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Introduction: Obesity and gender play a critical role in shaping the outcomes of COVID-19 disease. These two factors have a dynamic relationship with each other, as well as other risk factors, which hinders interpretation of how they influence severity and disease progression. This work aimed to study differences in COVID-19 disease outcomes through analysis of risk profiles stratified by gender and obesity status. Methods: This study employed an unsupervised clustering analysis, using Mexico's national COVID-19 hospitalization dataset, which contains demographic information and health outcomes of patients hospitalized due to COVID-19. Patients were segmented into four groups by obesity and gender, with participants' attributes and clinical outcome data described for each. Then, Consensus and PAM clustering methods were used to identify distinct risk profiles based on underlying patient characteristics. Risk profile discovery was completed on 70% of records, with the remaining 30% available for validation. Results: Data from 88,536 hospitalized patients were analyzed. Obesity, regardless of gender, was linked with higher odds of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, pneumonia, and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admissions. Men tended to have higher frequencies of ICU admissions and pneumonia and higher mortality rates than women. Within each of the four analysis groups (divided based on gender and obesity status), clustering analyses identified four to five distinct risk profiles. For example, among women with obesity, there were four profiles; those with a hypertensive profile were more likely to have pneumonia, and those with a diabetic profile were most likely to be admitted to the ICU. Conclusion: Our analysis emphasizes the complex interplay between obesity, gender, and health outcomes in COVID-19 hospitalizations. The identified risk profiles highlight the need for personalized treatment strategies for COVID-19 patients and can assist in planning for patterns of deterioration in future waves of SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission. This research underscores the importance of tackling obesity as a major public health concern, given its interplay with many other health conditions, including infectious diseases such as COVID-19.

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BACKGROUND: Mammography Density (MD) is a potential risk marker that is influenced by genetic polymorphisms and can subsequently modulate the risk of breast cancer. This qualitative systematic review summarizes the genes and biological pathways involved in breast density and discusses the potential clinical implications in view of the genetic risk profile for breast density. METHODS: The terms related to "Common genetic variations" and "Breast density" were searched in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Gene pathways analysis and assessment of protein interactions were also performed. RESULTS: Eighty-six studies including 111 genes, reported a significant association between mammographic density in different populations. ESR1, IGF1, IGFBP3, and ZNF365 were the most prevalent genes. Moreover, estrogen metabolism, signal transduction, and prolactin signaling pathways were significantly related to the associated genes. Mammography density was an associated phenotype, and eight out of 111 genes, including COMT, CYP19A1, CYP1B1, ESR1, IGF1, IGFBP1, IGFBP3, and LSP1, were modifiers of this trait. CONCLUSION: Genes involved in developmental processes and the evolution of secondary sexual traits play an important role in determining mammographic density. Due to the effect of breast tissue density on the risk of breast cancer, these genes may also be associated with breast cancer risk.

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We analyzed the neurological manifestations in Mexican patients hospitalized with pneumonia due to COVID-19 and investigated the association between demographic, clinical, and biochemical variables and outcomes, including death. A retrospective, analytical study was conducted using the electronic records of patients hospitalized between 1 April 2020 and 30 September 2020. Records of 1040 patients were analyzed: 31.25% died and 79.42% had neurological symptoms, including headache (80.62%), anosmia (32.20%), ageusia (31.96%), myopathy (28.08%), disorientation (14.89%), encephalopathy (12.22%), neuropathy (5.4%), stroke (1.3%), seizures (1.3%), cerebral hemorrhage (1.08%), encephalitis (0.84%), central venous thrombosis (0.36%), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (0.24%). Patients also had comorbidities, such as hypertension (42.30%), diabetes mellitus (38.74%), obesity (61.34%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3.17%), and asthma (2.01%). Factors associated with neurological symptoms were dyspnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, advanced respiratory support, prolonged hospitalization, and worsening fibrinogen levels. Factors associated with death were older age, advanced respiratory support, amine management, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, intensive care unit management, dyspnea, disorientation, encephalopathy, hypertension, neuropathy, diabetes, male sex, three or more neurological symptoms, and obesity grade 3. In this study we designed a profile to help predict patients at higher risk of developing neurological complications and death following COVID-19 infection.

