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The plasma bacterial killing ability (BKA) is modulated by the stress response in vertebrates, including amphibians. The complement system is an effector mechanism comprised of a set of proteins present in the plasma that once activated can promote bacterial lysis. Herein, we investigated whether changes in plasma BKA as a result of the acute stress response and an immune challenge are mediated by the complement system in Rhinella diptycha toads. Additionally, we investigated whether the observed changes in plasma BKA are associated with changes in plasma corticosterone levels (CORT). We subjected adult male toads to a restraint or an immune challenge (with three concentrations of Aeromonas hydrophila heat inactivated), and then evaluated the plasma BKA against A. hydrophila, in vitro. We determined the complement system activity on plasma BKA, by treating the plasma (baseline, 1 h and 24 h post-restraint, and after the immune challenge) with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, heat, or protease. Our results showed increased CORT 1 h and 24 h after restraint and decreased plasma BKA 24 h post-restraint. The inhibitors of the complement system decreased the plasma BKA compared with untreated plasma at all times (baseline, 1 h, and 24 h after restraint), demonstrating that the plasma BKA activity is partially mediated by the complement system. The immune challenge increased CORT, with the highest values being observed in the highest bacterial concentration, compared with control. The plasma BKA was not affected by the immune challenge but was demonstrated to be partially mediated by the complement system. Our results demonstrated that restraint and the immune challenge activated the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal axis, by increasing plasma CORT levels in R. diptycha. Also, our results demonstrated the complement system is participative in the plasma BKA for baseline and post-stress situations in these toads.

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A estabilização protetora tem sido utilizada em procedimentos na área da saúde por décadas para gestão do comportamento, em especial quando as técnicas comunicativas falham. O uso da estabilização tem como objetivo criar um ambiente seguro para a conduta terapêutica, promovendo agilidade nos procedimentos odontológicos, com manutenção da integridade física do paciente e da equipe. Embora apresente benefícios, a sua aplicação é um dilema especialmente em pacientes pediátricos e com necessidades especiais, devido à natureza da restrição física envolvida. O presente trabalho trata-se de uma revisão de literatura integrativa e teve como objetivo descrever os aspectos éticos e legais que envolvem o uso de estabilização protetora no atendimento odontológico. A busca abrangeu estudos desenvolvidos nos últimos 10 anos, pelos descritores "Ética", "Contenção Física", "Odontologia" de acordo com o DeCS e MeSH, além de legislações e normas brasileiras. Na tomada de decisão clínica, os princípios da autonomia, beneficência, não maleficência e justiça devem ser considerados. O consentimento informado, a ponderação dos riscos, benefícios e a informação aos responsáveis são requisitos fundamentais para evitar violações de direitos e preservar a integridade de pacientes e da equipe de cuidado à saúde

Protective stabilization has been used in healthcare procedures for decades to manage behavior, especially when communicative techniques fail. Protective stabilization aims to create a safe environment for therapeutic conduct, promoting efficiency in dental procedures while maintaining the physical integrity of the patient and the staff as well. Despite its benefits, its application poses a dilemma especially with pediatric and patients with special needs, due to the nature of physical restraint involved. The present study is an integrative literature review that aims to describe the ethical and legal aspects surrounding the use of protective stabilization in dental care. The search encompassed studies conducted in the last 10 years, using the descriptors "Ethics," "Physical Restraint," and "Dentistry" according to DeCS and MeSH, as well as Brazilian legislation and regulations. In clinical decision-making, the principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice should be considered. Informed consent, weighing risks and benefits, and providing information to guardians are fundamental requirements to prevent rights violations and preserve the integrity of patients and healthcare staff

