acometem mais os membros inferiores.
To determine the frequency and severity of injuries that affect amateur runners. METHODS: This study was conducted by means of a questionnaire applied to 204 amateur runners. Individuals who were under the age of 18 years and those who were unpracticed runners were excluded. The data gathered comprised the number, type, site and degree of severity of the injuries and the individuals' age and sex. RESULTS: It was observed that male athletes predominated. The mean age was 32.6 ± 9.3 years with a range from 18 to 68 years, and the injuries were classified as mild, keeping the athlete away from practicing running for fewer than eight days. Sprains, blisters and abrasions were the most frequent injuries, located most often on the lower limbs and predominantly on the feet. CONCLUSION: In practicing running, sprains, blisters and abrasions occur frequently, but are mild injuries. They mostly affect the lower limbs.