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Introducción: Staphylococcus ocasiona con frecuencia intoxicaciones alimentarias; en Cuba es una de las principales causas de brotes. Objetivo: analizar el perfil del riesgo de brotes alimentarios por Staphylococcus en Cuba. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico sobre los factores higiénicos y epidemiológicos asociados al riesgo de la intoxicación alimentaria por Staphylococcus en Cuba, en el Instituto Nacional de Higiene Epidemiología y Microbiología, durante el periodo de enero a noviembre de 2018. La información se obtuvo mediante revisión bibliográfica sistémica, análisis de datos del Laboratorio de Referencia Nacional en Microbiología Sanitaria y informes de brotes de la Dirección Nacional de Salud Ambiental. Se estimó el riesgo microbiológico mediante el programa semicuantitativo Ross-Sumner. Resultados: Se identificó como principal peligro Stahylococcus aureus, productores de enterotoxina A y la determinación de aislamientos resistentes a los antimicrobianos, como Stahylococcus aureus meticilina resistentes. Los alimentos más implicados fueron los productos de repostería y la inocuidad se afectó en mayor frecuencia por la contaminación cruzada en el 31,4 por ciento brotes y la inadecuada conservación en 46,1 por ciento. La predicción de personas que enferman por año en la población de interés fue de 6 260. Conclusiones: El riesgo de la ocurrencia de brotes por Staphylococcus se estimó como alto; la vigilancia se recomienda en alimentos que requieren manipulación directa y no se aplica tratamiento térmico antes del consumo, con gestiones de riesgo dirigidas a productores y consumidores(AU)

Introduction: Staphylococcus is a frequent cause of food poisoning. In Cuba it is one of the main causes of outbreaks. Objective: Analyze the risk profile of staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks in Cuba. Methods: An observational analytical study was conducted about hygienic and epidemiological factors associated to the risk for staphylococcal food poisoning in Cuba. The study was carried out at the National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology from January to November 2018. The information was obtained from a systematic bibliographic review, analysis of data from the Medical Microbiology National Reference Laboratory, and outbreak reports from the National Environmental Health Division. Microbiological risk was estimated with Ross-Sumner semi-quantitative software. Results: The main hazard identified was Staphylococcus aureus, enterotoxin A producers and determination of antimicrobial resistant isolates like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The food items most commonly involved were sweets, and safety was most frequently affected by cross-contamination in 31.4 percent of the outbreaks and inadequate preservation in 46.1 percent. Prediction of members of the population of interest becoming ill every year was 6 260. Conclusions: Risk for the occurrence of staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks was considered to be high; surveillance is recommended of food items requiring direct manipulation and appropriate thermal treatment is not applied before consumption, with risk management actions aimed at manufacturers and consumers(AU)

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Introduction: Little is known about risk factors of dementia in Latin American countries. We aimed to identify socio-demographic, health and lifestyle risk factors of incident dementia in Cuban older adults. Methods: Data were from 1,846 participants in the Cuban cohort of the 10/66 Dementia Research Group. Participants completed questionnaires, health examinations, and cognitive tests at baseline (2003-2006) and 4.5 years later (2007-2010). Associations between risk factors (baseline) and incident dementia (follow-up) were examined using logistic regression. Results: Just over 9% of participants developed dementia. Overall, older age and low physical activity were associated with incident dementia. In those 65-74 years of age, depression, stroke and low physical activity were associated with incident dementia. In those ≥75 years of age, low physical activity, never eating fish, and smoking were associated with incident dementia. Conclusions: Modifiable lifestyle factors play an important role in developing dementia in Cuban older adults. This knowledge opens up opportunities for preventive strategies.

