RESUMO
Individuals who experience stress can engage in health-risk behaviours that may decrease work performance. The aim of this study was to determine perceived stress levels in Brazilian workers and verify whether perceived stress was associated with health-risk behaviours. Stress levels of 1,270 workers (1,019 men, 251 women) were assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale. The health-risk behaviours investigated were low intake of vegetables and fruits, daily smoking, high-risk alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and the presence of obesity. The Student's t-test or one-way analysis of variance was used to assess differences in stress levels. Ordinal regression was used to determine the association between the degrees of stress and health-risk behaviours. Women had higher perceived stress levels than men. In addition, perceived stress levels were higher in those who had low socioeconomic status, were unmarried, had a negative perception of their health, were smokers, or had obesity. Smoking and the presence of two or more health-risk behaviours were associated with 1.84 (95% CI: 1.24-2.73) times and 1.49 (95% CI: 1.18-1.89) times higher odds of experiencing higher degrees of stress, respectively. In women, such an association was observed with the presence of obesity (odds ratio: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.01-3.98).
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Fumar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Assunção de Riscos , Fumar/epidemiologia , Estresse Psicológico/epidemiologiaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: to understand higher education students' perceptions of sexual and reproductive health risk behaviours. Methods: a descriptive study following a qualitative approach was conducted, using Pender's Health Promotion Model as a theoretical and methodological framework. A thematic analysis of the data obtained from different focus groups was performed. Results: participants consider that factors such as communication with their sexual partner, the ability to negotiate and a positive attitude regarding condoms are positive aspects that will encourage consistent use of condom. The embarrassment felt at the time of purchase, the reduction of sexual pleasure and the growing stability of the relationship are usually seen as barriers. Final considerations: the study was crucial to identify some strategies that will be considered in further health promotion programmes, namely peer education, and will help promote personal and social skills and the (re)organisation of healthcare services.
RESUMEN Objetivo: conocer las percepciones de los estudiantes de educación superior sobre las conductas de riesgo en materia de salud sexual y reproductiva. Métodos: estudio descriptivo con un enfoque cualitativo utilizando el Modelo de Promoción de la Salud de Pender como marco teórico y metodológico. Se realizó un análisis temático de los datos obtenidos en los grupos focales. Resultados: una buena comunicación con la pareja sexual, la capacidad de negociación y una actitud positiva hacia el preservativo son aspectos benéficos para un uso regular del preservativo. La vergüenza que mucha gente todavía siente cuando va a comprar condones, la reducción del placer sexual y la estabilidad de la relación amorosa pueden actuar como barreras. Consideraciones Finales: se identificaron las estrategias a tener en cuenta en el diseño de los programas de promoción de la salud sexual, como la educación por pares, para promover las habilidades personales y sociales y la (re)organización de los servicios sanitarios.
RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer as perceções dos estudantes do ensino superior sobre comportamentos de risco sexual e reprodutivo. Métodos: estudo descritivo de abordagem qualitativa, usando como referencial teórico-metodológico o Modelo de Promoção da Saúde de Pender. Foi realizada uma análise temática dos dados obtidos através dos grupos focais. Resultados: os participantes consideram que fatores como a comunicação com o parceiro sexual, a capacidade de negociação e uma atitude positiva face ao uso do preservativo poderão constituir benefícios para uma utilização consistente do preservativo. Já o embaraço para comprar o preservativo, a alegada redução do prazer e a estabilidade da relação amorosa são entendidos como barreiras a esse uso consistente. Considerações finais: foram identificadas estratégias a considerar na criação de programas de promoção da saúde sexual, nomeadamente a educação pelos pares para promover competências pessoais e sociais e a (re)organização dos serviços de saúde.