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Holding and restraining children during non-urgent clinical procedures continues to be surrounded by uncertainty and mired in controversy. This review aimed to locate, appraise and map the evidence related to health professionals reported and observed practice of holding and restraining children, from birth to 16 years, for clinical procedures. This scoping review, conducted in April 2022, was based on the Joanna Briggs Institute protocol. Screening and full text review resulted in the inclusion of 30 papers. In total, 14 different terms were used to refer to the act of holding or restraining a child for a procedure, in many papers the action of holding was not defined. Professionals report the main factors influencing their decisions to use restraint and/or holding were the age of a child, with younger children being restrained or held most frequently; a child's behaviour; and concerns around a child's safety. Professionals also report that they can perceive pressure from parent/carers to hold or restrain their child and describe how holding practices can be influenced by service and organisational pressures. Health professionals, mainly nurses, continue to report ethical and moral tensions linked to their involvement in the restraint or holding of a child against their will for a clinical procedure. Evidence indicates a need to move practice forward as the issues identified in paediatric practice are long-standing and historical.

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In reptile medicine, the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK) have been used in clinical diagnostics, where CK is considered an enzyme specific to muscle cell damage, while AST is a nonspecific enzyme that is mainly produced in the liver and muscle. When many native reptiles are sampled, it is evident that there are important differences between species and individuals belonging to the same species, making the AST and CK ranges very wide. The minimum and maximum values, variations and standard deviations were extracted for each enzyme from 17 wild reptile studies, revealing high variation and a wide range of variation for each species. AST and CK must be interpreted with caution in wild reptiles since there appears to be an important amount of individual and specific variation due to the muscular origin of these enzymes, and such variations tell us that there are considerable differences between individuals, physiological characteristics or sampling methods; thus, there is no apparent value derived from these kinds of studies on the utility of AST for evaluating liver damage, but the measurement of AST and CK can be useful for reptile health assessments or any manipulative study since they can eventually be used as indicators or potential biomarkers for restraint techniques or holding time.

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Ivermectin is a popular antiparasitic drug used in veterinary and human medicine. Studies by our group have shown that therapeutic doses of ivermectin induce some brain and behavioral impairments, especially in the reproductive sphere. So far, the studies were focused in adulthood. Considering that juveniles are more susceptible to drugs during developmental stages and both farm/domestic animals and humans have been medicated with ivermectin in youth, it is necessary to evaluate the possible harm effects in youth. The stress variable is also important, as it potentially influences the effects produced by ivermectin. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate morphofunctional and hormonal reproductive aspects of juvenile rats exposed to ivermectin and/or stressed. Prepubertal male rats were treated with 0.2 or 1.0 mg/kg of ivermectin (a therapeutic dose and a higher dose, respectively). Rats were also submitted to a restraint stress session. The testis morphology and histology were analyzed and plasma testosterone levels were measured. The two doses of ivermectin did not induce a biologically relevant effect on testis and testosterone levels of rats. However, restraint stress impaired macroscopic and microscopic morphometric and stereological parameters, as well as the histology of the testis: it increased the relative testis weight, the tubular diameter, the tubular luminal diameter, and the tubular cellular index, and injured the interstitial area. Previous treatment of juvenile rats with ivermectin prevented most of the stress-induced testes injuries. In conclusion, in addition to be a remarkable antiparasitic agent, ivermectin prevented stress-induced testes injuries in juvenile rats.

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Anxiety, a state related to anticipatory fear, can be adaptive in the face of environmental threats or stressors. However, anxiety can also become persistent and manifest as anxiety- and stress-related disorders, such as generalized anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In rodents, systemic administration of glucocorticoids (GCs) or short-term restraint stress induces anxiety-like behaviors and dendritic branching within the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA) ten days later. Additionally, increased arousal-related memory retention mediated by elevated GCs requires concomitant noradrenaline (NE) signaling, both acting in the BLA. It is unknown whether GCs and NE play a role in the delayed acute stress-induced effects on behavior and BLA dendritic plasticity. Here, inhibiting corticosterone (CORT) elevation during 2 h of restraint stress prevents stress-induced increases in delayed anxiety-like behavior and BLA dendritic spine density in rats. Also, we show that the delayed acute stress-induced effects on behavior and morphological alterations are critically dependent on genomic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) actions in the BLA. Unlike CORT, the pharmacological enhancement of NE signaling in the BLA was insufficient to drive delayed anxiety-related behavior. Nonetheless, the delayed anxiety-like behavior ten days after acute stress requires NE signaling in the BLA during stress exposure. Therefore, we define the essential roles of two stress-related hormones for the late stress consequences, acting at two separate times: CORT, via GR, immediately during stress, and NE, via beta-adrenoceptors, during the expression of delayed anxiety.

