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The increasing use of plastics in rural environments has led to concerns about agricultural plastic waste (APW). However, the plasticulture information gap hinders waste management planning and may lead to plastic residue leakage into the environment with consequent microplastic formation. The location and estimated quantity of the APW are crucial for territorial planning and public policies regarding land use and waste management. Agri-plastic remote detection has attracted increased attention but requires a consensus approach, particularly for mapping plastic-mulched farmlands (PMFs) scattered across vast areas. This article tests whether a streamlined time-series approach minimizes PMF confusion with the background using less processing. Based on the literature, we performed a vast assessment of machine learning techniques and investigated the importance of features in mapping tomato PMF. We evaluated pixel-based and object-based classifications in harmonized Sentinel-2 level-2A images, added plastic indices, and compared six classifiers. The best result showed an overall accuracy of 99.7% through pixel-based using the multilayer perceptron (MLP) classifier. The 3-time series with a 30-day composite exhibited increased accuracy, a decrease in background confusion, and was a viable alternative for overcoming the impact of cloud cover on images at certain times of the year in our study area, which leads to a potentially reliable methodology for APW mapping for future studies. To our knowledge, the presented PMF map is the first for Latin America. This represents a first step toward promoting the circularity of all agricultural plastic in the region, minimizing the impacts of degradation on the environment.

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Construction and demolition waste (CDW) is an environmental problem that affects all regions of the world. Particularly in the Brazilian Amazon Forest region, the volume of CDW generated almost doubled between 2007 and 2019. Indeed, despite Brazil having environmental regulations for waste management, these have been insufficient to solve the environmental problem because there is no CDW reverse supply chain (RSC) properly developed in the Amazon region. Previous studies have proposed a conceptual model of a CDW RSC but have hitherto failed to apply them against real world practice. This paper, therefore, attempts to test existing conceptual models that describe a CDW RSC against real industry practice prior to developing an applied model of a CDW RSC for the Brazilian Amazon. To modify the conceptual model for CDW RSC, qualitative data through 15 semi-structured interviews with five different types of stakeholders of the Amazonian CDW RSC were collected and analyzed using qualitative content analysis methods using NVivo software. The proposed applied model includes present and future reverse logistics (RL) practices, and strategies and tasks necessary for the implementation of a CDW RSC in the city of Belém of Pará, in the Brazilian Amazon. Findings reveal that several overlooked problems, particularly the limitations of the existing legal framework in Brazil, are not enough to promote a robust CDW RSC. This is perhaps the first study to examine CDW RSC in the Amazonian rainforest. Arguments provided in this study highlight the necessity for an Amazonian CDW RSC that must be promoted and regulated by the government. This can be addressed by the utilizing public-private partnership (PPP) for developing a CDW RSC.

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The management of healthcare waste and end-of-life medication coming from different sources are primary challenges faced by public health leaders. Several factors may be considered critical and inhibitive to reverse logistics within the context of waste management processes. If those factors are not addressed, they may become obstacles to reverse logistics implementation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect that critical factors play in the adoption of end-of-life management practices for medication and its influence on logistics performance. Literature provided some critical factors: management factor, collaboration factor, information technology factor, infrastructure factor, politics factor, financial and economic factor, end-of-life management practices, and logistics performance factor. A sample of 67 professionals from the public pharmaceutical care process answered a structured questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using partial least square-structural equation modeling. The theoretical structural test confirmed eleven out of the fifteen hypotheses considered. The results have indicated that end-of-life management practices exert a direct influence on logistics performance. The analysis confirmed a direct effect of the information technology factor on end-of-life management practices, but not a moderation effect. Findings have contributed to the literature by providing deeper insights into the relationship between end-of-life management practices for medicines and logistics performance. Moreover, it supports health managers' decision-making in the pharmaceutical care process improvement and engagement with solid waste management policies.

