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The diversity of plant-pollinator interactions is grounded in floral resources, with nectar considered one of the main floral rewards plants produce for pollinators. However, a global evaluation of the number of animal-pollinated nectar-producing angiosperms and their distribution world-wide remains elusive. We compiled a thorough database encompassing 7621 plant species from 322 families to estimate the number and proportion of nectar-producing angiosperms reliant on animal pollination. Through extensive sampling of plant communities, we also explored the interplay between nectar production, floral resource diversity, latitudinal and elevational gradients, contemporary climate, and environmental characteristics. Roughly 223 308 animal-pollinated angiosperms are nectar-producing, accounting for 74.4% of biotic-pollinated species. Global distribution patterns of nectar-producing plants reveal a distinct trend along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients, with increased proportions of plants producing nectar in high latitudes and altitudes. Conversely, tropical communities in warm and moist climates exhibit greater floral resource diversity and a lower proportion of nectar-producing plants. These findings suggest that ecological trends driven by climate have fostered the diversification of floral resources in warmer and less seasonal climates, reducing the proportion of solely nectar-producing plants. Our study provides a baseline for understanding plant-pollinator relationships, plant diversification, and the distribution of plant traits.

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Discussing homology relationships among secretory structures remains a relatively underexplored area in botanical research. These structures are widely dispersed within Malpighiales, one of the largest orders of eudicots. Within Malpighiales, both extranuptial and nuptial nectaries are present, and they do not seem homoplastic or share evolutionary connections. Particularly in Malpighiaceae, extensive research has focused on the ecological interactions mediated by glands. Botanists largely agree that elaiophores in sepals of Neotropical Malpighiaceae have evolved from extrafloral nectaries on leaves. However, the evolutionary origin of elaiophores has yet to be thoroughly examined, particularly in comparison to outgroups. This study provides empirical evidence on the ontogeny of elaiophores and investigates their evolutionary origins and homology relationships across different lineages of Malpighiales using comparative anatomy. Our findings suggest that elaiophores are likely homologous to extranuptial nectaries found in sepals of other Malpighiales lineages, originating from nectaries on leaves. This discussion is a starting point for future studies exploring the evolution of nectaries found in flowers, whether extranuptial or nuptial, and their potential origins from nectaries in vegetative organs such as leaves. Understanding these relationships could shed light on the selective pressures influencing floral morphologies.

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To explain the co-existence and maintenance of females along with hermaphrodite plants, the female advantage hypothesis has been proposed where females should show greater fecundity compared to their conspecific hermaphrodites. On the other hand, greater attraction would be selected in the hermaphrodites to increase their male function, potentially leading to larger showier flowers, with more rewards. Here, I tested the sexual dimorphism trade-off hypothesis with the gynomonoecious-gynodioecious Dianthus plumarius (Caryophyllaceae), in the gardens of Bariloche (Patagonia, Argentina). I measured in female and hermaphrodite plants: flower size, nectar volume and concentration, flower lifespan, ovule production, seed number, seed set and seed weight. Additionally, bagging and pollen supplementation experiments were carried out to evaluate pollen limitation, probability of apomixis, if spontaneous autogamy is possible, and to examine the importance of pollen origin. I found that hermaphrodite flowers are more attractive, with larger-sized flowers and higher nectar volume, whereas female flowers compensate with longer lifespan of stigmatic receptivity and more concentrated nectar. Despite ovule number was lower in female flowers, these showed higher seed set and produced more and heavier seeds than hermaphrodites under open pollination. No evidence of apomixis was found in females, but spontaneous autogamy may occur in hermaphrodites. Hand-pollination experiments showed first that both flower types suffered pollen limitation, but it was higher on hermaphrodite flowers. Finally, despite self-compatibility, pollen origin is important because hand self-pollination decreases seed weight. These findings provide strong evidence in support of the mechanisms and underlying conditions that would allow the co-existence and maintenance of female and hermaphrodite individuals within populations.