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The hemodynamic activity of Melipona flavolineata workers was evaluated during restraint stress for a period of 30 min. The observed parameters were power variation in the elapsed time, and subsequently, six periods of one second were divided and called A, B, C, D, E and F; in each period, the electrocardiographic parameters were evaluated: spike frequency, amplitude, spike intervals and spike duration. The experiment was carried out with eight worker bees of M. flavolineata, for which electrodes of a nickel-chromium alloy were made. The bees were previously anesthetized with isoflurane and properly contained and fixed in a base for stereotaxis in which the electrode was implanted. All these procedures were performed inside a Faraday cage. The results showed power oscillations during the recording, with the highest energy level being between 300 and 600 s. Spike frequency, spike amplitude, interval between spikes and spike duration parameters underwent changes during the restraint stress period. Thus, the cardiac activity of M. flavolineata can be used as a biomarker and can be used to clarify physiological issues or alterations caused by toxic agents and indicate risk factors for these animals.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical biochemistry behavior of Black-Tufted Marmosets (Callithrix penicillatta) submitted to blood collection without sedation and after general anesthesia with anesthetics isoflurane or sevoflurane. Blood collections were performed on (M1) day before anesthesia by physical restraint, and (M2) after anesthesia. There were four groups: Isoflurane (GI) and Sevoflurane (GS) using an anesthetic box. GIM: isoflurane induction with mask for a shorter period. Control group (GP): physical restraint in both moments. Plasma was separated and frozen to measure clinic biochemistry values. Urea was higher at M2 in groups GI and GP. AST was higher in M2 in GI, GS, and GP and only GI showed an increase in CK in M2. Glucose was higher in M1 in the GI, GS, and GP groups and fructosamine was higher in M2 in the GI. Stress caused by physical restraint can cause biochemical changes and these must be considered when interpreting the exams. Both the inhalational anesthetic isoflurane and sevoflurane did not cause clinically significant changes in clinical biochemistry results.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o comportamento da bioquímica clínica de saguis-do-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillatta) submetidos à coleta sanguínea sem sedação e após anestesia geral, com os anestésicos isoflurano ou sevoflurano. As coletas de sangue foram realizadas: (M1) dia antes da anestesia por contenção física e (M2) após anestesia. Foram definidos quatro grupos: isoflurano (GI) e sevoflurano (GS), utilizando caixa anestésica; GIM: indução com isoflurano com máscara por um período menor; grupo controle (GCF): contenção física em ambos os momentos. O plasma com EDTA foi separado e congelado para realizar dosagem da bioquímica clínica. A ureia foi maior no M2 nos grupos GI e GCF. A AST foi maior no M2 nos GI, GS e GCF e somente o GI apresentou aumento de CK no M2. A glicose foi maior no M1 nos grupos GI, GS e GCF, e a frutosamina foi maior no M2 no GI. O estresse causado pela contenção física pode causar alterações bioquímicas e essas devem ser levadas em consideração na interpretação dos exames. Tanto o anestésico inalatório isoflurano quanto o sevoflurano não causaram alterações clinicamente significantes nos resultados da bioquímica clínica.

