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BACKGROUND: A better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection risk among Hispanic and Latino populations and in low-resource settings in the United States is needed to inform control efforts and strategies to improve health equity. Puerto Rico has a high poverty rate and other population characteristics associated with increased vulnerability to COVID-19, and there are limited data to date to determine community incidence. OBJECTIVE: This study describes the protocol and baseline seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in a prospective community-based cohort study (COPA COVID-19 [COCOVID] study) to investigate SARS-CoV-2 infection incidence and morbidity in Ponce, Puerto Rico. METHODS: In June 2020, we implemented the COCOVID study within the Communities Organized to Prevent Arboviruses project platform among residents of 15 communities in Ponce, Puerto Rico, aged 1 year or older. Weekly, participants answered questionnaires on acute symptoms and preventive behaviors and provided anterior nasal swab samples for SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction testing; additional anterior nasal swabs were collected for expedited polymerase chain reaction testing from participants that reported 1 or more COVID-19-like symptoms. At enrollment and every 6 months during follow-up, participants answered more comprehensive questionnaires and provided venous blood samples for multiantigen SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G antibody testing (an indicator of seroprevalence). Weekly follow-up activities concluded in April 2022 and 6-month follow-up visits concluded in August 2022. Primary study outcome measures include SARS-CoV-2 infection incidence and seroprevalence, relative risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection by participant characteristics, SARS-CoV-2 household attack rate, and COVID-19 illness characteristics and outcomes. In this study, we describe the characteristics of COCOVID participants overall and by SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence status at baseline. RESULTS: We enrolled a total of 1030 participants from 388 households. Relative to the general populations of Ponce and Puerto Rico, our cohort overrepresented middle-income households, employed and middle-aged adults, and older children (P<.001). Almost all participants (1021/1025, 99.61%) identified as Latino/a, 17.07% (175/1025) had annual household incomes less than US $10,000, and 45.66% (463/1014) reported 1 or more chronic medical conditions. Baseline SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was low (16/1030, 1.55%) overall and increased significantly with later study enrollment time (P=.003). CONCLUSIONS: The COCOVID study will provide a valuable opportunity to better estimate the burden of SARS-CoV-2 and associated risk factors in a primarily Hispanic or Latino population, assess the limitations of surveillance, and inform mitigation measures in Puerto Rico and other similar populations. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): RR1-10.2196/53837.

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La eficacia de una nueva intervención se establece generalmente a través de ensayos clínicos (EC) con asignación aleatoria (AA). Sin embargo, entre otros tantos desafíos metodológicos, el especificar la hipótesis de un EC con AA, sigue siendo un problema complejo de resolver para los investigadores clínicos. En este manuscrito discutimos las características de tres variantes de los EC con AA: EC de superioridad (ECS), EC de no-inferioridad (ECNI), y EC de equivalencia (ECE). Estos tres tipos de EC tienen supuestos diferentes sobre los efectos de una intervención, por lo que plantear hipótesis y definir objetivos requiere conocer algunos supuestos subyacentes a estos EC, incluso hasta elementos relacionados con la estimación del tamaño de muestra para cada cual. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue describir las diferencias metodológicas entre ECS, ECNI y ECE.

Efficacy and effectivity of new interventions are generally established through randomized clinical trials (RCTs). However, among many other methodological challenges, specifying the hypothesis of a RCT remains complex problem for clinical researchers. In this manuscript we discuss the characteristics of three variants of RCTs: superiority RCT (SRCT), non-inferiority RCT (NIRCT), and equivalence RCT (ERCT). These three types of RCT have different assumptions about the effects of an intervention, so setting hypotheses and defining objectives requires knowing some assumptions underlying these RCTs, including elements related to the estimation of the sample size for each one. The aim of this manuscript was to describe methodological differences between SRCT, NIRCT and ERCT.