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RATIONALE: Drug and natural rewarding stimuli activate the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. Both methamphetamine (Meth) and copulation to satiety importantly increase dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), but with differences in magnitude. This paper analyzes the interaction between Meth administration and the intense sexual activity associated with sexual satiety. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate possible changes in Meth-induced behavioral effects and striatal DA-related protein expression due to sexual satiety. METHODS: Meth-induced locomotor activity and conditioned place preference (CPP) were tested in sexually experienced male rats that copulated to satiety (S-S) or ejaculated once (1E) the day before or displayed no sexual activity (control group; C). DA receptors and DA transporter expression were determined by western blot in the striatum of animals of all sexual conditions treated with specific Meth doses. RESULTS: Meth's locomotor and rewarding effects were exacerbated in S-S animals, while in 1E rats, only locomotor effects were enhanced. Sexual activity, by itself, modified DA-related protein expression in the NAc core and in the caudate-putamen (CPu), while Meth treatment alone changed their expression only in the NAc shell. Meth-induced changes in the NAc shell turned in the opposite direction when animals had sexual activity, and additional changes appeared in the NAc core and CPu of S-S rats. CONCLUSION: Sexual satiety sensitizes rats to Meth's behavioral effects and the Meth-induced striatal DA-related protein adaptations are modified by sexual activity, evidencing cross-sensitization between both stimuli.

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Resumo O Brasil possui 5.570 municípios e em cada um deles governos eleitos dispõem de um estoque de cargos em comissão disponíveis para nomeação discricionária. É possível observar variações nas estratégias políticas adotadas para essas indicações? Os principais achados deste trabalho permitidos através do uso de estatística descritiva e inferencial foram (1) identificação de diferentes estratégias de nomeação política entre recompensa (escopo elevado/escolaridade baixa) e policy-making (escopo reduzido/escolaridade alta) (2) robusta relação entre IDH e nomeações políticas com perfil de policy-making inferindo menores custos de coordenação e assimetrias informacionais para principais/eleitores e, (3) variáveis partidárias e de competição eleitoral apresentaram resultados modestos como candidatas a explicar a adoção de estratégias de recompensa, da mesma forma que estratégias de recompensa - maior proporção de CCs e menor escolaridade destes - não afetaram as razões de chance de incumbentes nas eleições municipais seguintes.

Resumen Brasil tiene 5.570 municipios y en cada uno de ellos los gobiernos elegidos electos tienen un stock de puestos en comisión disponibles para su nombramiento discrecional. ¿Es posible observar variaciones en las estrategias políticas adoptadas para estas candidaturas? Los principales hallazgos de este trabajo obtenidos mediante el uso de estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales fueron (1) identificación de diferentes estrategias de nombramiento político entre recompensa (alcance alto/educación baja) y formulación de políticas (alcance reducido/educación alta); (2) relación sólida entre el IDH y los nombramientos políticos con un perfil de hacedor de políticas que infiere menores costos de coordinación y asimetrías de información para los principales/votantes y, (3) las variables de competencia electoral y partidaria mostraron resultados modestos como candidatas para explicar la adopción de estrategias de recompensa, de la misma manera que las estrategias de recompensa -mayor proporción de CC y menor escolaridad de estos- no afectaron las razones de probabilidad de los titulares en las siguientes elecciones municipales.

Abstract Brazil has 5,570 municipalities, and each local government has a stock of appointed positions. This study adopted descriptive and inferential statistics to observe the variations in the political strategies adopted when filling these positions. The research identified (1) different political appointment strategies, from those based on reward (high scope/low education level) to strategies based on policy-making (reduced scope/high education level), (2) a robust relationship between HDI and political appointments with a policy-making profile inferring lower coordination costs and informational asymmetries for principals/voters, and (3) party and electoral competition variables showed modest results as potential explanatory factors to adopting reward-based strategies. Also, the adoption of reward-based strategies - cases where municipalities' employees presented a higher proportion of appointees with lower education levels - did not affect the odds ratios of incumbents in the next municipal elections.

