RESUMO
In Brazil, vaccination has always cut across party political and ideological lines, which has delayed its start and brought the whole process into disrepute. Such divergences put the immunization of the population in the background and create additional hurdles beyond the pandemic, mistrust and scepticism over vaccines. We conduct a mathematical modelling study to analyse the impacts of late vaccination along with slowly increasing coverage, as well as how harmful it would be if part of the population refused to get vaccinated or missed the second dose. We analyse data from confirmed cases, deaths and vaccination in the state of Rio de Janeiro in the period between 10 March 2020 and 27 October 2021. We estimate that if the start of vaccination had been 30 days earlier, combined with efforts to drive vaccination rates up, about 31 657 deaths could have been avoided. In addition, the slow pace of vaccination and the low demand for the second dose could cause a resurgence of cases as early as 2022. Even when reaching the expected vaccination coverage for the first dose, it is still challenging to increase adherence to the second dose and maintain a high vaccination rate to avoid new outbreaks.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Vacinas , Brasil/epidemiologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , VacinaçãoRESUMO
The resurgence of COVID-19 could deepen the psychological impacts of the pandemic which poses new challenges for mental health professionals. Among the actions that should be prioritized is the monitoring of the groups that have shown greater psychological vulnerability during the first stage of the pandemic. The first aim of our study is to explore the fear reactions to COVID-19 between genders during the second wave of the outbreak in Cuba. Second, establish possible predictors of fear of COVID-19 in relation to gender. Specifically, we will evaluate how anxiety related to COVID-19, health self-perception, and worry about the resurgence of COVID-19 predict fear reactions among women and men in the Cuban population. A cross-sectional online study was designed. The research was conducted between August 16 and October 18, 2020. A total of 373 people completed the online survey. A socio-demographic questionnaire, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale and the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale were used. An independent-samples t-test was conducted to compare the fear, worry, anxiety and self-perceived health scores, between genders. The relationship between those variables and fear of COVID-19, was investigated using Pearson correlation coefficient. Finally, multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the possible associations (predictors) related to fear of COVID-19. In our study, women, compared to men, presented greater fear reactions, greater concern about resurgence of COVID-19 and poorer self-perceived health. Anxiety reactions in our sample showed no differences between genders. In women, anxiety of COVID-19, worry about resurgence of COVID-19, and self-perceived health are associated with fear reactions to COVID-19. In the case of men, the self-perceived health showed no associations with fear reactions. Our results confirm the results of several related investigations during the first wave of the pandemic where women have shown greater psychological vulnerability compared to men. However, we cannot rule out that the real impact of the pandemic on mental health in men is much greater than that described by the studies conducted to date. Additional studies are needed on the psychological impact of COVID-19 on men.
RESUMO
Resumo O reaparecimento de variabilidade comportamental previamente extinta (i.e., recaída) foi investigado por meio dos modelos experimentais de renovação, restabelecimento e ressurgência. Na Fase de Treino (contexto A), ao serem expostos ao esquema múltiplo Lag 10 Acoplado, ratos apresentaram níveis similares de variabilidade nos dois componentes. Na Fase de Eliminação (contexto B), o esquema múltiplo Repetição Repetição promoveu a extinção da variabilidade. Na Fase de Teste (contexto A), com a suspensão da contingência de repetição e a liberação de reforços independentes, a variabilidade reapareceu no componente "Lag 10", anteriormente correlacionado com reforçamento da variação, mas não no componente "Acoplado". Esse resultado sugere que a variabilidade observada no teste de recaída corresponde à variabilidade operante, e não à variabilidade induzida pela extinção.