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Mientras que la investigación primaria implica la participación activa del propio investigador, la investigación secundaria consiste en la síntesis y el análisis de los resultados organizados y publicados por otros como investigaciones primarias. En Medicina, una investigación primaria busca llegar a una conclusión válida para mejorar la salud humana, utilizando el método científico. Por lo tanto, se requiere de una investigación bien diseñada, que se sostenga sobre la base sólida de una metodología detallada y regida por principios clínicos éticos. Esto es importante, puesto que en las Ciencias Médicas solo pueden extraerse conclusiones significativas a partir de los datos recogidos y los resultados obtenidos a través de un diseño científico adecuado. Por lo tanto, la selección de un diseño de investigación correcto es importante para responder, de manera imparcial y científica, a las preguntas que el investigador se ha planteado. En este artículo de revisión se presenta una propuesta de algoritmo de clasificación de los diseños de investigación primaria. Asimismo, se discuten los distintos tipos de diseño utilizados en investigación primaria médica, desde el paradigma cuantitativo. Se ilustran, con ejemplos, las características clave que hacen al concepto, aspectos metodológicos y ventajas y limitaciones, así como las posibilidades de uso de los distintos tipos de diseño. Conocer todo esto es crucial, puesto que la calidad, fiabilidad y posibilidad de publicar una investigación en Medicina dependen decisivamente de la selección de un diseño de investigación adecuado.

While primary research involves the active participation of the researcher, secondary research consists of the synthesis and analysis of results organized and published by others as primary research. In medicine, primary research has sought to reach a valid conclusion to improve human health using scientific methods. Therefore, primary research requires well-designed research that is sustained on a sound basis of detailed methodology and governed by ethical clinical principles. This is important, since in the Medical Sciences, meaningful conclusions can only be drawn from the data collected and the results obtained through an appropriate scientific design. Therefore, the selection of a correct research design is important to answer the questions posed by the researcher in an unbiased and scientific manner. In this review article, an algorithm for classifying primary research designs is presented. It also discusses the different types of designs used in primary medical research based on the quantitative paradigm. The key features of the concept, methodological aspects, advantages, and limitations, as well as the possibilities of using different designs, are illustrated with examples. This knowledge is crucial since the quality, reliability, and publishability of research in medicine depend decisively on the selection of an appropriate research design.

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Este artículo se enfoca en entregar una guía el la clasificación y la operacionalización de variables en las ciencias de la rehabilitación. Destaca la diversidad de variables cualitativas y cuantitativas en este ámbito, resaltando la complejidad asociada con la medición de la funcionalidad humana. La clasificación precisa de estas variables proporciona un marco conceptual sólido para la elección adecuada de métodos de medición. Se examina a fondo el proceso de operacionalización, enfatizando la necesidad de traducir conceptos abstractos en medidas observables. La distinción entre variables conceptuales y operacionales se subraya como crucial para garantizar la validez en investigación y práctica clínica. En conclusión, el artículo destaca la importancia de la claridad conceptual y la aplicación rigurosa de la operacionalización de variables en la rehabilitación, no solo para mejorar la toma de decisiones clínicas, sino también para contribuir al avance del conocimiento en este campo, fortaleciendo la base teórica y práctica de las ciencias de la rehabilitación.

This article delves into classification of variables and their operationalization within the context of rehabilitation sciences. Exploring the intricate landscape of qualitative and quantitative variables inherent in this field, the study emphasizes the complexities associated with measuring human functionality. Precise classification of these variables establishes a robust conceptual framework for the judicious selection of measurement methods. The operationalization process is examined in-depth, underscoring the imperative to translate abstract concepts into observable metrics. The pivotal distinction between conceptual and operational variables is highlighted as crucial for ensuring validity in both research and clinical practice. In conclusion, the article underscores the significance of conceptual clarity and rigorous application of variable operationalization in rehabilitation, not only to enhance clinical decision-making but also to contribute to advancing knowledge in the field, fortifying the theoretical and practical foundation of rehabilitation sciences.

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Contar con una guía que establezca un formato único para la elaboración del informe correspondiente a las tesis de las especialidades de las ciencias médicas ha sido, hasta el momento, una necesidad de los tribunales y residentes. Por ello, en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba se propuso confeccionar una guía a tal efecto, en la cual se mantienen los aspectos formales y científicos establecidos previamente, pero se añaden elementos en el formato en cuanto a la escritura y la extensión general y por secciones. En este artículo se expone dicha guía, que se constituye en un instrumento de utilidad tanto para los especialistas de primer grado, al facilitar y perfeccionar la confección del trabajo de tesis, como para los tribunales estatales que tienen a su cargo la evaluación de estos informes.