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Burnout has harmful consequences for individuals and organizations. The study of its antecedents can help us to manage and prevent it. This research aims to explore the role of the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) model as well as the mediation of the working experience in the burnout processes. For this purpose, we have conducted a study in 629 employees from two hospitals in the city of Guayaquil (Ecuador). For this study, the Spanish version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory was applied, as well as the ERI Questionnaire, along with other socio-demographical and occupational variables. A statistical analysis was performed with the obtained data, using structural equation models (SEMs). Results showed that employee effort has a stronger and statistically significant direct effect on emotional burnout, whereas the perception of the obtained reward also had this effect but indirectly in a negative sense, with job experience as a mediating variable.

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Este artículo propone una discusión sobre los factores psicosociales que influyen en la manera en que los seres humanos toman decisiones relacionadas con el autocontrol, enfatizando en la forma en que lo hacen los niños preescolares en situaciones de postergación de recompensas. Para ello, toma como punto de partida el test de la golosina puesto en contexto social, para analizar la forma en la cual aspectos tales como la racionalidad, las emociones, la condición socioeconómica y particularmente la confianza en los demás influyen en cómo se toman decisiones y cómo se ejerce o no el autocontrol en relación con el postergar recompensas inmediatas para obtener, posteriormente, otras mayores.

Este artigo propõe uma discussão sobre os fatores psicossociais que influenciam a maneira em que os seres humanos tomam decisões relacionadas ao autocontrole, enfatizando o que fazem as crianças pré-escolares em situações de adiamento de recompensa. Para isso, tomamos como ponto de partida o teste do marshmallow aplicado ao contexto social, para analisar a forma pela qual aspectos como a racionalidade, as emoções, a condição socioeconômica, e particularmente a confiança nos outros influenciam em como as decisões são tomadas e como se exerce ou não o autocontrole em relação ao adiamento de recompensas imediatas para obter, posteriormente, outras maiores.

This article proposes a discussion of psychosocial factors that influence how humans make decisions related to self-control, emphasizing how preschoolers make those decisions in delayed reward situations. To this end, it takes as a starting point the marshmallow test placed in social context, to analyze how aspects such as rationality, emotions, socioeconomic status, culture and particularly trust in others influence how decisions are made and how self-control is exercised in relation to the delay of immediate rewards to obtain, subsequently, more beneficial results.

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PREMISE: Floral rewards are essential in understanding floral function and evolution of the relationships between flowers and pollinators. Whether sugars are present in stigmatic exudates in Anthurium and whether it has floral nectaries have remained controversial because of the scarcity of structural studies. To solve these questions, we investigated the floral anatomy of A. andraeanum to elucidate whether (1) tepals are secretory organs, (2) tepals possess a structurally recognizable nectary, and (3) tepalar secretion differs from stigmatic secretion. METHODS: Floral structure was assessed through light and electron microscopy of samples of immature, pistillate, and staminate flowers. The dynamics of the starch reserve was investigated using histochemical tests, and the sugar content in the floral exudates was assessed using thin-layer chromatography. RESULTS: Sugar analysis did not detect sucrose, glucose, or fructose in stigmatic secretions, but confirmed their presence in tepalar secretions. Stigmatic secretion was produced by secretory stigmatic papillae; tepalar exudates were produced by nonvascularized nectaries in the apex of tepals. These nectaries were characterized by modified stomata and cells with cytoplasm rich in organelles, and a high content of calcium oxalate crystals. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed for the first time nectaries on tepals and true nectar secretion for A. andraeanum. Stigmatic secretion appears to be a distinct substance, and its often-reported sugar content seems to be a result of sample contamination. Nectar and stigmatic secretions have been often mistaken in other Anthurium species and deserve a revision for this genus.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Reviewer refusal is a phenomenon associated with different causes, including reviewer fatigue, lack of time, dissatisfaction with the editorial system, among other reasons. This article discusses the main factors involved in the reviewer refusal and the "peer-review crisis" from a broad perspective. In addition, reasons that make a researcher accept or not a review invitation are also described. METHODS: This article is a narrative review. RESULTS: This article provides some alternatives that can help in the reversal of peer-review crisis and decrease high reviewer refusal rates, and which may also engage experienced reviewers in the peer-review process. CONCLUSION: Carefully selecting reviewers, publicly acknowledging them, and offering nonmonetary rewards appear to be good strategies for engaging reviewers. In addition, highly productive reviewers should be recognized by the journals.