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BACKGROUND/AIM: Sports practices carry a risk for orofacial injuries and, to avoid them, preventive measures are necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate a web of extrinsic determinants for orofacial trauma in sports. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Through a scoping review, eight extrinsic risk factors for sports-related orofacial trauma emerged from the thematic analysis. These were sports modality, sports philosophy, competition rules, level of competition, accessory equipment, environmental conditions, acting regimen, pitch conditions, and human resources. The data collection was conducted on seven databases, using terms based on health science descriptors and keywords related to orofacial trauma and sports. RESULTS: From the 1155 articles found, 157 were selected based on eligibility criteria and classified according to the mentioned factors. After the full reading of the articles, the most cited risk factor was sports modality while acting regimen and environmental factors were the least mentioned. Therefore, a scheme following the web of determinants was constructed with the purpose of establishing a risk profile, which was based on the interactions between the determinants and on the frequency that they were mentioned as contributors to injury. From this, it was observed that each traumatic event is possibly a result of the interrelationships among the eight suggested determinants. CONCLUSION: Sports modality was the most cited extrinsic determinant observed in the literature, while environmental conditions and acting regimen were the least cited. In addition, more than establishing the determinants, it is necessary to comprehend how they relate, once preventive strategies should intercede on these relations, to help reduce sports injuries.

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Los antidepresivos inhibidores selectivos de la recaptación de serotonina son ampliamente utilizados en la práctica clínica y han desplazado a otros grupos de antidepresivos en las últimas décadas. Esto parece estar vinculado al concepto de su mayor perfil de seguridad y a la minimización de los potenciales efectos adversos que su uso podría generar. Sin embargo el número de efectos adversos tanto leves como graves reportados no son despreciables y es importante su conocimiento con el fin de evitar o diagnosticar en forma precoz y actuar en consecuencia

Selective serotonin receptor inhibitor are widely used in clinical practice and have moved to other antidepressive drugs in recent decades. This seems to be linked to the concept of their greater safety profile and to minimize potential adverse effects that their use could generate. However, the number of both minor and serious reported adverse effects are not negligible and knowledge is important in order to prevent or diagnose early and act accordingly

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Introducción: la muerte súbita representa en la actualidad uno de los principales desafíos para los sistemas sanitarios a nivel mundial dada su elevada incidencia, dramatismo en su presentación y años de vida que se pierden prematuramente como consecuencia de esta entidad.Objetivo: describir los antecedentes de la creación hace 20 años del Grupo de Investigación en Muerte Súbita en Cuba y mostrar sus resultados más significativos. Método: se realizó una revisión documental de los primeros 20 años de trabajo de investigación científica del Grupo de Investigación en Muerte Súbita en Cuba (1995-2014).Resultados: se estudiaron 24 758 muertes naturales a las cuales se les aplicó un algoritmo diagnóstico para documentar 1 953 eventos de muerte súbita cardiovascular, que representaron el 7,8 por ciento de la mortalidad global registrada. El 98,1 por ciento de la casuística investigada correspondió a 14 municipios de la provincia La Habana. El 2 por ciento restante incluyó 26 municipios de 11 provincias del país. Los estudios han demostrado un incremento en la probabilidad para este evento en pacientes con hipertensión arterial, obesidad, diabetes mellitus, cardiopatía isquémica, necrosis miocárdica previa, tabaquismo, engrosamiento ventricular izquierdo y alteración del perfil lipídico.Conclusiones: la creación del Grupo de Investigación en Muerte Súbita ha permitido, en los últimos 20 años, el diseño y ejecución de investigaciones científicas encaminadas a la caracterización epidemiológica de este problema de salud en Cuba, elementos útiles para trazar estrategias de intervención que permitan lograr una disminución sensible en la incidencia e impacto económico, familiar y social de esta entidad(AU)

Introduction: sudden death presently represents one of the main challenges for the health care systems worldwide due to high incidence, dramatic presentation and life years prematurely lost as a result of this event.Objective: to describe the background of the creation of the research group on sudden death in Cuba twenty years ago, and to show its most significant results.Methods: a documentary review of the first 20 years of scientific research work performed by the Research Group on Sudden Death in Cuba (1995-2014).Results: twenty four thousand eight hundred and seventy six deaths of natural causes were studied and applied a diagnostic algorithm to document 1 953 events of sudden cardiovascular death accounting for 7.8 percent of recorded global mortality. In the studied casuistry, 98.1 percent went to 14 municipalities from 11 provinces. The studies showed increased probabilities for this event in patients suffering blood hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, ischemia, previous myocardial necrosis, smoking, left ventricle thickening, and lipid profile impairment.Conclusions: the creation of the Research Group on Sudden Death allowed in the last twenty years designing and performing scientific research studies aimed at the epidemiological characterization of this health problem in Cuba and those are useful elements to draw up intervention strategies to significantly reduce the incidence and the economic, family and social impact of this event(AU)