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Abstract The incorrect disposal of medicines and their environmental impact has been related to the health medicalization and the improper use of medication by society. In this sense, it is very important to know the profile of drug disposal for foster health policies. The aim was to identify the profile of disposal of medicines by the population, including the cost perspective. This is an inquiry descriptive study that began in September 2019. Medicine disposal health education program was carried out over six months in two University pharmacies. A questionnaire for sociodemographic and discarded medicines data collection was applied. Logistic regression analysis for variables association of correct disposal and the chi-square and t-student analysis for comparison between disposal programs were performed for a level of 5% and test power of 80%. Medicines weighed 23.3 kg and 28.5 kg, with the cost variation from US$ 13.5 to US$ 16.1 until the final treatment. The correct disposal was strongly associated with the disposal reason (p=0.013), source of information (p=0.006), prescription (p=0.03), form of use (p=0.01), acquisition source (p=0.001), cost with medication (p=0.0001), education (p=0.028) and age (p=0.05). The correct medicine disposal was associated with important features of the community related to education health.

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A temática do descarte inadequado de medicamentos e sua relevância no desenvolvimento dos mecanismos de resistência aos antibióticos são os menos debatidos na literatura. Portanto, este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar e discutir os dados obtidos sobre o recebimento de antimicrobianos vencidos e/ou sem uso descartados no ponto de coleta de medicamentos localizado no Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Campus Recife. Ao todo foram recolhidos 50,03 kg de medicamentos, dos quais 4,12 kg eram de antimicrobianos, sendo a terceira classe farmacológica mais frequente; destes, 93,07% (n=1.948 unidades) estavam vencidos e a forma farmacêutica mais encontrada foram os comprimidos (36,32%). Entre as classes de antibióticos predominaram, em relação ao mecanismo de ação, os que inibem a síntese proteica (29,33%), e pela estrutura química, as quinolonas (17,45%). A realização do descarte adequado desses medicamentos possibilita uma redução dos impactos que esse quantitativo recolhido causaria no meio ambiente. Portanto, deve-se investir em campanhas de conscientização sobre o uso correto dos medicamentos e seguimento da prescrição médica para evitar consumo indiscriminado destes fármacos. Com base o que estabelece o Decreto n° 10.388/2020, o descarte correto de medicamentos precisa ser divulgado, para que os estabelecimentos realizem a logística reversa dessas substâncias.

The issue of inappropriate disposal of medicines and its relevance in development of mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics is the least discussed in the literature. Therefore, this work aims to present and discuss the data obtained on the receipt of expired and/or unused antimicrobials discarded at the medication collection point located in the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Campus Recife. In all, 50.03 kg of drugs were collected, of which 4.12 kg were antimicrobials, being the third most frequent pharmacological class; of these, 93.07% (n=1,948 units) were expired and the most common pharmaceutical form was pills (36.32%). Among the classes of antibiotics, in terms of mechanism of action, those that inhibit protein synthesis (29.33%) and chemical structure, quinolones (17.45%) predominated. Carrying out the proper disposal of these medicines makes it possible to reduce the impacts that this collected quantity would cause on the environment. Therefore, one should invest in awareness campaigns about the correct use of medicines and follow-up of medical prescriptions to avoid indiscriminate consumption of these drugs. Based on the provisions of Decree No. 10.388/2020, the correct disposal of medicines needs to be disclosed, so that establishments carry out the reverse logistics of these substances.

La cuestión de la eliminación inadecuada de los medicamentos y su relevancia en el desarrollo de mecanismos de resistencia a los antibióticos son los menos discutidos en la literatura. Por lo tanto, este trabajo tiene el objetivo de presentar y discutir los datos obtenidos sobre la recepción de antimicrobianos perdidos y/o no utilizados desechados en el punto de recolección de medicamentos ubicado en el Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas de la Universidad Federal de Pernambuco, Campus Recife. En total, se tomaron 50,03 kg de medicamentos, de los cuales 4,12 kg fueron antimicrobianos, siendo la tercera clase farmacológica más común el 93,07% (n=1.948 unidades) retrasada y la forma farmacéutica más encontrada fueron los comprimidos (36,32%). Entre las clases de antibióticos predominaron, en relación con el mecanismo de acción, las que inhiben la síntesis de proteínas (29,33%), y por la estructura química, las quinolonas (17,45%). La eliminación adecuada de estos medicamentos permite reducir el impacto que esta cantidad recolectada podría causar en el medio ambiente. Por lo tanto, se deberían invertir en campañas de sensibilización sobre el uso correcto de medicamentos y el seguimiento de las recetas médicas para evitar el consumo indiscriminado de estos medicamentos. Sobre la base del Decreto no 10.388/2020, es necesario hacer pública la eliminación correcta de los medicamentos, para que los establecimientos realicen la logística inversa de estas sustancias.