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Obligate ant-defended plants provide food and shelter in exchange for protection against herbivores. Mesoamerican acacia trees have an obligate ant mutualism, but parasitic non-defending ants can also nest on the tree. We assessed whether rewards corresponded to ant defense within a plant species. As we expected, we found that parasite-inhabited trees had fewer swollen spines than ant-defended trees. Spine diameter was smaller in parasite-inhabited plants, but there were no differences in spine length, suggesting that spines serve as mechanical protection against herbivory. Parasite-inhabited plants may have reduced rewards because of plant differences when establishing, a plastic response to limited resources, or differential energy allocation when sensing the lack of defense.

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Although the limited resources available to save species from extinction necessitate the optimization of conservation actions, little is known about their costs and effectiveness. We developed a costs-rewards framework that integrates information on which sectors of society contribute to funding conservation, how much is contributed, how funds are distributed among conservation targets and how these investments drive not only conservation rewards but also the economic and ecosystem services that benefit society. We applied this framework to the Lear's macaw (Anodorhynchus leari), a species discovered in the wild in 1978 with only 60 individuals. Funds invested over the last 25 years reached US$3.66 million. The contribution of governments, non-governmental organizations and private funders varied over time, as did the funding targets. Funds were proportionally invested to mitigate the main causes of mortality, while no funds were devoted to protecting foraging habitats. Conservation rewards were satisfactory, with the cost and time needed to downlist the species from critically endangered to endangered being similar to those invested in other bird species. However, economic rewards (through ecotourism and handicrafts linked to the conservation of the species) were low and require promotion, while ecosystem services provided by Lear's macaws have yet to be quantified.

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In the developing world, the exploitation of threatened species jeopardizes their permanence in the wild. Because not all captures are intentional, for instance when capture methods have low selectivity, pressure on these species may be lessened by releasing living incidentally caught animals. However, it is often unrealistic to expect people to voluntarily do so because it means foregoing the benefits of resource extraction. Financial incentives for such animal release may foster conservation objectives. Reducing human-animal conflicts, protecting natural habitat, and conserving nests of threatened species are examples of conservation benefits that can be built on financial reward systems. However, incentives aiming to protect unintentionally captured threatened species are scarce. We considered pay for release, a type of ecosystem-service payment designed to foster the release of incidentally captured threatened species. We aimed to determine the best conditions to implement this scheme, its potential benefits (e.g., incentivizing the release of threatened species), and pitfalls and priority research needs (e.g., required conditions for pay for release to work) to show that its global applicability is possible. Given that approaches solely based on education and law enforcement may be ineffective under some circumstances, we argue that pay for release can protect incidentally captured endangered species if used under conditions conducive for its success. When local participants' intrinsic motivation for conservation is weak, but the release of incidentally live-caught animals into their habitats is readily achievable, pay-for-release schemes could jump start urgently needed conservation efforts against indiscriminate animal harvesting.