Having a guide that establishes a single format for preparing the report corresponding to theses in medical science specialties has been, until now, a need for courts and residents. For this reason, at the University of Medical Sciences from Santiago de Cuba it was proposed to prepare a guide for this purpose, in which the formal and scientific aspects previously established are maintained, but elements are added in the format in terms of writing and general extension and by parts. This article presents this guide, which constitutes a useful instrument both for first-degree specialists, by facilitating and perfecting the preparation of the thesis work, and for the state courts that are in charge of evaluating these reports.

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Introducción. El Estudio Nacional de la Discapacidad y Dependencia (ENDIDE) y el III Estudio Nacional de la Discapacidad (ENDISC) son investigaciones de relevancia en Chile que utilizan la estadística para comprender la situación de las personas con discapacidad en el país. Estos estudios recopilan datos cuantitativos y cualitativos sobre la discapacidad, permitiendo obtener información actualizada sobre su prevalencia, tipos de discapacidad, acceso a servicios y barreras enfrentadas. La utilización de la estadística en estos estudios es crucial para identificar necesidades, diseñar políticas inclusivas y evaluar el impacto de las intervenciones en la calidad de vida de las personas con discapacidad en Chile. Es relevante comprender las metodologías y pertinencia de estos datos para el desarrollo de la kinesiología, según indica la Convención sobre los Derechos de las Personas con discapacidad.

Background. The National Study on Disability and Dependency (ENDIDE) and the III National Study on Disability (ENDISC) are relevant investigations in Chile that use statistics to understand the situation of people with disabilities in the country. These studies collect quantitative and qualitative data on disability, allowing to obtain updated information on its prevalence, types of disability, access to services and barriers faced. The use of statistics in these studies is crucial to identify needs, design inclusive policies and assess the impact of explosions on the quality of life of people with disabilities in Chile. It is important to understand the methodologies and relevance of these data for the development of kinesiology, as indicated by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

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To present a systematic literature review on predesign evaluation (PDE), postoccupancy evaluation (POE), and evidence-based design (EBD); to delimit the concepts and relationships of these terms and place them in the building life cycle framework to guide their application and indicate a common understanding and possible gaps. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses protocol was used. Inclusion criteria cover texts that present a concept, method, procedure, or tool and use the example in healthcare services or other environments. The reports were excluded if there was no evidence of a relationship between the terms, if cited rhetorically, duplicated, or if an instrument was not related to at least one other term. The identification used Scopus and Web of Science and considered reports until December 2021 (search period). When extracting the evidence, formal quality criteria were observed and sentences and other elements were collected as evidence and tabulated to segment topics of interest. The searches identified 799 reports with 494 duplicates. In the selection, 53 records were selected from 305 obtained in 14 searches. The classification extracted concepts, relationships, and frameworks. Results indicate a consistent understanding of POE and EBD and a diffuse understanding of PDE. A summary of the three concepts including two frameworks is proposed. Situations are contextualized where these frameworks are used in specific areas of research. One of these frameworks provides a basis for classifying building assessment methods, procedures, and tools but does not detail the classification criteria. Thus, more detailed adjustments should be considered in specific studies.

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Many papers offer methods for preparing a systematic literature review. These methods assume that the researchers have some experience in research, are proficient in English, and that the research objective is solely a literature review. This article presents a systematic method for preparing a literature review aimed at novice researchers who have four to twelve weeks to develop their work and do not have the guidance of a professor. Originality is associated with the objective of the literature review. The proposed method aims to elaborate the literature section of a technical article, while the other methods aim to elaborate a literature review article. The method's flexible structure allows for increasing the depth of the results according to the researcher's capacity. Another innovation of the presented method consists of a structure that allows the simultaneous consideration of international and national literature.•This paper introduces a systematized method to guide novice researchers in preparing the literature review section of their research.•The method has an easy-to-follow structure that does not require the novice researcher to follow up with a professor.•The method allows adjusting the depth level of the international literature review through the number of articles subject to content analysis, exploring the international and national literature through a set of materials (graphs, forms, and figures) that facilitate and speed up the elaboration, synthesis, and presentation of the results.