Abstract The reappearance of previously extinguished behavioral variability (i.e. relapse) was investigated with three experimental models: renewal, reinstatement and resurgence. In the Training Phase (context A), when exposed to the multiple Lag 10 Yoke schedule, rats showed similar levels of variability in both components. In the Elimination Phase (context B), the multiple Repetition schedule promoted the extinction of variability. In the Test Phase (context A), with the suspension of the repetition contingency and the delivery of response-independent reinforcers, variability reappeared in the "Lag 10" component, the one previously correlated with the reinforcement of variation, but not in the "Yoke" component. This result suggests that the variability observed in the relapse test corresponded to operant variability, and not to extinction-induced variability.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Substantial limitations have been imposed on passenger air travel to reduce transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 between regions and countries. However, as case numbers decrease, air travel will gradually resume. We considered a future scenario in which case numbers are low and air travel returns to normal. Under that scenario, there will be a risk of outbreaks in locations worldwide due to imported cases. We estimated the risk of different locations acting as sources of future coronavirus disease 2019 outbreaks elsewhere. METHODS: We use modelled global air travel data and population density estimates from locations worldwide to analyse the risk that 1364 airports are sources of future coronavirus disease 2019 outbreaks. We use a probabilistic, branching-process-based approach that considers the volume of air travelers between airports and the reproduction number at each location, accounting for local population density. RESULTS: Under the scenario we model, we identify airports in East Asia as having the highest risk of acting as sources of future outbreaks. Moreover, we investigate the locations most likely to cause outbreaks due to air travel in regions that are large and potentially vulnerable to outbreaks: India, Brazil and Africa. We find that outbreaks in India and Brazil are most likely to be seeded by individuals travelling from within those regions. We find that this is also true for less vulnerable regions, such as the United States, Europe and China. However, outbreaks in Africa due to imported cases are instead most likely to be initiated by passengers travelling from outside the continent. CONCLUSIONS: Variation in flight volumes and destination population densities creates a non-uniform distribution of the risk that different airports pose of acting as the source of an outbreak. Accurate quantification of the spatial distribution of outbreak risk can therefore facilitate optimal allocation of resources for effective targeting of public health interventions.
Assuntos
Viagem Aérea , Infecções por Coronavirus/transmissão , Pneumonia Viral/transmissão , Medição de Risco , África/epidemiologia , Aeroportos , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , China/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Importadas , Infecções por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Saúde Global , Humanos , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/diagnóstico , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , SARS-CoV-2 , América do Sul/epidemiologia , Medicina de Viagem , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Pertussis resurgence had been attributed to waning vaccine immunity and Bordetella pertussis adaptation to escape vaccine-induced immunity. Circulating bacteria differ genotypically from strains used in production of pertussis vaccine. Pertactin-deficient strains are highly prevalent in countries that use acellular vaccine (aP), suggesting strong aP-imposed selection of circulating bacteria. To corroborate this hypothesis, systematic studies on pertactin prevalence of infection in countries using whole-cell vaccine are needed. We provide pertussis epidemiologic data and molecular characterization of B. pertussis isolates from Buenos Aires, Argentina, during 2000-2017. This area used primary vaccination with whole-cell vaccine. Since 2002, pertussis case incidences increased at regular 4-year outbreaks; most cases were in infants <1 year of age. Of the B. pertussis isolates analyzed, 90.6% (317/350) contained the ptxP3-ptxA1-prn2-fim3-2 allelic profile. Immunoblotting and sequencing techniques detected only the 2 pertactin-deficient isolates. The low prevalence of pertactin-deficient strains in Argentina suggests that loss of pertactin gene expression might be driven by aP vaccine.
Assuntos
Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/genética , Bordetella pertussis/classificação , Bordetella pertussis/genética , Deleção de Genes , Fatores de Virulência de Bordetella/genética , Coqueluche/epidemiologia , Coqueluche/microbiologia , Argentina/epidemiologia , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/imunologia , Bordetella pertussis/imunologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Genótipo , Humanos , Lactente , Vacina contra Coqueluche/administração & dosagem , Vacina contra Coqueluche/imunologia , Vigilância em Saúde Pública , Sorogrupo , Fatores de Virulência de Bordetella/imunologia , Coqueluche/diagnóstico , Coqueluche/prevenção & controleAssuntos
Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/imunologia , Vesículas Extracelulares/imunologia , Vacina contra Coqueluche/imunologia , Vacina contra Coqueluche/isolamento & purificação , Células Th1/imunologia , Células Th17/imunologia , Coqueluche/prevenção & controle , Animais , Camundongos , Vacinas Acelulares/imunologia , Vacinas Acelulares/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
RESUMO O reaparecimento de uma resposta previamente extinta quando os reforços para uma resposta alternativa são descontinuados é denominado ressurgência. Foram investigados os efeitos de três variáveis sobre o reaparecimento de sequências de respostas: probabilidade da sequência (alta e baixa), contexto de teste (extinção e variação operante) e número de respostas por sequência (três e cinco). Sequências muito prováveis reapareceram mais frequentemente que sequências pouco prováveis, o reaparecimento da sequência alvo foi mais frequente no contexto de extinção do que de variação e o reaparecimento da sequência alvo variou inversamente ao número de respostas por sequência. O reaparecimento da sequência alvo, entretanto, não foi conceitualizado como ressurgência, uma vez que sua frequência foi menor que a das sequências controle.