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Chronic stress is a common condition affecting health, often associated with unhealthy eating habits. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been proposed to address these issues. Thus, this research investigated the effects of tDCS on biometric, behavioral, and neurochemical parameters in chronically stressed rats fed a hyper-palatable cafeteria diet (CAFD). The study lasted 8 weeks, with CAFD exposure and/or chronic restraint stress model (CRS - 1 h/day, 5 days/week, for 7 weeks) started concurrently. tDCS or sham sessions were applied between days 42 and 49 (0.5 mA, 20 min/day). CAFD increased body weight, caloric consumption, adiposity, and liver weight. It also altered central parameters, reducing anxiety and cortical levels of IL-10 and BDNF. In turn, the CRS resulted in increased adrenals in rats with standard diet (SD), and anxiety-like and anhedonic behaviors in rats with CAFD. tDCS provided neurochemical shifts in CAFD-fed stressed rats increasing central levels of TNF-α and IL-10, while in stressed rats SD-fed induced a decrease in the adrenals weight, relative visceral adiposity, and serum NPY levels. These data demonstrated the anxiolytic effect of CAFD and anxiogenic effect of stress in CAFD-fed animals. In addition, tDCS promoted state-dependent effects on neuroinflammatory and behavioral parameters in rats chronically exposed to stress and a hyper-palatable diet. These findings provide primary evidence for additional mechanistic and preclinical studies of the tDCS technique for stress-related eating disorders, envisioning clinical applicability.

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Individual responses to physical restraint and temperament have been assessed in birds of several species; however, there is a paucity of research which investigates both aspects, especially in captive parrots. This lack of studies raises doubts about which temperament traits, if any, are evidenced during handling and if the intensity of responses to restraint is affected by behavioral training programs, a common practice used in ex situ conservation programs. To understand more about the subject, this study aimed to identify the main temperament dimensions of parrots and investigate their relationship with response to physical restraint for blood collection. A secondary aim was to evaluate whether parrots exhibited higher responsiveness to physical restraint after training to improve flight capacity and increase aversion to humans. The main dimensions identified were activity, neophilia, vigilance, and fearfulness. The more fearful parrots in temperament evaluations were more responsive to physical restraint, showing more vocalizations and struggle attempts than the less fearful ones. After training, the parrots showed higher responsiveness to physical restraint. We suggest that physical restraint for routine handling, such as blood collection, could be a feasible option for centers of rehabilitation to use to obtain data on individual behavioral differences in fear responses.

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OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different meditation practices on eating behavior, changes in body weight, and mental health. METHODS: A virtual questionnaire was used to evaluate meditation practices and current and prepandemic weights. The questionnaire comprised specific and validated instruments to evaluate body image (silhouette scale), eating behavior (21-item three-factor eating questionnaire), current sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), and anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory). Initially, data from all the respondents were assessed (n = 764). Mindfulness was the most common type of meditation practice in most Brazilian regions. RESULTS: Lower scores in uncontrolled eating (meditation practitioners = 32.19 ± 19.72 and non-meditation practitioners = 35.17 ± 20.50; P = 0.038) and higher weight loss (meditation practitioners = -0.77 ± 8.44 and non-meditation practitioners = 1.29 ± 6.39; P = 0.013) were observed among those who practiced some type of meditation. To verify the influence of weight, we analyzed the data of individuals who had body mass index ≥25 kg/m²; overweight individuals presented lower uncontrolled eating scores when they practiced meditation. However, no statistical difference was observed between meditation practitioners and non-practitioners when only adequate weight individuals were evaluated. The practice also influenced the perception of body image among men and resulted in lower uncontrolled eating scores on the 21-item three-factor eating questionnaire and greater weight loss during the pandemic among women. Those practicing meditation for >13 mo had a lower final score on the anxiety assessment instrument compared with those practicing for <12 mo (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that the inclusion of meditation practice as part of the management of overweight may reduce dysfunctional eating behaviors and negative emotions, thereby contributing to weight loss, especially in the long term.