RESUMO
La declaración de la pandemia (Organización Mundial de la Salud, OMS, 2020) causada por el COVID-19 ha generado, a nivel global y en tiempo récord, investigaciones y publicaciones de evidencias preliminares. En este contexto, dentro de un diseño exploratorio, correlacional y comparativo, de corte transversal, se indaga comportamientos de riesgo y de protección (resiliencia, autoeficacia y afrontamiento) ante el COVID 19, percibidos individual y colectivamente, por los encuestados durante y post cuarentena. Participaron 1.134 encuestados, 31.48% hombres y 68.52% mujeres, con edad promedio de 30.18 años, el 94.4% residentes de Paraguay. Se destaca el acatamiento de normas de bioseguridad por parte de los participantes en el distanciamiento físico (62,17%), lavado regular de manos (89,8%), uso de tapabocas (81,13%). Existe acuerdo en la efectividad de la cuarentena para frenar el contagio (92,86%), pero una baja percepción de la capacidad para manejar el estrés individual en aislamiento (m=1.88; ds= .83), baja recurrencia a profesionales de la salud por ayuda (m= .86; s= 1.02), y un bajo nivel de afrontamiento en comparación a los otros factores preventivos (m= 10.61; ds=3.25). Importante seguir esta línea de investigación para las fases de confinamiento en proceso.
The declaration of the pandemic (WHO, 2020) caused by COVID-19 has generated, at a global level and in record time, investigations and publications of preliminary evidence. In this context, risk and protective behaviours (resilience, self-efficacy and coping) were investigated, perceived individually and collectively, by respondents during and after lockdown within an exploratory, correlational, and comparative, crosssectional design. The survey considered 1,134 respondents, with 31.48% men and 68.52% women, the average age was 30.18 years, and 94.4% were Paraguay residents. The study highlights the observance of biosafety regulations by the participants in terms of physical distance (62.17%), regular handwashing (89.8%) and use of face masks (81.13%). There is agreement on the effectiveness of lockdown to stop contagion (92.86%), but a low perception of the ability to handle individual stress in isolation (m = 1.88; ds = .83), low recurrence to health professionals for help (m = .86; s = 1.02), and a low level of coping compared to the other preventive factors (m = 10.61; ds = 3.25). It is important to follow this investigation line for the current lockdown phases.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Assunção de Riscos , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Quarentena , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Autocuidado , Adaptação Psicológica , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Autoeficácia , Resiliência Psicológica , Distanciamento FísicoRESUMO
The objective was to verify the association between body dissatisfaction (BD) - constituted by the desire to lose weight - with family and personal aspects related to the shape of the body and weight control practices in female adolescents. A cross-sectional, observational epidemiological study with adolescents aged 12-19 years, enrolled in classes of the 8th and 9th years of public schools belonging to the urban area of the city of Caxias do Sul/Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, was conducted. A self-applicable questionnaire was used. BD was assessed using a silhouette scale. Multivariate regression was performed using Poisson regression with robust variation, hierarchically using a pre-established conceptual model, using the prevalence ratio (PR) adjusted with 95 % CI as a measure of effect. A significance level of 5 % (P ≤ 0·05) was considered. Among the 685 female students, 77·2 % had BD. The father's incentive to diet sometimes (PR 1·19; 95 % CI 1·07, 1·32; P ≤ 0·001) and always (PR 1·15; 95 % CI 1·03, 1·28; P ≤ 0·001), trying to lose weight (PR 1·63; 95 % CI 1·33, 1·99; P ≤ 0·001), dieting five times or more (PR 1·22; 95 % CI 1·09, 1·36; P ≤ 0·001) and skipping meals less than once a week (PR 1·16; 95 % CI 1·04, 1·29; P = 0·026) increased the chances of having BD. In conclusion, among the investigated parents' behaviours, only the father's incentive to go on a diet was associated with BD. Adolescent weight control practices increased the chances of having BD. Thus, it facilitates the identification of this condition at an early stage, enabling adequate treatment and prevention of health complications.
Assuntos
Insatisfação Corporal , Comportamento Alimentar , Poder Familiar , Adolescente , Peso Corporal , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Instituições Acadêmicas , Redução de PesoRESUMO
Resumen: Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron: 1) establecer la prevalencia del consumo de alcohol, de tabaco y de cannabis, así como de las relaciones sexuales sin protección y la repetición de curso en adolescentes en función del sexo; 2) determinar las dimensiones de personalidad introversión (I), búsqueda de sensaciones (BS), impulsividad (Im) y sensibilidad a la ansiedad (SA) en función del sexo; 3) relacionar posibles perfiles de personalidad con dichas conductas. La muestra se compuso de 1.324 adolescentes (14-18 años). A partir de las dimensiones de personalidad valoradas se establecieron 4 grupos de adolescentes. El grupo de adolescentes con puntuaciones altas en todas las dimensiones de personalidad es el que presentó mayores tasas de experimentación con el consumo. Por el contrario, el de los adolescentes con bajos niveles de I, BS e Im fue el que menores tasas presentó. Las intervenciones preventivas deberían tener en cuenta las dimensiones de personalidad señaladas para poder aplicarse con una mayor efectividad.