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La muerte súbita representa en la actualidad uno de los principales desafíos para los sistemas sanitarios a nivel mundial dada su elevada incidencia, dramatismo en su presentación y años de vida que se pierden prematuramente como consecuencia de esta entidad. OBJETIVO: describir los antecedentes de la creación hace 20 años del Grupo de Investigación en Muerte Súbita en Cuba y mostrar sus resultados más significativos. MÉTODO: se realizó una revisión documental de los primeros 20 años de trabajo de investigación científica del Grupo de Investigación en Muerte Súbita en Cuba (1995-2014). RESULTADOS: se estudiaron 24 758 muertes naturales a las cuales se les aplicó un algoritmo diagnóstico para documentar 1 953 eventos de muerte súbita cardiovascular, que representaron el 7,8 por ciento de la mortalidad global registrada. El 98,1 por ciento de la casuística investigada correspondió a 14 municipios de la provincia La Habana. El 2 por ciento restante incluyó 26 municipios de 11 provincias del país. Los estudios han demostrado un incremento en la probabilidad para este evento en pacientes con hipertensión arterial, obesidad, diabetes mellitus, cardiopatía isquémica, necrosis miocárdica previa, tabaquismo, engrosamiento ventricular izquierdo y alteración del perfil lipídico. CONCLUSIONES: la creación del Grupo de Investigación en Muerte Súbita ha permitido, en los últimos 20 años, el diseño y ejecución de investigaciones científicas encaminadas a la caracterización epidemiológica de este problema de salud en Cuba, elementos útiles para trazar estrategias de intervención que permitan lograr una disminución sensible en la incidencia e impacto económico, familiar y social de esta entidad(AU)

Sudden death presently represents one of the main challenges for the health care systems worldwide due to high incidence, dramatic presentation and life years prematurely lost as a result of this event. OBJECTIVE: to describe the background of the creation of the research group on sudden death in Cuba twenty years ago, and to show its most significant results. METHODs: a documentary review of the first 20 years of scientific research work performed by the Research Group on Sudden Death in Cuba (1995-2014). RESULTS: twenty four thousand eight hundred and seventy six deaths of natural causes were studied and applied a diagnostic algorithm to document 1 953 events of sudden cardiovascular death accounting for 7.8 percent of recorded global mortality. In the studied casuistry, 98.1 percent went to 14 municipalities from 11 provinces. The studies showed increased probabilities for this event in patients suffering blood hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, ischemia, previous myocardial necrosis, smoking, left ventricle thickening, and lipid profile impairment. CONCLUSIONS: the creation of the Research Group on Sudden Death allowed in the last twenty years designing and performing scientific research studies aimed at the epidemiological characterization of this health problem in Cuba and those are useful elements to draw up intervention strategies to significantly reduce the incidence and the economic, family and social impact of this event(AU)

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of tamoxifen on the plasma concentration of NT-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in women undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer and to correlate changes in NT-proBNP with the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Over a period of 12 months, we followed 60 women with a diagnosis of breast cancer. The patients were separated into a group that received only chemotherapy (n=23), a group that received chemotherapy + tamoxifen (n=21), and a group that received only tamoxifen (n=16). Plasma levels of NT-proBNP were assessed at 0 (T0), 6 (T6), and 12 (T12) months of treatment, and echocardiography data were assessed at T0 and T12. Plasma NT-proBNP levels were increased in the chemotherapy-only group at T6 and T12, whereas elevated NT-proBNP levels were only found at T6 in the chemotherapy + tamoxifen group. At T12, the chemotherapy + tamoxifen group exhibited a significant reduction in the peptide to levels similar to the group that received tamoxifen alone. The chemotherapy-only group exhibited a significant decrease in LVEF at T12, whereas the chemotherapy + tamoxifen and tamoxifen-only groups maintained levels similar to those at the beginning of treatment. Treatment with tamoxifen for 6 months after chemotherapy significantly reduced the plasma levels of NT-proBNP and did not change LVEF in women with breast cancer.