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AIMS: This study investigated the influence of exposure to stress during adolescence in autonomic, cardiovascular, neuroendocrine and somatic changes evoked by chronic stress in adult rats. MAIN METHODS: Animals were subjected to a 10-days protocol of repeated restraint stress (RRS, habituating) or chronic variable stress (CVS, non-habituating) during adolescence, adulthood, or repeated exposure to either RRS or CVS in adolescence and adulthood (adolescence+adulthood group). The trials to measure autonomic, cardiovascular, neuroendocrine and somatic changes in all experimental groups were performed in adulthood. KEY FINDINGS: CVS increased basal circulating corticosterone levels and caused adrenal hypertrophy in the adolescence+adulthood group, an effect not identified in animals subjected to this stressor only in adulthood or adolescence. CVS also caused a sympathetically-mediated resting tachycardia in the adulthood group. This effect of CVS was not identified in the adolescence+adulthood group once the increased cardiac sympathetic activity was buffered by a decrease in intrinsic heart rate in these animals. Moreover, the impairment in baroreflex function observed in the adulthood group subjected to CVS was shifted to an improvement in animals subjected to repeated exposure to this stressor during adolescence and adulthood. The RRS in the adolescence+adulthood group caused a sympathetically-mediated resting tachycardia, which was not observed in the adulthood group. SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings suggest that enduring effects of adverse events during adolescence included a vulnerability to neuroendocrine changes and a resilience to autonomic and cardiovascular dysfunctions caused by the CVS. Furthermore, results of RRS indicated a vulnerability to cardiovascular and autonomic changes evoked by homotypic stressors.

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Studies investigated how stressful experiences modulate physiological and behavioral responses and the consequences of stress-induced corticosterone release in anxiety-like behavior. Adolescence is crucial to brain maturation, and several neurobiological changes in this period lead individuals to increased susceptibility or resilience to aversive situations. Despite the effects of stress in adults, information about adolescents' responses to acute stress is lacking. We aimed to understand how adolescence affects acute stress responses. Male adolescent rats (30 days old) were 2 h restrained, and anxiety-like behaviors were measured immediately or 10 days after stress in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and the light-dark box (LDB) tests. To verify the importance of CORT modulation in stress-induced anxiety, another group of rats was treated, 30 min before restraint, with metyrapone to blunt the stress-induced CORT peak and tested immediately after stress. To show that stress effects on behavior were age-dependent, another set of rats was tested in two different periods - early adolescence (30 days old) and mid-adolescence (40 days old) and were treated or not with metyrapone before the stress session and tested immediately or ten days later in the LDB test. Only early adolescent male rats were resilient to delayed anxiety-like behavior in EPM and LDB tests. Metyrapone treatment increased the rats' exploration immediately and ten days after stress. These data suggest a specific age at which adolescent rats are resilient to the delayed effects of acute restraint stress and that the metyrapone treatment has long-term behavioral consequences.

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Introducción. Las caídas son eventos adversos que ponen en riesgo la integridad de quien las sufre. A pesar de la evidencia limitada sobre su efectividad, se han implementado algunos dispositivos de limitación de movimiento restrictivos y no restrictivos para prevenir caídas en niños críticamente enfermos en cuidados intensivos. Este artículo tiene como objetivo describir el diseño de un arnés preventivo y no restrictivo de movimiento para caídas intrahospitalarias en niños denominado "canguro-anticaídas", creado por profesionales de enfermería en una unidad de cuidados intensivos cardiovasculares pediátricos de la Fundación Cardioinfantil ­ Instituto de Cardiología. Tema de reflexión. A través de un enfoque reflexivo se presenta una descripción del dispositivo, los materiales, el método de uso, el personal que lo administra, los criterios de elegibilidad, la implementación del dispositivo, el alcance y la percepción del personal y los familiares respecto a su uso. Conclusiones. La prevención de caídas en población pediátrica hospitalizada en unidades de cuidados intensivos es uno de los pilares de la seguridad del paciente. La construcción de un dispositivo anticaída aplicado a esta población es una estrategia novedosa diseñada por el personal de enfermería para responder a la mejora continua de la calidad de la atención institucional. Palabras clave: Niños; Accidentes por Caídas; Prevención de Accidentes; Profesionales de Enfermería Pediátrica; Restricción Física; Difusión de Innovaciones; Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Pediátrico