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RESUMO O gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos, com a disposição do material em aterro sanitário, é uma prática amplamente adotada no Brasil. A quantificação do desempenho ambiental do gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos apoia a proposição de práticas otimizadas. A avaliação do ciclo de vida foi aplicada para avaliar o gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos de 1 tonelada de material em Feira de Santana, estado da Bahia, Brasil. A fronteira do sistema do gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos deste estudo incluiu o material gerenciado nas etapas de coleta, transporte, tratamento, disposição e manejo do lixiviado. Foi avaliada a disposição do material em aterro sanitário no cenário base de gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos e opções de recuperação de recurso para o aproveitamento de material (reciclagem e compostagem) e energia (aterro sanitário e digestão anaeróbia com coleta de biogás) nos cenários propostos de gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos. O inventário de primeiro plano utilizou dados representativos para os cenários avaliados, enquanto o inventário de segundo plano utilizou a base de dados ecoinvent™ no software Simapro®, com os métodos de demanda de energia acumulada e Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change 2013, com potencial de aquecimento global de cem anos. A demanda de energia acumulada foi 215 MJ·t-1 e as emissões de gases de efeito estufa foram 449 kg CO2eq·t-1 no cenário base. A maior contribuição da demanda de energia acumulada do cenário base foi oriunda da etapa de coleta e transporte, enquanto aquela de gases de efeito estufa foi oriunda do aterro sanitário. Os cenários propostos com a recuperação dos recursos apresentaram potenciais de redução da demanda de energia acumulada e das emissões de gases de efeito estufa do gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos, assim como apoiam a transição para uma economia circular.

ABSTRACT Municipal Solid Waste Management with the material disposal in landfills is a widely adopted practice in Brazil. The environmental performance quantification in MSWM supports the proposition of optimized practices. The Life Cycle Assessment was applied to evaluate 1 ton of material in the Municipal Solid Waste Management of Feira de Santana, state of Bahia, Brazil. The system boundary of the Municipal Solid Waste Management in this study included the material managed in collection, transportation, treatment, disposal and leachate handling stages. The material disposal in sanitary landfill was evaluated in the base scenario of Municipal Solid Waste Management and the resource recovery options for material (recycling and composting) and energy (sanitary landfill and anaerobic digestion with biogas collection) in the proposed scenarios of Municipal Solid Waste Management. The foreground inventory used representative data for the evaluated scenarios, while the background inventory used the ecoinvent™ database in the Simapro® software with the Cumulative Energy Demand and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2013 with 100 years global warming potential methods. Cumulative Energy Demand was 215 MJ·t-1 and Greenhouse Gas emissions were 449 kg CO2eq·t-1 in the base scenario. The largest contribution in the base scenario was the collection and transportation stage in Cumulative Energy Demand and the sanitary landfill in Greenhouse Gas. The proposed scenarios with resource recovery showed a potential to reduce the Cumulative Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas emissions in Municipal Solid Waste Management, along with supporting the transition to a circular economy.