Evaluación de los Incentivos de Pago por Liberación para las Especies Amenazadas Capturadas Involuntariamente Resumen En este mundo en desarrollo, la explotación de las especies amenazadas pone en peligro su permanencia en la naturaleza. Ya que no todas las capturas son voluntarias, por ejemplo cuando los métodos de captura tienen una selectividad baja, la presión que se ejerce sobre estas especies puede aminorarse con la liberación de animales capturados vivos accidentalmente. Sin embargo, a menudo es poco realista esperar que las personas hagan esto voluntariamente, pues representa una renuncia a los beneficios de la extracción de recursos. Los incentivos financieros para dichas liberaciones de animales pueden promover los objetivos de conservación. La reducción de los conflictos humano-animal, la protección del hábitat natural y la conservación de los nidos de las especies amenazadas son ejemplos de los beneficios de conservación que pueden construirse con los sistemas de recompensas financieras. Sin embargo, los incentivos que buscan proteger a las especies amenazadas que son capturadas involuntariamente son escasos. Consideramos el pago por liberación, un tipo de pago por servicio ambiental diseñado para fomentar la liberación de las especies amenazadas capturadas accidentalmente. Buscamos determinar las mejores condiciones para implementar este programa, sus beneficios potenciales (p. ej.: la incentivación de la liberación de especies amenazadas) y los inconvenientes y las necesidades de la prioridad de investigación (p. ej.: las condiciones requeridas para que funcione el pago por liberación) para mostrar que su aplicación global es posible. Ya que las estrategias basadas solamente en la educación y la aplicación de la ley pueden no ser efectivas bajo ciertas circunstancias, argumentamos que el pago por la liberación puede proteger a las especies amenazadas capturadas accidentalmente si se usa bajo condiciones propicias para su éxito. Cuando los participantes locales tienen una motivación intrínseca débil pero la liberación de animales capturados vivos accidentalmente a sus hábitats es inmediatamente alcanzable, los programas de pago por liberación podrían arrancar los esfuerzos de conservación tan necesarios para combatir la extracción indiscriminada de animales.

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Plants in more than 100 families secrete extrafloral nectar (EFN) to establish food-for-protection mutualisms with ants. Facultative ant-plants secrete EFN as a jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent response to attract generalist ants. In contrast, obligate ant-plants like the Central American "Swollen-Thorn Acacias" are colonized by specialized ants, although an individual host can carry ant colonies from different species that differ in the degree of protection they provide. We hypothesized that hosts that associate simultaneously with various partners should produce rewards in a modular manner to preferentially reward high quality partners. To test this hypothesis, we applied JA to distinct leaves and quantified cell wall invertase activity (CWIN; a regulator of nectar secretion) and EFN secretion by these "local" (i.e., treated) and the "systemic" (i.e., non-treated) leaves of the same branch. Both CWIN activity and EFN secretion increased in local and systemic leaves of the facultative ant-plant Acacia cochliacantha, but only in the local leaves of the obligate ant-plant, A. cornigera. The systemic EFN secretion in A. cochliacantha was associated with an enhanced emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Such VOCs function as "external signals" that control systemic defense responses in diverse plant species. Indeed, the headspace of JA-treated branches of A. cochliacantha induced EFN secretion in both plant species, whereas the headspace of A. cornigera caused no detectable induction effect. Analyses of the headspace using GC-MS identified six VOCs in the headspace of A. cochliacantha that were not emitted by A. cornigera. Among these VOCs, ß-caryophyllene and (cis)-hexenyl isovalerate have already been reported in other plant species to induce defense traits, including EFN secretion. Our observations underline the importance of VOCs as systemic within-plant signals and show that the modular rewarding in A. cornigera is likely to result from a reduced emission of the systemic signal, rather than from a reduced responsiveness to the signal. We suggest that modular rewarding allows hosts to restrict the metabolic investment to specific partners and to efficiently sanction potential exploiters.

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Pollinators search for multiple flora resources throughout their life cycle. Most studies, however, only assess how bees discriminate floral cues in the context of nectar foraging. In the present study, we sought to elucidate whether oil-collecting bees discriminate flowers of Byrsonima variabilis (Malpighiaceae) with petals of different colours when foraging for pollen or oil. As the colour of the standard petal changes during anthesis, we characterised the spectral reflectance patterns of flowers throughout anthesis and modelled chromatic perceptual space to determine how these colour patterns are perceived by bees. Through the quantification of flower pollen in the different phases, we found that the colour of the standard petal is an honest cue of the presence of pollen. Centridine bees preferentially visited flowers with a yellow (bee's green) colour when searching for pollen, but indiscriminately visited flowers with different petal colours when searching for floral oil. We suggest that standard petals, in the species studied and others of the genus, like nectar guides, act as pollen guides, which oil-collecting females use to detect pollen-rich flowers. Moreover, they use different floral clues during foraging for different resources in the same host plant.