Abstract: The objectives of this study were: 1) to establish the prevalence of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use, as well as unprotected sex and school failure among adolescents according to gender; 2) to determine the personality dimensions: introversion (I), sensation-seeking (SS), impulsivity (Im) and anxiety sensitivity (AS) according to gender; 3) to relate possible personality profiles to these behaviours. The sample included 1.324 adolescents aged between 14-18. 4 groups of adolescents were established based on the assessed personality dimensions. The group of adolescents with high scores in all personality dimensions presented the highest rates of experimentation with consumption. On the contrary, the group of adolescents with low levels of I, SS and Im presented the lowest rates. Preventive interventions should take into account the personality dimensions indicated in order to be applied with greater effectiveness.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , PersonalidadeRESUMO
Introduction: There is controversy over the real existence of differences in mental health and academic performance between the Mapuche ethnic minority male adolescents and the male adolescents not belonging to this ethnicity in Chile.Objective: In consequence, the aim of this study was to investigate the differences in emotional and behavioural symptoms, risky behaviours and academic success on the Chilean Mapuche and non-Mapuche adolescents.Design: The sample consisted of 233 adolescents of which 119 were Mapuche adolescents and 114 were non-Mapuche adolescents.Results: The results showed that the Mapuche adolescents do not have more anxiety problems and depression than the non-Mapuche adolescents. Furthermore, the Mapuche adolescents present less drug consumption and behavioural problems. Moreover, there were no differences in academic performance.Conclusions: This study provides social interest data of the adolescents' mental health, which can be useful for the country's socio-sanitary and political decisions. Future studies should investigate these and other variables related to the mental health of minorities in greater depth.
Assuntos
Sucesso Acadêmico , Sintomas Comportamentais/psicologia , Emoções , Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Grupos Minoritários/estatística & dados numéricos , Assunção de Riscos , Adolescente , Ansiedade/psicologia , Chile , Depressão/psicologia , Humanos , Masculino , Saúde MentalRESUMO
Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre habilidades para la vida y riesgos vitales en adolescentes escolarizados. Método: Esta es una investigación cuantitativa descriptiva-correlacional, en la que se aplicó la escala de habilidades para la vida de Díaz, Rosero, Melo y Aponte (2013), y se diseñó un cuestionario de identificación de riesgos vitales y una ficha de caracterización. La muestra fueron 107 estudiantes (adolescentes entre 12 y 17 años) de 9°, 10° y 11° de bachillerato de una institución educativa pública de la ciudad de Armenia, y fueron seleccionados a través de un muestreo no probabilístico. Resultados: En las habilidades para la vida prevalecen: empatía (65,4 %), toma de decisiones (57,9 %), solución de problemas y conflictos (62,6 %). Los riesgos psicosociales identificados son: relacional (81,3 %), intergrupal (95,3 %), personal (97,2 %), psicológico (96,3 %), y comunitarios (96,3 %). Existe correlación entre manejo de sentimientos y emociones, tensiones y estrés con regulación emocional y reconocimiento de fuentes de estrés (p=0,566); manejo de tensiones y estrés, y comunicación efectiva y asertiva con humildad y estrategias específicas (p=0,5) como respirar profundamente y tener pensamientos saludables (p=0,605). Conclusiones: Una relación sana con los padres mejora sus habilidades para la vida, pero disminuye el reconocimiento de riesgos en el hogar y el ambiente; interacciones conflictivas con los padres afectan las habilidades para la vida; manejar sentimientos y emociones se relaciona con la regulación y expresión emocional, así, quien aprehende afectivamente a explorar su vida emocional tiene mejores habilidades para identificarlas, implementarlas y expresarlas al momento de tomar decisiones.