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Objetivo: determinar el perfil de riesgo vascular aterosclerótico en los fallecidos por muerte cardíaca súbita atendidos en el Hospital Julio Trigo López en el período 2007-2011. Métodos: estudio observacional, analítico, de casos y controles no pareados. Resultados: algunos factores de riesgo vasculares ateroscleróticos se expresaron de forma significativa en el grupo de fallecidos por causas cardíacas súbitas (hipertensión arterial, tabaquismo, obesidad, cardiopatía isquémica, hipertrofia ventricular izquierda, alcoholismo). Se corroboró que la existencia de 3 o más factores eleva exponencialmente el riesgo de muerte cardíaca súbita sobre la mortalidad cardiovascular total. Se halló presencia significativa de lesiones ateroscleróticas coronarias en ambos grupos, que determinaron la aparición de trombosis coronaria y/o infarto agudo del miocardio, con predominio en las muertes súbitas. Conclusiones: no existieron factores de riesgo específicos para la muerte cardíaca súbita. Algunos de estos mostraron un incremento en la probabilidad para este tipo de evento. La búsqueda de un perfil de riesgo en fallecidos de muerte cardíaca súbita debe ir orientada al diseño de investigaciones donde se incluyan las estadísticas vitales de mortalidad global y no por causas específicas (cardiovasculares)(AU)

Objective: to determine the atherosclerotic vascular risk profile in patients who died of sudden cardiac death, treated in Julio Trigo López Hospital during the period 2007- 2011. Methods: an observational, analytical, and non-matched case-control study was conducted. Results: some atherosclerotic vascular risk factors were expressed significantly in the group of patients who died of sudden cardiac deaths (hypertension, smoking, obesity, ischemic heart disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, alcoholism). It was confirmed that the existence of 3 or more factors exponentially increases the risk of sudden cardiac death on total cardiovascular mortality. A significant presence of coronary atherosclerotic lesions was found in both groups, which determined the onset of coronary thrombosis and/or acute myocardial infarction that predominated in sudden deaths. Conclusions: there were no specific risk factors for sudden cardiac death. Some of them showed an increased probability for this type of event. The search for a risk profile for sudden cardiac death should be oriented to the research design which would include vital statistics of global mortality and not the specific causes (cardiovascular)(AU)

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Objetivo: determinar el perfil de riesgo vascular aterosclerótico en los fallecidos por muerte cardíaca súbita atendidos en el Hospital Julio Trigo López en el período 2007-2011. Métodos: estudio observacional, analítico, de casos y controles no pareados. Resultados: algunos factores de riesgo vasculares ateroscleróticos se expresaron de forma significativa en el grupo de fallecidos por causas cardíacas súbitas (hipertensión arterial, tabaquismo, obesidad, cardiopatía isquémica, hipertrofia ventricular izquierda, alcoholismo). Se corroboró que la existencia de 3 o más factores eleva exponencialmente el riesgo de muerte cardíaca súbita sobre la mortalidad cardiovascular total. Se halló presencia significativa de lesiones ateroscleróticas coronarias en ambos grupos, que determinaron la aparición de trombosis coronaria y/o infarto agudo del miocardio, con predominio en las muertes súbitas. Conclusiones: no existieron factores de riesgo específicos para la muerte cardíaca súbita. Algunos de estos mostraron un incremento en la probabilidad para este tipo de evento. La búsqueda de un perfil de riesgo en fallecidos de muerte cardíaca súbita debe ir orientada al diseño de investigaciones donde se incluyan las estadísticas vitales de mortalidad global y no por causas específicas (cardiovasculares)(AU)

Objective: to determine the atherosclerotic vascular risk profile in patients who died of sudden cardiac death, treated in Julio Trigo López Hospital during the period 2007- 2011. Methods: an observational, analytical, and non-matched case-control study was conducted. Results: some atherosclerotic vascular risk factors were expressed significantly in the group of patients who died of sudden cardiac deaths (hypertension, smoking, obesity, ischemic heart disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, alcoholism). It was confirmed that the existence of 3 or more factors exponentially increases the risk of sudden cardiac death on total cardiovascular mortality. A significant presence of coronary atherosclerotic lesions was found in both groups, which determined the onset of coronary thrombosis and/or acute myocardial infarction that predominated in sudden deaths. Conclusions: there were no specific risk factors for sudden cardiac death. Some of them showed an increased probability for this type of event. The search for a risk profile for sudden cardiac death should be oriented to the research design which would include vital statistics of global mortality and not the specific causes (cardiovascular)(AU)