ABSTRACT The reappearance of a response previously extinguished when an alternative response no longer produces reinforcers is called resurgence. The effects of three variables on the reappearance of response sequences - sequence probability (high and low), context of test (extinction and operant variation) and number of responses per sequence (three and five responses) - were investigated. Sequences with high probability reappeared more often than sequences with low probability, the reappearance of the target sequence was more frequent under extinction than under variation, and the reappearance of the target sequence varied inversely with the number of responses by sequence. The reappearance of the target sequence was not conceptualized as resurgence because its frequency was lower than that of the control sequences.
RESUMO
Experimental conditions similar to those described by Lieving and Lattal (2003) were used within two experiments to evaluate the resurgence of mands with humans. Two mands from the same operant class were trained with three participants with developmental disabilities during Experiment 1 and with two participants with developmental disabilities and a history of problem behavior during Experiment 2. The two mands were then placed on extinction. Both persisted, but showed different response strength during extinction. The mand with the weaker response strength was targeted for additional functional communication training and the alternative mand was placed on extinction. Following steady levels of occurrence of the targeted mand and no occurrences of the alternative mand, both mands were placed on extinction again. At least one instance of resurgence of the alternative mand occurred with every participant and resurgence of problem behavior occurred for both participants during Experiment 2.
RESUMO
Trophallaxis between individual worker ants and the toxicant load in dead and live Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) in colonies exposed to fipronil and hydramethylnon experimental baits were examined using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). About 50% of the content of the crop containing trace levels of 14C-sucrose, 14C-hydramethylnon, and 14C-fipronil was shared between single donor and recipient ants. Dead workers and queens contained significantly more hydramethylnon (122.7 and 22.4 amol/µg ant, respectively) than did live workers and queens (96.3 and 10.4 amol/µg ant, respectively). Dead workers had significantly more fipronil (420.3 amol/µg ant) than did live workers (208.5 amol/µg ant), but dead and live queens had equal fipronil levels (59.5 and 54.3 amol/µg ant, respectively). The distribution of fipronil differed within the bodies of dead and live queens; the highest amounts of fipronil were recovered in the thorax of dead queens whereas live queens had the highest levels in the head. Resurgence of polygynous ant colonies treated with hydramethylnon baits may be explained by queen survival resulting from sublethal doses due to a slowing of trophallaxis throughout the colony. Bait strategies and dose levels for controlling insect pests need to be based on the specific toxicant properties and trophic strategies for targeting the entire colony.
RESUMO
Pertussis is an acute vaccine-preventable respiratory disease that remains a public health problem. In an attempt to improve the control of the disease, many countries have incorporated new boosters in their vaccination schedule. Since the incorporation of these boosters is relatively recent, there are not enough data about their impact to support and/or universalize their use. Alternative strategies such as the improvement in vaccine coverage and reduction in vaccination delays, in addition to the incorporation of boosters, could be implemented. Though these strategies are not new, they have not been adequately evaluated in order to be implemented and/or prioritized. To evaluate the potential impact of these alternative strategies on pertussis incidence, we developed a methodology that involves the use of data collected from vaccination centers and an age-structured deterministic mathematical model for pertussis transmission. The results obtained show that strategies that avoid delays in vaccination have a strong impact on incidence reduction in the most vulnerable population (infants less than 1 y). In regions with high vaccination coverage (95%) the elimination of delays in the three primary doses decreases pertussis incidence in infants by approximately 20%. In regions where delays in the administration of vaccines are higher, the combined action to reduce delays and improve coverage leads to a significant improvement in disease control in infants. By repeating the calculations using different sets of parameters that describe different possible epidemiologic scenarios, we determined the robustness of our results. All the results presented highlight the importance of having high vaccine coverage and shorter delays in vaccine administration in order to reduce the impact of the disease in infants.