Abstract Objective: This paper aims to analyze the relationship between life skills and vital risks in adolescents who attend school. Method: This is a quantitative correlational descriptive-research; in this research a scale based on life skills by Diaz, Rosero, Melo and Aponte (2013) was applied, and also a vital risk identification questionnaire and a sheet of characterization were designed. 107 from ninth, tenth and eleventh grade students (adolescents aged 12-17) of a public high school from Armenia (Col) through a non-probabilistic were selected and sampled. Results: As result, life skills such as: empathy (65,4 %), decision-making (57,9 %), problem and conflict solving (62,6 %). Identified psychosocial risks are, as follows: relational (81,3 %), intergroup (95,3 %), staff (97,2 %), psychological (96,3 %), community (96,3 %). There is a correlation between feelings and emotions, tensions and stress with emotional regulation and recognition of sources of stress management (p = 0,566); tension and stress management, and effective and assertive communication with humility (p = 0,5) and specific strategies such as breathing deeply and thinking healthy thoughts (p = 0,605). Conclusions: A healthy relationship with parents improves life skills, but the recognition of risks at home and the environment decreases. Conflicting interactions with parents affect life skills. To cope with feelings and emotions is related with regulation and emotional expression, thus, who apprehends affectionately to explore on its own emotional life, has better skills to identify, implement and express them when making decisions.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Aptidão , Pais , Resolução de Problemas , Estudantes , Afeto , Vulnerabilidade Social , Tomada de Decisões , Meio Ambiente , Regulação EmocionalRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To identify risk behaviour patterns for chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD) in the Brazilian population and to investigate associated socio-economic and demographic factors. DESIGN: Factor analysis was used to identify patterns considering the following risk behaviours: consumption of soft drinks/artificial juice, sweet foods, red meat with apparent fat, chicken skin; inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables; alcohol abuse; smoking; absence of physical activity during leisure time; and time spent watching television. The χ 2 test was used to compare ratios. All analyses accounted for weighting factors and the study's complex sampling design effect. The socio-economic and demographic variables evaluated were gender, age, schooling level and macro region of residence. SETTING: National Health Survey, a household survey with national representation, conducted in 2013 in Brazil.ParticipantsIndividuals (n 60202) aged 18 years or over. RESULTS: Four risk behaviour patterns were identified: 'Physical inactivity in leisure time and Inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables', 'Saturated fat', 'Alcohol and Smoking' and 'Sedentary behaviour and Sugar', explaining 52·01 % of the total variance. Overall, greater adherence to 'Saturated fat' and 'Alcohol and Smoking' patterns was observed among men and those with lower education level. The 'Sedentary behaviour and Sugar' and 'Physical inactivity in leisure time and Inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables' patterns had greater adherence among younger individuals, and the first was associated with higher education whereas the second with less education among individuals residing in the North and Northeast regions. CONCLUSIONS: Risk behaviour patterns for NCD were heterogeneous, reflecting the socio-economic and demographic differences in Brazil.
Assuntos
Doença Crônica/epidemiologia , Estilo de Vida , Doenças não Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Assunção de Riscos , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The Mexico-US border region is a transit point in the trajectory of Mexican migrants travelling to and from the USA and a final destination for domestic migrants from other regions in Mexico. This region also represents a high-risk environment that may increase risk for HIV among migrants and the communities they connect. We conducted a cross-sectional, population-based survey, in Tijuana, Mexico, and compared Mexican migrants with a recent stay on the Mexico-US border region (Border, n = 553) with migrants arriving at the border from Mexican sending communities (Northbound, n = 1077). After controlling for demographics and migration history, border migrants were more likely to perceive their risk for HIV infection as high in this region and regard this area as a liberal place for sexual behaviours compared to Northbound migrants reporting on their perceptions of the sending communities (p < .05). Male border migrants were more likely to engage in sex, and have unprotected sex, with female sex workers during their recent stay on the border compared to other contexts (rate ratio = 3.0 and 6.6, respectively, p < .05). Binational and intensified interventions targeting Mexican migrants should be deployed in the Mexican border region to address migration related HIV transmission in Mexico and the USA.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/economia , Comportamento Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Normas Sociais/etnologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/etnologia , Migrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Sorodiagnóstico da AIDS/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Escolaridade , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Humanos , Incidência , Seguro Saúde/economia , Seguro Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , México/etnologia , Prevalência , Assunção de Riscos , Profissionais do Sexo/estatística & dados numéricos , Comportamento Sexual/etnologia , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Parceiros Sexuais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/economia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Migrantes/psicologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyse the clustering of multiple health-related behaviours among adolescents and describe which socio-demographic characteristics are associated with these patterns. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Brazilian schools assessed by the National Survey of School Health (PeNSE, 2012). PARTICIPANTS: 104â 109 Brazilian ninth-grade students from public and private schools (response rate=82.7%). METHODS: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to identify behaviour clustering and linear regression models were used to identify socio-demographic characteristics associated with each one of these behaviour patterns. RESULTS: We identified a good fit model with three behaviour patterns. The first was labelled 'problem-behaviour' and included aggressive behaviour, alcohol consumption, smoking, drug use and unsafe sex; the second was labelled 'health-compromising diet and sedentary behaviours' and included unhealthy food indicators and sedentary behaviour; and the third was labelled 'health-promoting diet and physical activity' and included healthy food indicators and physical activity. No differences in behaviour patterns were found between genders. The problem-behaviour pattern was associated with male gender, older age, more developed region (socially and economically) and public schools (compared with private). The 'health-compromising diet and sedentary behaviours' pattern was associated with female gender, older age, mothers with higher education level and more developed region. The 'health-promoting diet and physical activity' pattern was associated with male gender and mothers with higher education level. CONCLUSIONS: Three health-related behaviour patterns were found among Brazilian adolescents. Interventions to decrease those negative patterns should take into account how these behaviours cluster together and the individuals most at risk.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente , Comportamento Perigoso , Dieta Saudável , Exercício Físico , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Comportamento Sedentário , Adolescente , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Características da Família , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Serviços de Saúde Escolar , Instituições Acadêmicas , Autorrelato , Fumar , EstudantesRESUMO
While the Caribbean has the second highest global human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence, insufficient attention has been paid to contributing factors of the region's elevated risk. Largely neglected is the potential role of drugs in shaping the Caribbean HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome epidemic. Caribbean studies have almost exclusively focused on drug transportation and seldom acknowledged local user economies and drug-related health and social welfare consequences. While tourism is consistently implicated within the Caribbean HIV epidemic, less is known about the intersection of drugs and tourism. Tourism areas represent distinct ecologies of risk often characterised by sex work, alcohol consumption and population mixing between lower and higher risk groups. Limited understanding of availability and usage of drugs in countries such as the Dominican Republic (DR), the Caribbean country with the greatest tourist rates, presents barriers to HIV prevention. This study addresses this gap by conducting in-depth interviews with 30 drug users in Sosúa, a major sex tourism destination of the DR. A two-step qualitative data analysis process was utilised and interview transcripts were systematically coded using a well-defined thematic codebook. Results suggest three themes: (1) local demand shifts drug routes to tourism areas, (2) drugs shape local economies and (3) drug use facilitates HIV risk behaviours in tourism areas.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Viagem , Adulto , República Dominicana/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Prevalência , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Fatores de Risco , Trabalho SexualRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To describe the risky behaviours of Jamaican teens with sickle cell disease (SCD) and compare them to a national sample of Jamaican youth. METHODS: One hundred twenty two SCD adolescents, 15-19 years old, completed the standardized questionnaire used in the Jamaican Youth Risk and Resiliency Behaviour Survey (JYRRBS), which was a nationally representative survey of 1317 Jamaican youths. Information was obtained on socio-demographics, smoking, alcohol use, and sexual activity. Secondary data from the JYRRBS were extracted to measure the difference in risky behaviours between the groups. RESULTS: Almost 50% of SCD and 58% of national teens reported having had sexual intercourse. More SCD teens used alcohol (77.7% vs. 60.7%; P value = 0.001). Risky behaviours tended to coexist and living with a parent (odds ratio: 0.62, P value <0.01) and currently attending school (odds ratio: 0.43, P value <0.001) lowered the likelihood of having had sex. DISCUSSION: SCD teens engage in many risky behaviours and health care professionals should screen and counsel them at each visit.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/fisiologia , Anemia Falciforme/fisiopatologia , Assunção de Riscos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Anemia Falciforme/psicologia , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Coleta de Dados/métodos , Coleta de Dados/estatística & dados numéricos , Escolaridade , Feminino , Humanos , Jamaica , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Comportamento Sexual , Fumar , Classe Social , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We examined the relationship between venue stability and consistent condom use (CCU) among female sex workers who inject drugs (FSW-IDUs; n = 584) and were enrolled in a behavioural intervention in two Mexico-USA border cities. Using a generalized estimating equation approach stratified by client type and city, we found venue stability affected CCU. In Tijuana, operating primarily indoors was significantly associated with a four-fold increase in the odds of CCU among regular clients (odds ratio [OR]: 3.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.44, 9.89), and a seven-fold increase among casual clients (OR: 7.18, 95% CI: 2.32, 22.21), relative to FSW-IDUs spending equal time between indoor and outdoor sex work venues. In Ciudad Juarez, the trajectory of CCU increased over time and was highest among those operating primarily indoors. Results from this analysis highlight the importance of considering local mobility, including venue type and venue stability, as these characteristics jointly influence HIV risk behaviours.