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Objetivo: determinar el perfil de riesgo vascular aterosclerótico en los fallecidos por muerte cardíaca súbita atendidos en el Hospital Julio Trigo López en el período 2007-2011. Métodos: estudio observacional, analítico, de casos y controles no pareados. Resultados: algunos factores de riesgo vasculares ateroscleróticos se expresaron de forma significativa en el grupo de fallecidos por causas cardíacas súbitas (hipertensión arterial, tabaquismo, obesidad, cardiopatía isquémica, hipertrofia ventricular izquierda, alcoholismo). Se corroboró que la existencia de 3 o más factores eleva exponencialmente el riesgo de muerte cardíaca súbita sobre la mortalidad cardiovascular total. Se halló presencia significativa de lesiones ateroscleróticas coronarias en ambos grupos, que determinaron la aparición de trombosis coronaria y/o infarto agudo del miocardio, con predominio en las muertes súbitas. Conclusiones: no existieron factores de riesgo específicos para la muerte cardíaca súbita. Algunos de estos mostraron un incremento en la probabilidad para este tipo de evento. La búsqueda de un perfil de riesgo en fallecidos de muerte cardíaca súbita debe ir orientada al diseño de investigaciones donde se incluyan las estadísticas vitales de mortalidad global y no por causas específicas (cardiovasculares)

Objective: to determine the atherosclerotic vascular risk profile in patients who died of sudden cardiac death, treated in Julio Trigo López Hospital during the period 2007- 2011. Methods: an observational, analytical, and non-matched case-control study was conducted. Results: some atherosclerotic vascular risk factors were expressed significantly in the group of patients who died of sudden cardiac deaths (hypertension, smoking, obesity, ischemic heart disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, alcoholism). It was confirmed that the existence of 3 or more factors exponentially increases the risk of sudden cardiac death on total cardiovascular mortality. A significant presence of coronary atherosclerotic lesions was found in both groups, which determined the onset of coronary thrombosis and/or acute myocardial infarction that predominated in sudden deaths. Conclusions: there were no specific risk factors for sudden cardiac death. Some of them showed an increased probability for this type of event. The search for a risk profile for sudden cardiac death should be oriented to the research design which would include vital statistics of global mortality and not the specific causes (cardiovascular)

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O presente trabalho analisou o comportamento do produtor de soja de Maracaju-MS quanto ao risco de preço e ao uso de derivativos agropecuários, buscando identificar os mecanismos de proteção de preço utilizados e as razões de seu uso ou rejeição. Para tanto, um questionário foi aplicado a uma amostra de produtores de soja, sendo também entrevistados representantes de tradings, armazéns gerais, cooperativas, corretoras e agentes financeiros. Constatou-se que a utilização de ferramentas de proteção de preço é ainda pouco expressiva, já que apenas 11% dos produtores usam o Mercado Futuro (hedge) e o Mercado de Opções, e 38% os utilizaram alguma vez. O principal mecanismo usado é o Mercado a Termo. Produtores que já usaram o Mercado Futuro (hedge) e o de opções atuam em médias e grandes propriedades, têm nível de escolaridade alto e estão mais capitalizados. A baixa utilização dos derivativos (Futuros e Opções) se dá, principalmente, pela falta de conhecimento e pela ausência de profissionais de confiança capazes de orientar os produtores.

The present research analysed the behavior of the soybean farmer of Maracaju-MS, Brazil in relation to price risk and use of agricultural derivatives, seeking to identify the price protection mechanisms used and the reasons for their use or rejection. A questionnaire was applied to a sample of soybean farmers. Also, representatives of trading houses, storage plants, cooperatives, brokers and financial agents were interviewed. Results showed that the use of price protection tools is still scarce, as only 11% of farmers use future market price (hedge) and the options market, and 38% have used them before. The main mechanism used is the forward market. Farmers who already have used futures market (hedge) and options manage medium and large properties, have a high level of education and are better capitalized. The low use of derivatives (futures and options) is mainly due to the lack of both knowledge and trustful professionals to guide farmers in such task.