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ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO El sobrepeso y la obesidad son una importante epidemia a nivel global, que estaría en parte determinada por los patrones de consumo de la población. En Chile, a pesar de ser un país productor y exportador de Frutas y Verduras (FyV), el consumo de estos alimentos a nivel nacional es bajo. El Ministerio de Salud ha evaluado mejorar el acceso a alimentos saludables, a través de la reducción de su precio, mediante un subsidio a FyV. En este contexto, el Departamento de Nutrición y Alimentos solicita esta síntesis de evidencia con el objetivo de evaluar el posible impacto de esta intervención. METODOLOGÍA Se desarrolló una estrategia de búsqueda para ser utilizada en 5 bases de datos con el objetivo de identificar revisiones sistemáticas que abordaran la pregunta formulada. Se utiliza la metodología de certeza de la evidencia GRADE. Se incluyeron todos los tipos de subsidios, descuentos y reducciones de precio, que estuvieran dirigidos a aumentar el consumo de FyV. Se utilizó como comparador el escenario donde no se desarrollaba una intervención de estas características. Sobre estas revisiones, se excluyeron intervenciones que consideraran disminución de precio para alimentos distintos a FyV, estudios con evidencia no, estudios que reducían el precio de manera indirecta, y entrega gratuita de FyV. El solicitante decidió no incluir intervenciones realizadas en máquinas de venta, y subsidios dirigidos a nivel de la industria agricultora. También, se decidió priorizar los outcomes de compra e ingesta de FyV, por sobre el conocimiento de nutrición, medidas antropométricas, y las ventas de establecimientos. RESULTADOS Se utilizan 17 Revisiones sistemáticas Intervención simple -Un subsidio a frutas y verduras no impactaría sobre la compra de estos productos, mientras que incrementaría la ingesta de frutas. El impacto sobre la ingesta de verduras no es claro. Intervención combinada -Una combinación de intervenciones, donde se incluya un subsidio a frutas y verduras, incrementaría levemente las compras de estos productos, no obstante, su impacto sobre las verduras no sería claro. -Además, este subsidio incrementaría la ingesta de frutas y verduras, no obstante, su impacto por separado (en frutas y verduras) no sería claro.

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Este artigo utiliza indicadores de produção e de citação para aprofundar o conhecimento da produção acadêmica sobre recompensas em organizações no Brasil. O estudo levantou, nas 101 publicações identificadas em 24 periódicos indexados de Psicologia e Administração e em três anais de eventos destas áreas, os autores mais produtivos, suas afiliações institucionais e as abordagens de pesquisa utilizadas. Das 101 publicações, sessenta são artigos com texto completo e 41 resumos publicados em anais de eventos. Nos artigos com textos completos foram identificados também a constituição, a origem e os padrões das citações utilizadas. Compiladas, essas informações ajudam a compreender o estágio de desenvolvimento do construto no Brasil. O artigo também apresenta implicações destas análises para a pesquisa relacionada a recompensas em organizações.(AU)

This paper uses bibliometric indicators to increase the understanding of academic production about organizational rewards in Brazil. The search of the term "rewards"; in 24 Psychology and Business Administration journals and three conference proceedings of these areas returned 101 publications. From these publications, the study presents the most productive authors, their institutional affiliations, and research approaches used. Of the 101 publications, 60 are full-text articles and 41 are abstracts published in the conference proceedings. From the 60 full-text articles this paper also identified the constitution, origin and pattern of citations. This information helps the scientific community to understand the stage of the construct development in Brazil. The article also discusses implications of these analyzes for further research of rewards in organizations.(AU)