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This paper discusses the role of stakeholders' participation in decision-making of waste policies, exploring the case of the sectoral agreement (SA) of packaging in Brazil. This case represents a robust step to introduce circular economy for packaging in Brazil and Latin America. Since the enactment of the Brazilian National Solid Waste Policy in 2010, a series of agreements were created to introduce an alternative model of extended producer responsibility in the country. This historical analysis evaluates the decision-making and the outcomes of its participatory process. Three qualitative research methods were applied: 76 interviews with stakeholders at the three levels of governance; observation of five events during the negotiation process and analysis of government documents. The results show that stakeholders' participation was crucial throughout the policy design, contributing directly and indirectly to the outcomes of the SA, with knowledge exchange, creation of networks and by pressuring solid waste management issue onto the government's agenda. However, the participatory process is not straightforward, and during the agreement process, some advancements seem to be jeopardised, with risk of participation being exploited to legitimise political interests. At the end, research points out that participation needs to be promoted and expanded throughout all the stages of the policy cycle, bringing together also other stakeholders such as local governments and civil society.

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End-of-use and end-of-life medicines waste management has been a challenge for public and private managers in different countries. Reverse logistics is a waste management strategy whose application to public pharmaceutical care processes faces legal restrictions and incertitude. Nevertheless, reverse logistics of end-of-use and end-of-life medicines may be both a saving and an environmental strategy in developing countries that manage health under limited resources. How to overcome restrictions to reverse logistics mainly in the context of primary health level? This study aims to investigate the most relevant critical factors for implementing medicine waste management in pharmaceutical care process. The unit analysis is the primary health level process in a developing country capital. Considering the characteristics of the issue at hand, it was designed a qualitative study. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews. The interviewees were key individuals who work directly with the process-from administering medicine to patients to managing waste at the end of the medicine's lifespan or after its use. Results indicated that despite reverse logistics arising from end users is legally forbidden, another type of reverse flow emerged from process analysis. The reverse flow, named reassignment flow, consists of still useful end-of-use medicines exchanged among the 10 government-ran pharmacies and over 140 health centers, where healthcare professionals administer and offer guidance on how to use them correctly. Another result was the identification of the most critical factors in implementing reverse logistics strategies in the public management context. The factors mentioned included aspects pertaining to management, information technology, infrastructure, and government, but they differ from the private context management, in which decision-makers has more freedom. Due to the barriers named by interviewees, the political barriers and complexity of primary health system, results of this investigation point to (i) reinforcing the reassignment flows inside pharmaceutical care logistics cycle, for saving purposes, and (ii) further development of a specific management unit to perform reverse logistics of end-of-use medicines arising from consumers, for environmental purposes. In times of shortage or resources caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, to know the critical factors is a step necessary in overcoming the current restrictions in direction of a well-succeeded medicines reverse logistics, either of reassignment or from final consumers. These results clarify the literature on end-of-use and end-of-life medicines reverse logistics. It also provides managers of 5000 municipalities in the country a perspective on the most relevant critical factors involved in their decision-making process, concerning the reuse of end-of-use medicines or the adequate disposal of end-of-life medicines in the environment.

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With the spread of the new Coronavirus, there was an increase in the generation of contaminated waste. Thus, healthcare waste management (HCWM) became even a greater challenge in hospitals due to Coronavirus easily spread. In this context, it was necessary to create tools that could aid healthcare facilities in evaluating their HCWM. Therefore, the objective of this article was to elaborate a support tool that helps in identifying the shortcomings of hospitals' HCWM. For this purpose, the Health Service Waste Management Index was developed based on the selection of indicators in the area. The index was applied to six hospitals in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Its application meet the purpose of this research, since the results in the form of an index objectively summarize the reality of the HCWM in healthcare facilities. From the six hospitals investigated, four were classified as highly efficient. However, even though most of them were well evaluated, they still have difficulties with properly training their employees, which can be even a worse problem during a pandemic, when every precaution is extremely important to reduce the spread of the disease. Therefore, beyond this article contribution related to sustainability by demanding the hospitals to check which points of HCWM should be improved, it also adds academically by developing a tool with indicators that evaluate operational, human, economic and environmental factors in an innovative way.