Assuntos
Preservativos/estatística & dados numéricos , Trabalho Sexual , Profissionais do Sexo/psicologia , Sexo sem Proteção/prevenção & controle , Adulto , Cidades , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Estudos Longitudinais , México , Razão de Chances , Assunção de Riscos , Profissionais do Sexo/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/psicologia , Migrantes , População UrbanaRESUMO
Este trabalho incide sobre uma breve revisão bibliográfica centrada em alguns conceitos que medeiam entre a saúde e a privação da liberdade, pois insere-se em uma investigação mais ampla no âmbito do doutoramento em Psicologia, focalizada nos comportamentos que interferem com a saúde em uma população legalmente privada de liberdade, isto é, de reclusos em cumprimento de penas de prisão e de doentes mentais em cumprimento de medidas de segurança e de tratamento. Consideramos que a entrevista psicológica estruturada seja um dos instrumentos de avaliação que nos possibilita aceder a esses comportamentos, porém, antes de nos debruçarmos sobre ela, entendemos pertinente definir alguns conceitos que estiveram na base da sua construção, como liberdade versus privação jurídica de liberdade, imputabilidade versus inimputabilidade (de acordo com o ordenamento jurídico português), comportamentos de risco e padrões dentro e fora da norma.
This paper focuses on a brief literature review centred in some concepts that mediate health and the legal deprivation of freedom. It integrates a broader research work within the PhD in psychology, which concentrates on the behaviours which interfere with the health of a population living in a prisional establishment, i.e. prisoners who are serving imprisonment sentences and mental patients serving safety and treatment measures. We believe the structured psychological interview is one of the evaluation instruments that will allow us to access those behaviours. Nevertheless, before approaching this kind of instrument, we consider appropriate to define some concepts that were the basis of their construction, such as freedom vs legal deprivation of freedom, able-to-stand-trial vs not-guilty-by-reason-of-insanity (according to the Portuguese legal system), risk behaviours and patterns within and outside the norm.
Este trabajo incide sobre una breve revisión bibliográfica centrada en algunos conceptos que median entre la salud y la privación de la libertad, pues se insiere en una investigación más amplía en el ámbito del Doctorado en Psicología, orientada a los comportamientos que interfieren con la salud en una población legalmente privada de libertad, o sea, reclusos en cumplimiento de penas de prisión y enfermos mentales en cumplimiento de medidas de seguridad y de tratamiento. Consideramos que la entrevista psicológica estructurada es uno de los instrumentos de evaluación que nos posibilita acceder a esos comportamientos. No obstante, antes de concentrarnos en ellos, entendemos pertinente definir algunos conceptos que estuvieron en la base de su construcción, como libertad versus privación jurídica de libertad, imputabilidad versus inimputabilidad (de acuerdo al ordenamiento jurídico portugués), comportamientos de riesgo y estándares dentro y fuera de la norma.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Liberdade , Imputabilidade , Entrevista Psicológica , Pessoas Mentalmente Doentes , Medidas de Segurança , Comportamento SocialRESUMO
Este trabalho incide sobre uma breve revisão bibliográfica centrada em alguns conceitos que medeiam entre a saúde e a privação da liberdade, pois insere-se em uma investigação mais ampla no âmbito do doutoramento em Psicologia, focalizada nos comportamentos que interferem com a saúde em uma população legalmente privada de liberdade, isto é, de reclusos em cumprimento de penas de prisão e de doentes mentais em cumprimento de medidas de segurança e de tratamento. Consideramos que a entrevista psicológica estruturada seja um dos instrumentos de avaliação que nos possibilita aceder a esses comportamentos, porém, antes de nos debruçarmos sobre ela, entendemos pertinente definir alguns conceitos que estiveram na base da sua construção, como liberdade versus privação jurídica de liberdade, imputabilidade versus inimputabilidade (de acordo com o ordenamento jurídico português), comportamentos de risco e padrões dentro e fora da norma.(AU)