Introduction. Falls are adverse events that risk the integrity of those who suffer from them. Despite the limited evidence of its effectiveness, some restrictive and non-restrictive movement limitation devices have been implemented to prevent falls in critically ill children in intensive care. This article aims to describe the design of a preventive and non-restrictive movement harness for intra-hospital falls in children called "kangaroo- antifall", created by nursing professionals in a pediatric cardiovascular intensive care unit at the Cardioinfantil Foundation-Cardiology Institute. Reflection topics. Through a reflective approach, a description of the device materials, method of use, personnel who administer it, eligibility criteria, implementation of the device, scope, and perception of personnel and family members regarding its use are presented. Conclusions. One pillar of patient safety is fall prevention in pediatric populations hospitalized in intensive care units. The construction of an anti-fall device applied to this population is an innovative strategy designed by nursing staff to answer the continuous quality improvement of institutional care. Keywords: Child; Accidental Falls; Accident Prevention; Pediatric Nurse Practitioners; Restraint, Physical; Diffusion of Innovation; Intensive Care Units, Pediatric

Introdução. As quedas são eventos adversos que colocam em risco a integridade de quem sofre. A pesar das evidências limitadas sobre a sua eficácia, alguns dispositivos restritivos e não restritivos de limitação de movimento foram implementados para prevenir quedas em crianças gravemente doentes em cuidados intensivos. Este manuscrito tem como objetivo descrever o desenho de um arnês preventivo e sem restrição de movimento para quedas intra-hospitalares em crianças denominado "canguru-proteção contra quedas", criado por profissionais de enfermagem de uma unidade de terapia intensiva cardiovascular pediátrica da Fundação Cardioinfantil ­ Instituto de Cardiología. Tema de reflexão. Através de uma abordagem reflexiva, são apresentadas a descrição do dispositivo, materiais, método de uso, pessoal que o administra, critérios de elegibilidade, implementação do dispositivo, abrangência e percepción do pessoal e familiares sobre seu uso. Conclusões. A prevenção de quedas em populações pediátricas internadas em unidades de cuidados intensivos é um dos pilares da segurança do paciente. A construção de um dispositivo anti-queda aplicado a esta população é uma nova estratégia desenhada pela equipe de enfermagem para responder à melhoria contínua na qualidade do atendimento institucional. Palavras-chave: Crianças; Acidentes por Quedas; Prevenção de Acidentes; Profissionais de Enfermagem Pediátrica; Restrição Física; Difusão de Inovações; Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica

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AIMS: This study investigated the possible relationships between the expression of the Kiss1 and Gpr54 gene expressions and the pituitary-gonadal hormones with the female onset of puberty and sexual behavior. The Kiss1 and Gpr54 gene expressions were examined because they are critical to controlling the hypothalamic activation of GnRH neurons and, in turn, the pituitary-gonadal hormones related to the early onset of puberty and sexual behavior. Further, it was evaluated that the pituitary and gonadal hormones involved in the vaginal opening and the expression of sexual behavior. METHODS: Pregnant rats exposed to PRS from gestation days 17 to 20 were evaluated for maternal and open-field behaviors. The maternal behavior was analyzed because it may alter brain sexual organization affecting the pups development. It was observed in female pups the physical and development and, in adult age, the open-field behavior, the anxiety-like behavior, the estrous cycle, the sexual behavior, the serum FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone levels, and the gene expression of kisspeptin protein (Kiss1) and Gpr54 in the hypothalamus. RESULTS: the maternal and open-field behaviors were unaffected. In the F1 generation, PRS reduced weight at weaning, delayed the day of the vaginal opening and reduced the intensity of lordosis, the estrogen levels, and the Kiss1 and Gpr54 gene expression. These effects were attributed to hypothalamic kisspeptidergic system downregulation of transcripts genes and the reduced estrogen levels affected by the PRS.