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A pesquisa qualitativa em pedagogia do esporte conquistou reconhecimento acadêmico, mas ainda pairam dúvidas sobre sua aleatoriedade, subjetividade e falta de rigor com base na ética do/a pesquisador/a. Defendemos, apoiado em reflexões filosóficas, posição favorável à busca por rigorosidade metodológica na pesquisa qualitativa, porém, nossa posição não se baseia na cisão, mas no diálogo possível entre as premissas positivistas que sustentam a busca por rigorosidade e a possibilidade de pleno envolvimento do/a pesquisador/a com o campo de pesquisa. Diante deste contexto, apresentamos os nossos esforços na condução de um estudo de pós-graduação sobre competições de jovens, apresentando os caminhos metodológicos percorridos em busca de validação e confiabilidade dos procedimentos de coleta de informações e tratamento analítico aos dados qualitativos.

Qualitative research in sport pedagogy has conquered academic recognition, but doubts about its randomness, subjectivity and lack of rigor based on researcher ethics. We defend, based on philosophical reflections, a position favorable to the adoption of criteria of methodological rigor for qualitative research, however, our position is not based on a split, but on the possible dialogue between the positivist premises that support the search for rigor and the possibility of full involviment of the researcher with de research field. Thus, we present our efforts in conducting a postgraduate study on youth competitions, presenting the methodological paths traveled in search of validation and reliability for data collection procedures and analytical treatment of qualitative data.

La investigación cualitativa en pedagogía del deporte ha conquistado reconocimiento académico, pero aún quedan dudas sobre su aleatoriedad, subjetividad y falta de rigor a partir de la ética del investigador. Defendemos, con base en reflexiones filosóficas, una posición favorable a la adopción de criterios de rigor metodológico para la investigación cualitativa, sin embargo, nuestra posición no se basa en una escisión, sino en el diálogo posible entre las premisas positivistas que sustentan la búsqueda de rigor y la posibilidad de total involucramiento del investigador com el campo de investigación. Así, presentamos nuestros esfuerzos en la realización de un estudio de posgrado sobre competiciones juveniles, presentando los caminos metodológicos recorridos en busca de la validación y confiabilidad para los procedimientos de recolección de informaciónes y tratamiento analítico a los datos cualitativos.

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This paper summarises a series of studies on the cultural-historical research methodology for studying child development, which was created by the author in developing Vygotsky's experimental-genetic method. This article presents the main traits of Vygotsky's experimental-genetic method and main principles of cultural-historical genetic research methodology. The article provides with several examples of experimental studies of the process of child development in contemporary research which show the cultural-historical research methodology in action. The article argues that this methodology is a genetic as it is focused on the process of development, it is a research methodology as it allows to formulate new types of research questions and finally, this is a cultural-historical methodology as it includes the system of concepts (theoretical analytical tools) and principles of research method (experimental method) which create a coherent unity. (AU)

Este artigo resume uma série de estudos sobre a metodologia de investigação histórico-Cultural para o estudo do desenvolvimento infantil, que foi criada pelo autor ao desenvolver o método genético experimental de Vygotsky. Este artigo apresenta as principais características do método experimental-genético de Vygotsky e os principais princípios da metodologia de investigação genética histórico-cultural. O artigo apresenta vários exemplos de estudos experimentais do processo de desenvolvimento infantil na investigação contemporânea que mostram a metodologia de investigação histórico-cultural em ação. O artigo argumenta que esta metodologia é uma metodologia genética, uma vez que se concentra no processo de desenvolvimento, é uma metodologia de investigação, uma vez que permite formular novos tipos de questões de investigação e, finalmente, é uma metodologia histórico-cultural, uma vez que inclui o sistema de conceitos (ferramentas analíticas teóricas) e princípios de método de investigação (método experimental) que criam uma unidade coerente. (AU)