Este artículo utiliza el análisis bibliométrico, con indicadores de producción y de citaciones, para profundizar el conocimiento sobre la producción académica de recompensas en organizaciones en Brasil, publicada entre 2000-2011. Este trabajo de investigación localizó, en las 101 publicaciones encontradas en 24 periódicos de Psicología y Administración y en tres anales de eventos de estas áreas, los autores más productivos, sus afiliaciones institucionales y el enfoque de investigación utilizado. De las 101 publicaciones, sesenta son artículos completos y 41 son resúmenes publicados en anales de eventos. En los artículos completos fueron identificados la constitución, el origen y el tipo de citaciones utilizadas. Compiladas, esas informaciones ayudan a comprender en qué etapa de desarrollo está este constructo en Brasil. El artículo también presenta las implicaciones de este análisis para las investigaciones sobre recompensas en organizaciones.(AU)

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Este artigo demonstra como o construto recompensas em organizações está sendo definido e operacionalizado pela comunidade científica nacional. A abordagem bibliométrica foi utilizada para o planejamento, a coleta e a análise de dados. Foram mapeadas as publicações com "recompensa" no título, no resumo ou nas palavras- - chave, em 24 periódicos científicos nacionais de psicologia e de administração, e em anais de três eventos dessas áreas no período de 2000 a 2011. Os resultados apontaram 101 publicações. A leitura integral das publicações gerou as seguintes análises: número de autores, distribuição da frequência de publicações por ano; percentual de publicações em periódicos e anais de eventos, e definições de recompensas utilizadas. O artigo também categorizou as publicações sobre recompensas em função de seu tema: "determinantes organizacionais", "consequentes individuais", "justiça organizacional", "consequentes organizacionais", "recompensas internacionais", "recompensas de executivos", "determinantes de gênero", "processos psicossociais relacionados às recompensas" e como uma "dimensão em escala de outros construtos". O artigo realiza uma síntese destas análises e indica áreas para o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas na área de recompensas em organizações de trabalho no Brasil.(AU)

This paper analyzes how the construct "rewards in organizations" is defined and operationalized by the Brazilian scientific community. A bibliometric approach was used to plan for, collect, and analyze the data. We searched for papers with the term "reward" in the title, abstract, or keywords, in twenty-four Psychology and Business Administration journals and three conference proceedings published in Brazil in the 2000-2011 period. The results pointed to 101 articles. A full reading of the articles generated analysis of the following aspects: number of authors, articles per year, percentage of articles in journals and conference proceedings of psychology and business administration; and definitions of "rewards in organizations" in the articles. Papers were also categorized based on the focus of the study: organizational determinants; individual outcomes; organizational justice; organizational outcomes; international rewards; executive rewards; gender determinants; rewards psychology; and as a dimension in scales of other constructs. The paper also indicates areas for further research regarding rewards in organizations in Brazil.(AU)

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Este artigo demonstra como o construto recompensas em organizações está sendo definido e operacionalizado pela comunidade científica nacional. A abordagem bibliométrica foi utilizada para o planejamento, a coleta e a análise de dados. Foram mapeadas as publicações com "recompensa" no título, no resumo ou nas palavras- - chave, em 24 periódicos científicos nacionais de psicologia e de administração, e em anais de três eventos dessas áreas no período de 2000 a 2011. Os resultados apontaram 101 publicações. A leitura integral das publicações gerou as seguintes análises: número de autores, distribuição da frequência de publicações por ano; percentual de publicações em periódicos e anais de eventos, e definições de recompensas utilizadas. O artigo também categorizou as publicações sobre recompensas em função de seu tema: "determinantes organizacionais", "consequentes individuais", "justiça organizacional", "consequentes organizacionais", "recompensas internacionais", "recompensas de executivos", "determinantes de gênero", "processos psicossociais relacionados às recompensas" e como uma "dimensão em escala de outros construtos". O artigo realiza uma síntese destas análises e indica áreas para o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas na área de recompensas em organizações de trabalho no Brasil...