This paper focuses on a brief literature review centred in some concepts that mediate health and the legal deprivation of freedom. It integrates a broader research work within the PhD in psychology, which concentrates on the behaviours which interfere with the health of a population living in a prisional establishment, i.e. prisoners who are serving imprisonment sentences and mental patients serving safety and treatment measures. We believe the structured psychological interview is one of the evaluation instruments that will allow us to access those behaviours. Nevertheless, before approaching this kind of instrument, we consider appropriate to define some concepts that were the basis of their construction, such as freedom vs legal deprivation of freedom, able-to-stand-trial vs not-guilty-by-reason-of-insanity (according to the Portuguese legal system), risk behaviours and patterns within and outside the norm.(AU)
Este trabajo incide sobre una breve revisión bibliográfica centrada en algunos conceptos que median entre la salud y la privación de la libertad, pues se insiere en una investigación más amplía en el ámbito del Doctorado en Psicología, orientada a los comportamientos que interfieren con la salud en una población legalmente privada de libertad, o sea, reclusos en cumplimiento de penas de prisión y enfermos mentales en cumplimiento de medidas de seguridad y de tratamiento. Consideramos que la entrevista psicológica estructurada es uno de los instrumentos de evaluación que nos posibilita acceder a esos comportamientos. No obstante, antes de concentrarnos en ellos, entendemos pertinente definir algunos conceptos que estuvieron en la base de su construcción, como libertad versus privación jurídica de libertad, imputabilidad versus inimputabilidad (de acuerdo al ordenamiento jurídico portugués), comportamientos de riesgo y estándares dentro y fuera de la norma.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Entrevista Psicológica , Pessoas Mentalmente Doentes , Medidas de Segurança , Liberdade , Imputabilidade , Participação da Comunidade , Comportamento SocialRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe HIV-related sexual risk behaviours among late-adolescent Jamaican girls and examine whether having an age-discordant male sexual partner (> 2 years older) was associated with a decrease in condom use at last coitus. METHODS: Utilizing an expanded Theory of Planned Behaviour, a survey was designed to capture HIV-related sexual risk behaviours. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the final sample of one hundred and eighty-four late-adolescent girls (18-21 years) in Kingston, Jamaica. RESULTS: At first coitus, 70.3 per cent of the survey participants had done so with an older partner. At the time of the survey, 58.7 per cent of the sample reported being in an age-discordant relationship, with age differences between 2 and 39 years. While only 12 per cent of the sample reported having more than one sexual partner, 40 per cent of the sample reported that their older male partner had multiple sexual partners. Slightly more than half (58%) of late-adolescent girls reported condom use at last coitus. No significant differences were found in condom use between girls who had age-discordant partners and girls who had similar aged-partners. CONCLUSION: Sexual relationships with older male partners are common among late-adolescent Jamaican girls, and may put girls at risk for acquiring HIV through unprotected coitus and coitus with someone who has multiple partners. As Jamaica and the broader Caribbean struggle to curtail the emergent HIV epidemic among adolescent girls, age-discordant relationships are a significant area for research and prevention efforts of clinicians and public health professionals.