Cet article résume une série d'études sur la méthodologie de recherche culturelle-historique pour l'étude du développement de l'enfant, qui a été créée par l'auteur lors du développement de la méthode expérimentale-génétique de Vygotsky. Cet article présente les principaux traits de la méthode expérimentale-génétique de Vygotsky et les grands principes de la méthodologie de recherche culturelle-historique-génétique. L'article fournit plusieurs exemples d'études expérimentales du processus de développement de l'enfant dans la recherche contemporaine qui montrent la méthodologie de recherche historico-culturelle en action. L'article soutient que cette méthodologie est génétique car elle est centrée sur le processus de développement, qu'elle est une méthodologie de recherche car elle permet de formuler de nouveaux types de questions de recherche et enfin, qu'il s'agit d'une méthodologie culturelle-historique car elle inclut le système de concepts (outils analytiques théoriques) et les principes de la méthode de recherche (méthode expérimentale) qui créent une unité cohérente.

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RESUMEN La farmacogenética estudia la asociación entre el fenotipo farmacológico de un individuo con su constitución genética, y el diseño de estudios de casos y controles es una metodología de uso frecuente. Este diseño consiste en que se analiza la frecuencia de las variantes genéticas en los casos, es decir, de los pacientes que presentan el fenotipo (desenlaces o resultados) comparado con los controles. Para obtener una calidad metodológica adecuada en este tipo de estudios es importante trabajar con fenotipos precisos, adecuada selección de los casos y controles y tamaño de la muestra; seleccionar una metodología adecuada para la identificación de variantes genéticas; y en el momento del análisis de resultados utilizar el Equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg (EHW) e interpretar los resultados considerando la posibilidad de un fenómeno de fenoconversión.

ABSTRACT Pharmacogenetics studies the association between the pharmacological phenotype of an individual with his/her genetic constitution. Case-control studies is a commonly used methodology when performing pharmacogenetics research. This design analyses the frequency of genetic variants in cases; that is, of those patients who have a particular phenotype (outcomes or results) compared with controls. For obtaining adequate methodological quality in pharmacogenetic case-control studies, it is important to work with precise phenotypes, have adequate case and control selection and appropriate sample size; select an adequate methodology for the identification of genetic variants, analyze the results using Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE); and interpret the results considering the possibility of a phenoconversion phenomenon.

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O artigo aborda as pesquisas de René Spitz sobre o desenvolvimento das psicopatologias precoces infantis, enfatizando seus aspectos metodológicos e a maneira como o autor procura articular a investigação experimental e a perspectiva clínica e teórica da psicanálise. Os principais métodos e os procedimentos complementares de suas pesquisas empíricas são apresentados e discutidos, a partir da análise das publicações originais do autor. Críticas e debates que cercaram seus trabalhos à época são também revisitados e analisados. Em conclusão, argumenta-se que os trabalhos de Spitz, apesar de suas limitações, constituem um exemplo histórico significativo de como a psicanálise pode se beneficiar de uma perspectiva mais plural e interdisciplinar e suas pesquisas clínicas e empíricas.

This paperaddresses René Spitz's research on child development and early psychopathological disorders, emphasizing its methodological aspects and how the author seeks to articulate experimental research and the psychoanalytic clinical and theoretical perspective. The main methods and complementary procedures of his empirical research are presented and discussed, based on the analysis of the author's original publications. Criticism and debates that surrounded his works at the time are also revisited and analyzed. In conclusion, it is argued that Spitz's works, despite their limitations, constitute a significant historical example of how psychoanalysis can benefit from a more plural and interdisciplinary perspective in its clinical and empirical research.

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Pesquisas de levantamento (survey) em Psicologia utilizando coleta de dados on-line (CDO) se tornaram muito populares no Brasil devido a sua facilidade e capacidade de reunir muitos participantes. Essa nova prática, no entanto, necessita de uma metodologia própria e levanta questões éticas importantes. Problematiza-se, neste artigo, a questão referente à inexistência de diretrizes brasileiras que estabelecem as melhores práticas para seu uso, a fim de alcançar o objetivo deste estudo teórico de explorar os dilemas éticos e metodológicos referentes ao uso de CDO e propor algumas diretrizes e soluções básicas para tais questões. Serão discutidas questões sobre consentimento, sigilo e confidencialidade e qualidade dos dados. Além disso, serão apresentadas possíveis soluções e alternativas discutidas na literatura. Conclui-se que a pesquisa com uso de CDO é muito importante para o cenário brasileiro atual, mas algumas precauções devem ser tomadas a fim de garantir a proteção dos participantes e pesquisadores, bem como a qualidade dos dados.(AU)