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The insular cortex (IC) is engaged in behavioral and physiological responses to emotional stress. Control of physiological functions and behavioral responses has been reported to occur in a site-specific manner along the rostrocaudal axis of the IC. However, a functional topography of the IC regulation of anxiogenic responses caused by stress has never been evaluated. Therefore, we investigated the role of rostrocaudal subregions in the posterior IC in anxiogenic-like effect caused by exposure to acute restraint stress in male rats. For this, rats received bilateral microinjection of the non-selective synaptic inhibitor CoCl2 or vehicle into either the rostral, intermediate or caudal portions of the posterior IC before exposure to acute restraint stress. Then, behavior in the elevated plus maze (EPM) was evaluated immediately after restraint stress. The behavior of non-stressed animals in the EPM was also investigated. We observed that acute restraint stress decreased the exploration of the EPM open arms in animals treated with vehicle in all regions of the posterior IC, thus indicating an anxiogenic-like effect. The avoidance of the EPM open arms was completely inhibited in animals subjected to microinjection of CoCl2 into the intermediate posterior IC. Nevertheless, the same pharmacological treatment into either the rostral or caudal subregions of the posterior IC did not affect the restraint-evoked behavioral changes in the EPM. Taken together, these results suggest that regulation of anxiogenic-like effect to emotional stress along the rostrocaudal axis of the posterior IC might occur in a site-specific manner, indicating a role of the intermediate subregion.

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Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R18) in Mexican patients with obesity. Methods: 292 Mexican adults (194 women, 98 men) who entered a multidisciplinary treatment program for obesity at a third level hospital in Mexico, completed the TFEQ-R18 to obtain the psychometric properties. Results: The TFEQ-R18 has a good internal consistency showing a global Cronbach´s a= 0.88, and McDonald's w=0.88, and maintained the original three factors (cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating); CFA showed adequate goodness-of-fit indices, except for the X2 (X2 = 274.5, df = 142, p <.001; RMSEA = .061, CI [.051, .071]; CFI = .93; TLI = .92; SRMR = .071). There is a significant positive correlation with the diagnosis of eating disorder and emotional eating with uncontrolled eating and emotional eating factors. Conclusions: The TFEQ-R18 allows an adequate evaluation of the three eating factors in Mexican patients with obesity and allows a differentiation between cases with or without eating disorders.

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de tres factores de alimentación (TFEQ-R18) en pacientes mexicanos con obesidad. Método: Participaron 292 adultos mexicanos (194 mujeres, 98 hombres) que ingresaron a un tratamiento multidisciplinario para obesidad en un hospital de tercer nivel en la Ciudad de México. Resultados: El TFEQ-R18 tiene una buena consistencia interna mostrando un a de Cronbach global= 0,88, y w de McDonald =0,88, mantiene los tres factores originales (restricción cognitiva, alimentación descontrolada e ingesta emocional); El CFA mostró índices de bondad de ajuste adecuados, excepto la X2 (X2 = 274.5, df = 142, p <.001; RMSEA = .061, IC [.051, .071]; CFI = .93; TLI = . 92; SRMR = 0,071). Existe además una correlación positiva significativa entre el diagnóstico de trastorno de la conducta alimentaria y la ingesta emocional con los factores de alimentación descontrolada y alimentación emocional de la escala. Conclusiones: El TFEQ-R18 permite una adecuada evaluación de los tres factores alimentarios en pacientes mexicanos con obesidad y permite diferenciar entre casos con o sin trastornos alimentarios.