Assuntos
Esquemas de Imunização , Modelos Teóricos , Vacina contra Coqueluche/imunologia , Vacinação , Coqueluche/prevenção & controle , Fatores Etários , Argentina/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Vacina contra Coqueluche/administração & dosagem , População Suburbana , População Urbana , Coqueluche/epidemiologiaRESUMO
A ressurgência de classes de equivalência tem sido demonstrada sob contingência de punição, mas raramente sob extinção. Uma explicação seriam as condições extremamente controladas dos arranjos experimentais, em que o participante é obrigado a escolher um dos estímulos de comparação. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito de uma opção de resposta correspondente a não escolher um dos estímulos de comparação ("nenhuma das alternativas"), sobre a emergência de relações de equivalência e o efeito dessa opção sobre a ressurgência de classes de equivalência sob extinção ou punição. Dois grupos de seis participantes cada foram submetidos a um procedimento de escolha de acordo com modelo (MTS). Na Etapa 1 (Treino Inicial), relações condicionais para formar quatro classes com quatro estímulos foram reforçadas. Na Etapa 2 (Treino Tardio), as contingências foram alteradas e os 16 estímulos foram recombinados para formar quatro classes de equivalência novas. Na Etapa 3 (Ressurgência), os participantes foram expostos ao MTS sob extinção (Grupo 1) ou punição (Grupo 2) das repostas de acordo com o Treino Tardio. Durante os testes de equivalência e na condição de Ressurgência, a opção "nenhuma das alternativas" estava presente. Os dois grupos demonstraram emergência das classes de equivalência na Etapa 1. Na Etapa 3, cinco dos seis participantes do Grupo 1 não demonstraram ressurgência, mas no caso dos participantes do Grupo 2 esse fenômeno foi observado. A opção "nenhuma das alternativas" foi raramente escolhida. Conclui-se que a presença dessa opção não afetou a formação ou a ressurgência de classes de equivalência.
The resurgence of equivalence classes has been demonstrated under a punishment contingency, but rarely under extinction. One explanation would be the extremely controlled experimental settings in which the participant is required to choose one of the comparison stimuli presented. The goals of this study were to investigate the effects of a response option corresponding to choosing none of the comparison stimuli ('no alternative') on the emergence of equivalence relations, and the effects of this option on the resurgence of equivalence classes under punishment or extinction. Two groups of six participants each were exposed to three phases of a matching-to-sample (MTS) procedure. In Phase 1 (Early-training), conditional relations were trained to establish four equivalence classes with four visual stimuli. In Phase 2 (Late-training), the contingencies were changed and these 16 stimuli were recombined to form four new equivalence classes. In Phase 3 (Resurgence), participants were exposed to MTS trials under extinction (Group 1) or punishment (Group 2) of the Late-training-consistent responses. During equivalence relations tests and the resurgence condition the "no alternative" option was presented. Both groups showed emergence of the equivalence classes in Phase1. In Phase 3, five of six participants in Group 1 showed no resurgence of Early-training-consistent responses, but in the case of participants in Group 2 this phenomenon was observed. The "no alternative" response was rarely emitted. It was concluded that the presence of this option did not affect the formation or the resurgence of equivalence classes.
El resurgimiento de las clases de equivalencia se ha demostrado en la contingencia de castigo, pero rara vez en la extinción. Una explicación podría ser las condiciones muy controladas de las disposiciones experimentales, en el que el participante está obligado a elegir uno de los estímulos de comparación. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto de una opción de respuesta correspondiente de no elegir uno de los estímulos de comparación ("ninguna de las alternativas"), en el surgimiento de relaciones de equivalencia y el efecto de esta opción en el resurgimiento de las clases de equivalencia con la extinción o el castigo. Dos grupos de seis participantes cada uno se sometió a un procedimiento de igualación de la muestra (MTS). En el Paso 1 (Entrenamiento Inicial), las relaciones condicionales para formar cuatro clases con cuatro estímulos fueron reforzadas. En el Paso 2 (Entrenamiento Tardío), las contingencias se han cambiado y los 16 estímulos fueron recombinados para formar cuatro nuevas clases de equivalencia. En el Paso 3 (Resurgimiento), los participantes fueron expuestos a ensayos de MTS en extinción (Grupo 1) o castigo (Grupo 2) de las respuestas consistentes con el Entrenamiento Tardío. Durante las pruebas de equivalencia y la condición de resurgimiento, la opción "ninguna de las alternativas" estuvo presente. Ambos grupos demostraron el resurgimiento de las clases de equivalencia en el Paso 1. En el Paso 3, cinco de los seis participantes en el Grupo 1 no mostró resurgimiento, pero en el caso de los participantes del Grupo 2 este fenómeno se observó. La opción "ninguna de las alternativas" fue elegido en raras ocasiones. Se concluyó que la presencia de esta opción no afectó a la formación o el resurgimiento de las clases de equivalencia.