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The cement industry has been under pressure due to the environmental impact of high cement production, which demands a significant amount of energy and results in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In many developed countries, the cement industry has sought to replace conventional fossil fuels with alternatives to minimize GHG emissions; however, Brazil has underexploited this possibility. Considering the potential of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) to reduce the non-recycled waste disposed in landfills, and its suitable performance as an alternative fuel for cleaner cement production, this paper presents a reverse logistics network analysis for RDF production planning with respect to local economic incentives, social euqity and justice, pollution prevention, and global environmental concerns regarding carbon emissions reduction. The reverse logistics network involves important stakeholders related in waste management in Espirito Santo, Brazil, especially harmonizing social sustainability concerns between waste pickers' cooperatives and waste retailers. By considering the waste generated in 78 municipalities in the Espírito Santo state, the possible levels of fuel replacement in cement industries reflects the economic sustainability of the timeframe of the solid waste management policy implementation. The results showed that the RDF to be produced varies from 42,446.5 tonnes in 2024 with a small fuel replacement by cement industries, to 567,092.1 tonnes in 2040 if all non-recyclable waste available can be used to produce RDF. The avoided annual disposal costs via this network analysis vary from $3,855,412.0 in the initial years to $47,822,876.8 in the year 2040 under optimistic conditions, representing around 25% of the total cost in the network. The cost and GHG emitted reduced significantly in all simulated scenarios; however, the financial incentives are essential for achieving the network social sustainability.

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Construction and demolition waste (CDW) substantially contributes to environmental degradation because of its intrinsic characteristics of fast and high generation volume, low recycling rate, and low revenue margins. A systemic problem is that recycling facilities are not usually a part of a reverse supply chain (RSC) specific for CDW. This makes the recovery process costs prohibitive, especially where companies are unable to receive and process large volumes of waste continuously. This paper presents a systematic analysis of the extant literature and utilizes the results accrued to develop a conceptual RSC model for CDW. In so doing, the research seeks to provide clarity on this phenomenon, while simultaneously stimulating wider academic discourse and further research endeavours. A mixed philosophies epistemological design was adopted using both interpretavism and constructivism to undertake a qualitative systematic analysis of the literature. A process diagram was produced to represent the conceptual model (CM) and thematically group the nodes into three key swim lanes that delineate the boundaries between distribution, manufacturing, and sourcing and warehousing processes. Within each swim lane, stakeholders were incorporated as key actors. A further layer of nuanced complexity was added to illustrate the key actors involved in the process, government strategies, and activity flow paths. This novel CM offers both practical and theoretical contributions to existing knowledge and signposts a future research direction. Such work will demystify reverse logistics for managing CDW, and assist government policy-makers to develop informed policies that reduce the negative environmental impact of construction activities.

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There is an increasing interest in product recovery, closed-loop supply chains, and reverse logistics (RL) for mitigating environmental impairment. Although RL is becoming a mandatory policy in developed countries, it is still in an embryonic stage in some industrial sectors of emerging economies. The purpose of this study is twofold: (1) identify the critical factors to the successful implementation of RL in the Brazilian pharmaceutical care process (PCP) and (2) determine the cause-and-effect relationships among them. We use snowball sampling to select the relevant RL studies and deductive reasoning and classification to identify the critical factors and a grey decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) to evaluate the cause-and-effect relationships among them. The study revealed management, collaboration, information technology, infrastructure, policy, financial and economic, end-of-life management practices, and logistic performance factors as the most relevant factors to the successful implementation of RL in the Brazilian PCP. The end-of-life management practices were identified as the most critical factor, and information technology was identified as the least critical factor. We further determined the end-of-life management practices and policy have the strongest casual relationship. The municipal PCP coordinators can use the findings of this study to formulate mitigating strategies to identify and eliminate barriers to the successful implementation of RL in the Brazilian PCP.