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La literatura científica indica que existe una relación positiva entre la realización de ejercicio físico y la mejora en diferentes aspectos psicológicos, como la ansiedad y la depresión. También algunas variables sociodemográficas parecen influir en esta relación y factores de tipo sociocultural pueden ser importantes. El presente estudio busca conocer la influencia de la práctica de actividad física sobre la ansiedad y la depresión, y determinar los perfiles de mayor riesgo en función de determinadas variables sociodemográficas (edad, nivel de estudios, ocupación e hijos). Participaron 200 mujeres del municipio de Cartagena, Murcia (España), con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 65 años. Los resultados muestran un perfil que caracteriza al grupo de mujeres más vulnerable a manifestar niveles mayores de ansiedad (mujer sedentaria, de entre 18 y 24 años o de más de 54, sin estudios o con estudios secundarios, estudiante, ama de casa o trabajadora por cuenta ajena, y sin hijos) y depresión (mujer sedentaria, de más de 54 años o entre 18 y 24, con estudios secundarios y ama de casa).

Scientific literature indicates that there is a positive relationship betweenexercise and the improvement of several psychological aspects such asanxiety and depression. Some sociodemographic variables also seem to be involved in this relationship, and socio-cultural factors can be important.This study intended to find out the influence of practicing physical activityon anxiety and depression and to determine the profiles at greater riskwith regard to certain sociodemographic variables (age, level of studies,occupation, and children). Participants were 200 women from the city ofCartagena, Spain, between 18 and 65 years of age. Results show that themost vulnerable groups of women for suffering greater levels of anxiety anddepression are characterized by the following profiles: anxiety (sedentarywomen, between 18-24 years of age or older than 54 years, who have notcompleted studies or those with secondary studies, housewives or thosewho work outside the home, and those without children) and depression(sedentary women, older than 54 years of age or between 18-24 years, thosewith secondary studies, and housewives).

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OBJETIVO: Identificar a concomitância de fatores de risco para acidente vascular cerebral e de disfunção na cognição de idosos acima de 60 anos. MÉTODOS: Idosos com diferentes graus de risco de acordo com a escala de Framinghan para acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) tiveram comparadas suas habilidades cognitivas. O risco de evento isquêmico cerebral foi calculado pela escala de Framingham para AVC. Os instrumentos neuropsicológicos aplicados foram os testes de memória seletiva de Buschke, fluência verbal (animais), desenho do relógio, teste de aprendizado auditivo verbal de Rey, dígito span e vocabulário. O estudo foi feito com uma amostra randômica e representativa de todos os 200 idosos residentes na área de abrangência de uma unidade de atenção primária de saúde (posto Morada das Flores, Porto Alegre). Foi incluído no estudo um número representativo de 46 idosos. RESULTADOS: Os idosos com escore de risco obtiveram um desempenho inferior em testes de memória (SOL com p=0,02) e na capacidade de planejamento (Teste do relogio com p=0,03). A presença de diabetes manteve-se como fator associado ao desempenho da evocação tardia do teste de aprendizado auditivo verbal de Rey (p=0,04). CONCLUSÃO: A presença de fatores de risco para AVC esteve associada com pior performance cognitiva em funções de memória e em funções executivas em idosos.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether stroke risk factors and cognitive dysfunction are concomitant in individuals over the age of 60. METHODS: The cognitive abilities of elderly individuals with different degrees of risk as per the Framingham stroke risk profile were compared. The Framingham stroke risk profile was used to calculate the risk of an ischemic cerebral event. Neuropsychological tests included the Buschke Selective Reminding Test, verbal fluency (animals), clock drawing, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning, digit span and vocabulary. A random and typical population sample was used in the study, selected from the 200 elderly residents in the area surrounding the primary health care facility (Morada das Flores Clinic, Porto Alegre). Forty-six elderly individuals were included in the study. RESULTS: The elderly individuals with a risk profile, had lower memory test performance levels (NF, p=0.02) and planning capacity (clock drawing test, p=0.03). Diabetes proved to be related to delayed recall performance in the Rey auditory verbal learning test (p=0.04). CONCLUSION: The presence of stroke risk factors in the elderly was associated with worse cognitive performance for memory and executive functions.

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