Assuntos
PuniçãoRESUMO
A ressurgência de classes de equivalência tem sido demonstrada sob contingência de punição, mas raramente sob extinção. Uma explicação seriam as condições extremamente controladas dos arranjos experimentais, em que o participante é obrigado a escolher um dos estímulos de comparação. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito de uma opção de resposta correspondente a não escolher um dos estímulos de comparação ("nenhuma das alternativas"), sobre a emergência de relações de equivalência e o efeito dessa opção sobre a ressurgência de classes de equivalência sob extinção ou punição. Dois grupos de seis participantes cada foram submetidos a um procedimento de escolha de acordo com modelo (MTS). Na Etapa 1 (Treino Inicial), relações condicionais para formar quatro classes com quatro estímulos foram reforçadas. Na Etapa 2 (Treino Tardio), as contingências foram alteradas e os 16 estímulos foram recombinados para formar quatro classes de equivalência novas. Na Etapa 3 (Ressurgência), os participantes foram expostos ao MTS sob extinção (Grupo 1) ou punição (Grupo 2) das repostas de acordo com o Treino Tardio. Durante os testes de equivalência e na condição de Ressurgência, a opção "nenhuma das alternativas" estava presente. Os dois grupos demonstraram emergência das classes de equivalência na Etapa 1. Na Etapa 3, cinco dos seis participantes do Grupo 1 não demonstraram ressurgência, mas no caso dos participantes do Grupo 2 esse fenômeno foi observado. A opção "nenhuma das alternativas" foi raramente escolhida. Conclui-se que a presença dessa opção não afetou a formação ou a ressurgência de classes de equivalência.(AU)
The resurgence of equivalence classes has been demonstrated under a punishment contingency, but rarely under extinction. One explanation would be the extremely controlled experimental settings in which the participant is required to choose one of the comparison stimuli presented. The goals of this study were to investigate the effects of a response option corresponding to choosing none of the comparison stimuli ('no alternative') on the emergence of equivalence relations, and the effects of this option on the resurgence of equivalence classes under punishment or extinction. Two groups of six participants each were exposed to three phases of a matching-to-sample (MTS) procedure. In Phase 1 (Early-training), conditional relations were trained to establish four equivalence classes with four visual stimuli. In Phase 2 (Late-training), the contingencies were changed and these 16 stimuli were recombined to form four new equivalence classes. In Phase 3 (Resurgence), participants were exposed to MTS trials under extinction (Group 1) or punishment (Group 2) of the Late-training-consistent responses. During equivalence relations tests and the resurgence condition the "no alternative" option was presented. Both groups showed emergence of the equivalence classes in Phase1. In Phase 3, five of six participants in Group 1 showed no resurgence of Early-training-consistent responses, but in the case of participants in Group 2 this phenomenon was observed. The "no alternative" response was rarely emitted. It was concluded that the presence of this option did not affect the formation or the resurgence of equivalence classes.(AU)
El resurgimiento de las clases de equivalencia se ha demostrado en la contingencia de castigo, pero rara vez en la extinción. Una explicación podría ser las condiciones muy controladas de las disposiciones experimentales, en el que el participante está obligado a elegir uno de los estímulos de comparación. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto de una opción de respuesta correspondiente de no elegir uno de los estímulos de comparación ("ninguna de las alternativas"), en el surgimiento de relaciones de equivalencia y el efecto de esta opción en el resurgimiento de las clases de equivalencia con la extinción o el castigo. Dos grupos de seis participantes cada uno se sometió a un procedimiento de igualación de la muestra (MTS). En el Paso 1 (Entrenamiento Inicial), las relaciones condicionales para formar cuatro clases con cuatro estímulos fueron reforzadas. En el Paso 2 (Entrenamiento Tardío), las contingencias se han cambiado y los 16 estímulos fueron recombinados para formar cuatro nuevas clases de equivalencia. En el Paso 3 (Resurgimiento), los participantes fueron expuestos a ensayos de MTS en extinción (Grupo 1) o castigo (Grupo 2) de las respuestas consistentes con el Entrenamiento Tardío. Durante las pruebas de equivalencia y la condición de resurgimiento, la opción "ninguna de las alternativas" estuvo presente. Ambos grupos demostraron el resurgimiento de las clases de equivalencia en el Paso 1. En el Paso 3, cinco de los seis participantes en el Grupo 1 no mostró resurgimiento, pero en el caso de los participantes del Grupo 2 este fenómeno se observó. La opción "ninguna de las alternativas" fue elegido en raras ocasiones. Se concluyó que la presencia de esta opción no afectó a la formación o el resurgimiento de las clases de equivalencia.(AU)