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Business models have being designed, worldwide, to create sustainability competencies and in particular to incorporate reverse logistics, but Brazilian executives have not yet fully adhered to Law 12,305 on solid waste and reverse logistics. What would be the Brazilian executives' perception about reverse logistics competency and the support provided by a collaborative and IT competency? The objective of the paper is to investigate the effects of collaboration and IT competency in developing reverse logistics competency, as a strategy, and its consequences in economic and environmental performance. A survey was performed with 320 Brazilian supply chain executives and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling. The models demonstrated that collaboration has a direct positive influence on the development of reverse logistics competency, by executives' point of view. The moderation effect between collaboration and IT competency for reverse logistics was not confirmed, since it was adopted a strategic view of reverse logistics. Therefore, despite there was not a moderation effect, IT presented a lower direct effect on reverse logistics competency. Results reinforce that organizations that develop reverse logistics competency tend to improve their economic and environmental performances.

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Iron ore tailings (IOT) from tailings dams cause significant environmental, economic, and social impacts, which has motivated the search for reuse alternatives. In this scenario, the present work uses reverse logistics to size the resources required to reuse the IOT for road infrastructure. A reverse logistics system was modelled to transport the IOT from the tailings dam to a processing plant and then to the construction site of a road. Resource capacity constraints and operational limitations were considered, and the economic feasibility of the system was analysed. Two scenarios for tailings transportation on the dam/plant route were simulated aiming at a cost less than R$ 25 (US$ 6.13) per tonne: (1) trucks; and (2) conveyor belts. The economic feasibility of both scenarios was proven, with scenario 1 presenting the most promising results - a transport distance of 290 km within the established price limit. This methodology can thus be applied to encourage the large-scale reuse of IOT.

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Small- and medium-sized enterprises primarily focus on their operations and rarely pay attention to issues related to sustainable solid waste management that originate from their production processes. A suitable strategy to support sustainable solid waste management is reverse logistics. Through the use of maturity models, it is possible to determine the grade to which small- and medium-sized enterprises are prepared to perform this strategy. This study proposes an adapted maturity model to measure maturity levels of reverse logistics aspects at small- and medium-sized enterprises in regions from Colombia in order to contribute to sustainable solid waste management. The maturity model was applied to seven small- and medium-sized enterprises in the plastics sector in the central and southern regions of Colombia by adapting a maturity model that was previously correlated to suggested drivers and barriers in this sector. Results show that maturity levels range from naïve to immature owing to the incipient development of reverse logistics in Colombia. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a holistic vision of the organisation to improve the reverse logistics decision-making process to achieve sustainable solid waste management.

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O presente trabalho descreve o relato de experiência da Divisão de Vigilância Sanitária de Produtos da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Paraná na Campanha de Logística Reversa de Medicamentos Domiciliares Vencidos ou em Desuso realizada no ano de 2018 pelo Governo do Estado, em parceria com o Sindicato da Indústria de Produtos Farmacêuticos no Estado de São Paulo e outras entidades. A ação teve duração de 60 dias com a participação de 250 pontos de coleta distribuídos em farmácias públicas e privadas de todas as Regionais de Saúde do Estado. Os resíduos de medicamentos coletados ultrapassaram duas toneladas. Foi possível identificar os recursos necessários para implantação dessa política com participação de atores da cadeia farmacêutica. A atuação do Governo do Estado foi essencial para aproximação dos setores e articulação na Campanha. Contudo, salienta-se a necessidade de interlocução dos entes responsáveis pelo processo para execução permanente desta política no Estado. (AU)

This paper describes the experience report of the Health Surveillance Division of the State Health Department of Paraná in the Pharmaceutical Reverse Logistics Campaign for Expired or Unused Home Medicines held in 2018 by the State Government, in partnership with the Pharmaceuticals Industry Union of the State of São Paulo and other entities. The action lasted 60 days with the participation of 250 collection points distributed in public and private pharmacies of all State Health Units. The drug residues collected exceeded two tons. It was possible to identify the resources required to implement this policy with the participation of actors from the pharmaceutical chain. The participation of the State Government was essential to bring the sectors together, and to articulate the Campaign. However, the need of dialogue amongentities in charge of the process, for the permanent implementation of this policy in the State, shall be highlighted. (AU)