OBJETIVO: Describir los comportamientos de riesgo sexual relacionados con el VIH entre las muchachas jamaicanas adolescentes tardías, y examinar si el tener un companero sexual de edad discordante (> 2 años mayor) estaba o no asociado con la disminución del uso del condón en el último coito. MÉTODOS: Utilizando una teoria del comportamiento planificado extendida, se disenó una encuestapara registrar comportamientos de riesgo sexual en relación con el VIH. Se usaron estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales a fin de analizar la muestra final de ciento ochenta y cuatro muchachas adolescentes tardías (18-21 anos) en Kingston, Jamaica. RESULTADOS: El primer coito, 70.3 por ciento de las participantes en la encuesta lo tuvieron con un companero de mayor edad. Al momento de la encuesta, 58.7 por ciento de la muestra informó hallarse en una relación de edad discordante, con diferencias de edad entre 2 y 39 anos. Mientras sólo 12 por ciento de la muestra informó tener más de un companero sexual, 40por ciento de la muestra informó que su pareja masculina de mayor edad tenia múltiples parejas sexuales. Casi más de la mitad (58%) de las adolescentes tardías reportaron uso del condón en el último coito. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el uso del condón entre las muchachas con companeros de edad discordante y muchachas con parejas de edad similar. CONCLUSIÓN: Las relaciones sexuales con parejas masculinas de mayor edad, son comunes entre las muchachas jamaicanas adolescentes tardías. Estas relaciones pueden poner a las muchachas en riesgo de adquirir el VIH a través del coito no protegido y el coito con alguien que tiene múltiples parejas. En un momento en que Jamaica y la región del Caribe luchan por cortar el desarrollo de la epidemia de VIH entre las adolescentes, las relaciones de edades discordantes son un área significativa para los esfuerzos de investigación y prevención por parte de los médicos y los profesionales de la salud pública.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Assunção de Riscos , Comportamento Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Parceiros Sexuais , Fatores Etários , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Preservativos , Jamaica , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
A hepatite C afeta aproximadamente 180 milhões de pessoas no mundo; hoje, sua maior rota de transmissão são usuários de drogas injetáveis. Usuários de drogas em geral, inclusive alcoolistas, são mais vulneráveis à infecção por conta das situações higiênicas precárias a que muitos se submetem, devido à drogadição. Foi proposto identificar o histórico do uso de álcool e/ou drogas e outros comportamentos de risco entre pacientes com Hepatite C, em acompanhamento ambulatorial. Realizou-se estudo exploratório, descritivo, em hospital universitário de Ribeirão Preto, em 2006 e 2007. Foram aplicados questionários para: caracterização do paciente; rastreamento do uso de risco ou nocivo do álcool; e levantamento de freqüência e padrões de uso de drogas. Os achados mostram população predominantemente masculina, média de 46,6 anos e alta prevalência do uso de álcool. Notou-se dificuldade entre as mulheres de falar sobre drogadição e sexualidade, o que as coloca como potencial grupo de risco.
Hepatitis C affects approximately 180 million people around the world. Its major transmission route is currently Injected Drug Users (IDUs). However, drug users in general, including alcoholics, are more vulnerable to infection, due to the precarious hygiene situations many of them subject themselves to because of their drug addiction. We thus proposed to identify the history of alcohol and/or drug use and other risk behaviours among patients with hepatitis C in specialized outpatient follow-up at a university hospital in Ribeirão Preto. Using questionnaires, we carried out an exploratory, descriptive study to: characterize the patient; detect the risk use or harmful use of alcohol; and survey drug use frequency and patterns. The findings show a predominantly male population, with a mean age of 46.6 years and high prevalence of alcohol use. We observed that women found it difficult to talk about drug addiction and sexuality, which makes them a potential risk group.
La hepatitis C afecta a aproximadamente 180 millones de personas en el mundo; hoy en día, su mayor ruta de transmisión son usuarios de drogas inyectables. Usuarios de drogas en general, incluso alcohólicos, son más vulnerables a la infección por cuenta de las situaciones higiénicas precarias a que muchos se someten debido a la drogadicción. Se propuso, entonces, identificar el histórico del uso de alcohol y/o drogas, y otros comportamientos de riesgo entre pacientes con hepatitis C, bajo acompañamiento ambulatorio especializado en hospital universitario de Ribeirão Preto - SP - Brasil. Se llevó a cabo un estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, a través de cuestionarios para: caracterización del paciente; rastreo del uso de riesgo o nocivo del alcohol; y recopilación de frecuencia y patrones de uso de drogas. Los hallazgos muestran población predominantemente masculina, promedio de 46,6 años y alta prevalencia del uso de alcohol. Se observó dificultad entre las mujeres de hablar sobre drogadicción y sexualidad, lo que las pone como potencial grupo de riesgo.