Assuntos
PuniçãoRESUMO
El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos diferenciales del cambio de consecuencias (de contingencias de reforzamiento a contingencias de castigo) sobre el aprendizaje de discriminaciones condicionales y las relaciones derivadas de estímulos. Se entrenó a siete participantes para que discriminaran cuatro pares de estímulos a través del procedimiento de igualación a la muestra (primer entrenamiento), y se probaron las relaciones derivadas. Posteriormente, los conjuntos de pares fueron reorganizados para establecer las nuevas funciones discriminativas condicionales entre estímulos (segundo entrenamiento; incongruente respecto al inicial). Las respuestas relacionales consistentes con el segundo entrenamiento fueron castigadas en la siguiente fase. Finalmente, las funciones discriminativas condicionales (la entrenada directamente y la derivada) fueron probadas. Un alto número de participantes mostró el fenómeno de resurgencia, el cual es un patrón conductual consistente con el primer entrenamiento de relaciones entre estímulos. Los resultados pueden apoyar la idea de que la resurgencia de conductas es una alteración común tanto en la conducta moldeada por las consecuencias como en la conducta novedosa.
The purpose of this study was to assess the differential effects of consequence change (from reinforcement to punishment contingencies) upon conditional discrimination learning and derived stimulus relations. Seven participants were taught to discriminate four pair-sets of stimuli by means of a matching to sample procedure (early training) and were tested for derived stimulus relations. Later the pair-sets were reorganized in order to establish the new conditional discriminative functions between stimuli (later training, inconsistent with respect to early training). Novel responses were tested as well. Relational responses consistent with the later training received punishment in the following phase. Finally, the conditional discriminative functions (both the one directly trained and the derived one) were tested. A high number of participants showed the resurgence phenomenon, a behavioral pattern consistent with early training both of directly trained and derived stimulus relations. These results can support the idea that resurgence of behavior is a common alteration of contingency-shaped behavioral topographies and novel behavior.
Neste artigo foram avaliados os efeitos diferenciais da modificação de conseqüências (de contingências de reforço a contingências de castigo na aprendizagem de discriminações condicionais e as relações derivadas de estímulos. Sete participantes treinados discriminaram quatro pares de estímulos pela igualação à amostra (primeiro treinamento) e foram provados as relações derivadas. Depois, os conjuntos dos pares foram reorganizados para determinar as novas funções discriminativas condicionais entre estímulos. As respostas relacionais coerentes com o segundo treinamento foram castigadas na etapa seguinte. Ao fim, foram provadas as funções discriminativas condicionais (a treinada diretamente e a derivada). Um grande número de participantes mostrou o fenômeno da ressurgência, um padrão de conduta coerente com o primeiro treinamento de relações entre estímulos. Os achados podem sustentar a ideia de que a ressurgência de condutas é uma modificação comum tanto na conduta moldada pelas conseqüências quanto na conduta nova.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Elementos de Resposta , Relações InterprofissionaisRESUMO
O presente artigo aborda a questão da construção da feminilidade, levando em consideração o processo de alienação e separação mãe/filha. A teoria psicanalítica, principalmente nas contribuições teóricas de Sigmund Freud e de Jacques Lacan, foi abordada e discutida, com o objetivo de auxiliar na elaboração deste construto, qual seja, a ressurgência da feminilidade(AU)
The article examines the construction of femininity, taking into account the process of mother and daughter alienation and separation. The psychoanalytic theory, especially the theoretical contributions given by Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan, have been discussed with the aim of drawing up the construct, that is, the resurgence of other figures of femininity(AU)