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The mining industry is one of the world's massive scrap off-the-road (OTR) tire generators. Reverse logistics (RL) allows for a cost-effective treatment of residual items with environmentally friendly practices. This paper aims to design a RL network for large OTR tires discarded from scattered mining sites, which requires a substantial initial investment in tire downsizing equipment. Therefore, the on-site use of a single shared shredding resource set is proposed with a schedule of visits between mines. Our contribution is a mixed-integer linear programming model set to determine the OTR tires optimal network, including decisions regarding a tire-fuelled power plant location, tire shredding and transport amounts, and a shredding resource set schedule to maximize the profits of the RL network while considering whole waste tire stockpile limits per year. Results showed that the proposed RL network starting from mine shredding tires and supplying a power generation plant might be a profitable solution that could help mines to comply with the legal regulations and turn this waste into a positive economic value good. Environmental and social implications are the mitigation of scrap tires, an increased job demand triggered by power plants, and public health improvement in the vicinity of the mining sites.

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RESUMO Este artigo caracteriza o estado da arte na área de logística reversa (LR), verificando as publicações de destaque nas bases de dados ScienceDirect e Web of Science (WoS) por meio das análises bibliométrica e sistêmica. A partir de 462 artigos, os principais periódicos, autores, instituições e países de realização da pesquisa bem como as parcerias de pesquisa foram identificados. Observou-se que as publicações sobre o tema têm aumentado constantemente ao longo dos anos, sendo os Estados Unidos o país com o maior número tanto em publicações quanto em parcerias. Os pesquisadores brasileiros devem buscar parcerias com instituições estrangeiras, pois estas demonstraram o potencial para enriquecer as discussões e fomentar publicações de qualidade. O artigo identificou os principais trabalhos nessa área, assim como as lacunas que podem orientar trabalhos futuros.

ABSTRACT This paper characterizes the state of the art in the area of reverse logistics by analyzing publications in the ScienceDirect and Web of Science (WOS) databases through bibliometric and systematic analysis. From a sample of 462 papers, leading journals, authors, research institutions and countries, as well as research partnerships were identified. It was noted that publications on the subject have steadily increased over the years, with the United States having the largest number of publications and partnerships. Brazilian researchers should seek partnerships with foreign institutions, since they have demonstrated the potential to enrich discussions and foster quality publications. This paper identified the main studies in this area, as well as the gaps that could guide future researches.

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Tires require adequate disposal at the end of their useful life due to the environmental damage that improper disposal can cause. Since the 1990s, Brazilian legislation has laid out specific rules for tire disposal. This brought about results in 2017, when 93% of the target was met for environmentally correct tire disposal, according to the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources. To reach this index, consumers, business people, city halls, and manufacturers had to work together. However, cities with fewer than 100,000 inhabitants continued to encounter difficulties to carry out the process efficiently. Thus, the objective of this study is to propose new alternatives so that small cities can plan and implement reverse logistics management for unusable tires. The tool used to verify improvement was discrete event simulation, which allowed for the creation of scenarios, experimenting with changes to the consortium's operation. The analysis confirms that the consortium of cities can have a more efficient process in the destination of tires, with the possibility of reducing costs by 15%, emission of pollutant gases by 71%, and CO2 by 57%.

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The aim of this study was to assess the economic and environmental advantages of implementing reverse logistics to recycle solid waste from construction companies. The adopted research method was based on a systematic literature review and two case studies. For the economic assessment, the return on investment, the internal rate of return, and the discounted payback factors were considered, while the material intensity factor was used for the environmental impact assessment. This study shows that there are economic and environmental advantages associated with the use of reverse logistics for solid waste treatment and recycling. In 2016, the purchase of recycled blocks resulted in a profit of over US$45,000 for one company, and another company earned almost US$250,000 in the same year by recycling solid waste from manufacturing blocks and selling iron, wood, paper, and plastics. Furthermore, the environmental impact was reduced. This paper contributes to the dissemination of knowledge regarding the advantages of adopting reverse logistics for recycling construction and demolition waste, and creates new opportunities for companies.

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