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Though the facilitating influence of stress on drug abuse is well documented, the mechanisms underlying this interaction have yet to be fully elucidated. The present study explores the neurobiological mechanisms underpinning the sensitized response to the psychomotor-stimulating effects of cocaine following chronic restraint stress (CRS), emphasizing the differential contribution of both subcompartments of the nucleus accumbens (NA), the core (NAcore) and shell (NAshell), to this phenomenon. Adult male Wistar rats were restrained for 2 h/day for 7 days and, 2 weeks after the last stress exposure (day 21), all animals were randomly assigned to behavioral, biochemical or neurochemical tests. Our results demonstrated that the enduring CRS-induced increase in psychostimulant response to cocaine was paralleled by an increase of extracellular dopamine levels in the NAcore, but not the NAshell, greater than that observed in the non-stress group. Furthermore, we found that CRS induced an impairment of glutamate homeostasis in the NAcore, but not the NAshell. Its hallmarks were increased basal extracellular glutamate concentrations driven by a CRS-induced downregulation of GLT-1, blunted glutamate levels in response to cocaine and postsynaptic structural remodeling in pre-stressed animals. In addition, ceftriaxone, a known GLT-1 enhancer, prevented the CRS-induced GLT-1 downregulation, increased basal extracellular glutamate concentrations and changes in structural plasticity in the NAcore as well as behavioral cross-sensitization to cocaine, emphasizing the biological importance of GLT-1 in the comorbidity between chronic stress exposure and drug abuse. A future perspective concerning the paramount relevance of the stress-induced disruption of glutamate homeostasis as a vulnerability factor to the development of stress and substance use disorders during early life or adulthood of descendants is provided.

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Studies point to positive outcomes in a diet with reduction of carbohydrates and that the associated practice of intermittent fasting (IF) might increase weight loss. Although dieting might be related to disordered eating, little evidence is available about the role of restrictive carbohydrates diets on disordered eating. This study aimed to explore if doing low-carb (LC) diets was related to disordered eating and if IF would increase these symptoms. The sample comprised university students (n = 682), with a mean age of 22 years old and average BMI of 23.6 kg/m2 (SD = 4.3). Twenty-seven percent (n = 188) of respondents reported doing LC diet in the last three months. Of those, 31% (n = 58) reported doing LC diet combined with periods of IF. Mean scores were compared using parametric tests, and effects size and correlations between variables were calculated. Dieters showed higher levels of binge eating, food cravings, cognitive restraint, cognitive restraint toward carbohydrates when compared to non-dieters. The association of LC and IF was related to an increase in disordered eating, especially binge eating and food cravings, specifically 'Lack of control', 'Thoughts or preoccupation with food,' and 'Guilt from cravings and/or for giving in to them'. These results provide evidence that restrictive carbohydrate diets and IF may increase cognitive restraint and, consequently, food cravings.Level III: Evidence obtained from cohort or case-control analytic studies.

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RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Curcumin, a polyphenol extracted from the rhizome of Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae), presents neuroprotective properties and can modulate neuronal pathways related to mental disorders. However, curcumin has low bioavailability, which can compromise its use. The micronization process can reduce mean particle diameter and improve this compound's bioavailability and therapeutic potential. METHODS: We compared the behavioral (open tank test, OTT) and neurochemical (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and non-protein thiols (NPSH) levels) effects of non-micronized curcumin (CUR, 10 mg/kg, ip) and micronized curcumin (MC, 10 mg/kg, ip) in adult zebrafish subjected to a 90-min acute restraint stress (ARS) protocol. RESULTS: ARS increased the time spent in the central area and the number of crossings and decreased the immobility time of the animals in the OTT. These results suggest an increase in locomotor activity and a decrease in thigmotaxis behavior. Both CUR and MC were not able to prevent these effects. Furthermore, ARS also induced oxidative damage by increasing TBARS and decreasing NPSH levels. Both CUR and MC did not prevent these effects. CONCLUSION: ARS-induced behavioral and biochemical effects were not blocked by any curcumin preparation. Therefore, we conclude that curcumin does not have acute anti-stress effects in zebrafish.

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