This paper analyzes how the construct "rewards in organizations" is defined and operationalized by the Brazilian scientific community. A bibliometric approach was used to plan for, collect, and analyze the data. We searched for papers with the term "reward" in the title, abstract, or keywords, in twenty-four Psychology and Business Administration journals and three conference proceedings published in Brazil in the 2000-2011 period. The results pointed to 101 articles. A full reading of the articles generated analysis of the following aspects: number of authors, articles per year, percentage of articles in journals and conference proceedings of psychology and business administration; and definitions of "rewards in organizations" in the articles. Papers were also categorized based on the focus of the study: organizational determinants; individual outcomes; organizational justice; organizational outcomes; international rewards; executive rewards; gender determinants; rewards psychology; and as a dimension in scales of other constructs. The paper also indicates areas for further research regarding rewards in organizations in Brazil...

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Este artigo utiliza indicadores de produção e de citação para aprofundar o conhecimento da produção acadêmica sobre recompensas em organizações no Brasil. O estudo levantou, nas 101 publicações identificadas em 24 periódicos indexados de Psicologia e Administração e em três anais de eventos destas áreas, os autores mais produtivos, suas afiliações institucionais e as abordagens de pesquisa utilizadas. Das 101 publicações, sessenta são artigos com texto completo e 41 resumos publicados em anais de eventos. Nos artigos com textos completos foram identificados também a constituição, a origem e os padrões das citações utilizadas. Compiladas, essas informações ajudam a compreender o estágio de desenvolvimento do construto no Brasil. O artigo também apresenta implicações destas análises para a pesquisa relacionada a recompensas em organizações...

This paper uses bibliometric indicators to increase the understanding of academic production about organizational rewards in Brazil. The search of the term "rewards"; in 24 Psychology and Business Administration journals and three conference proceedings of these areas returned 101 publications. From these publications, the study presents the most productive authors, their institutional affiliations, and research approaches used. Of the 101 publications, 60 are full-text articles and 41 are abstracts published in the conference proceedings. From the 60 full-text articles this paper also identified the constitution, origin and pattern of citations. This information helps the scientific community to understand the stage of the construct development in Brazil. The article also discusses implications of these analyzes for further research of rewards in organizations...

Este artículo utiliza el análisis bibliométrico, con indicadores de producción y de citaciones, para profundizar el conocimiento sobre la producción académica de recompensas en organizaciones en Brasil, publicada entre 2000-2011. Este trabajo de investigación localizó, en las 101 publicaciones encontradas en 24 periódicos de Psicología y Administración y en tres anales de eventos de estas áreas, los autores más productivos, sus afiliaciones institucionales y el enfoque de investigación utilizado. De las 101 publicaciones, sesenta son artículos completos y 41 son resúmenes publicados en anales de eventos. En los artículos completos fueron identificados la constitución, el origen y el tipo de citaciones utilizadas. Compiladas, esas informaciones ayudan a comprender en qué etapa de desarrollo está este constructo en Brasil. El artículo también presenta las implicaciones de este análisis para las investigaciones sobre recompensas en organizaciones...

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O Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) é uma tarefa amplamente utilizada na avaliação da capacidade de tomada de decisão. Neste artigo, procede-se à revisão da literatura, comparando-se as versões do IGT, as diferentes medidas de avaliação do desempenho e as alterações introduzidas nos procedimentos, nomeadamente no feedback, na aleatorização espacial dos baralhos, no número de ensaios e de cartas por baralho, nas instruções, na remuneração e na manipulação das recompensas e punições. Desta análise, conclui-se que as diversas versões da tarefa, as alterações nos procedimentos de aplicação e as diferentes medidas utilizadas na avaliação têm impacto no desempenho, prejudicam a comparação entre estudos e as generalizações dos resultados. Finalmente, apresentam-se sugestões para uma maior adequação dos procedimentos.(AU)

The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is a widely used task in the assessment of the decision-making ability. In this article, we conduct a literature review by comparing IGT versions, different performance assessment measures, and changes to procedures including feedback, spatial randomization of decks, number of trials, number of cards per deck, instructions, payment, and rewards and punishments. On basis of this analysis, we conclude that different versions of the task, changes in application procedures and different measures used to assess the task have an impact on performance, thereby affecting comparison among studies and generalization of results. Finally, we offer suggestions to define adequate procedures.(AU)

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