Surveys in Psychology using Online Data Collection (ODC) have become popular in Brazil due to their ease and potential to gather many participants. This new practice, however, needs its own methodology and raises important ethical questions. This article problematizes the issue regarding the non-existence of Brazilian guidelines that establish the best practices for its use, to reach the study aim of exploring the ethical and methodological dilemmas related to the use of ODC and proposing some basic guidelines and solutions to such issues. Issues regarding consent, secrecy and confidentiality, and data quality are discussed. Also, possible solutions and alternatives discussed in the literature are presented. In conclusion, research using ODC is very important for the current Brazilian scenario, but some precautions must be taken to guarantee the protection of participants and researchers, as well as the quality of the data.(AU)

Las encuestas en línea (survey) en Psicología que utilizan Compilación de datos en línea (CDO) son muy empleadas en Brasil debido a su facilidad y potencial de reunir a muchos participantes. Esa nueva práctica necesita su propia metodología y plantea preguntas éticas importantes. Este artículo aborda la inexistencia de directrices brasileñas que establecen las mejores prácticas para su uso, con el propósito de explorar los dilemas éticos y metodológicos relacionados con el uso de CDO, y proponer algunas pautas y soluciones básicas para tales preguntas. Se discutirán temas relacionados con el consentimiento, el secreto, la confidencialidad y la calidad de los datos. Además, se presentarán posibles soluciones y alternativas discutidas en la literatura. Se concluye que la investigación con CDO es muy importante para el escenario brasileño actual, pero se deben tomar algunas medidas para garantizar la protección de los participantes e investigadores, así como la calidad de los datos.(AU)

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Resumo Este ensaio apresenta as reflexões de Sheila Baxy P. Castro Apinaje e Júlio Kamêr Ribeiro Apinaje sobre sua atuação como pesquisadores da Plataforma de Antropologia e Respostas Indígenas à covid-19 (PARI-c), na Terra Indígena Apinaje, no contexto da crise sanitária mundial provocada pelo novo coronavírus. Através da descrição dos procedimentos de pesquisa adotados, os autores se apropriam do conceito de metodologia de forma particular e criativa, refletindo não apenas sobre as estratégias de produção de conhecimento acadêmico, mas também sobre como, para eles, cada uma destas estratégias deve estar alinhada às lutas panhĩ pela proteção de sua autonomia sobre seus modos de vida e seu território.

Abstract This essay presents the reflections of Sheila Baxy P. Castro Apinaje and Júlio Kamêr Ribeiro Apinaje on their work as researchers of the Plataforma de Antropologia e Respostas Indígenas à COVID-19 (Platform of Anthropology and Indigenous Responses to Covid-19) (PARI-c), in the Apinaje Indigenous Land, in the context of the global health crisis caused by the new coronavirus. Through the description of the research procedures adopted, the authors appropriate the concept of methodology in a unique and creative way. They reflect not only on the strategies to produce academic knowledge, but also on the urge to align these strategies to Panhĩ struggles for the protection of their autonomy over their ways of living and their territory.

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ABSTRACT Objectives: to describe the development and modeling of a line of care for the prevention and attention of morbimortality from external causes in adolescents and young people within the scope of the municipal management of the Unified Health System. Methods: methodological study operationalized in three stages: situational analysis; literature review; development, and modeling. Descriptive statistical analysis and content analysis of the thematic type were used to produce evidence and support the development of the line of care. Results: by upholding the evidence of the study, it was elaborated a line of care, whose theoretical and methodological proposal included: 1) conceptual matrix, 2) educative matrix, 3) assistance matrix, and 4) operative matrix. Final Considerations: the lines of care are strong tools for articulating the levels of health care, being a resolute and feasible proposal given its cost-effectiveness for complex health demands such as the morbimortality of adolescents and young people from external causes.

RESUMEN Objetivos: describir el desarrollo y modelado de una línea de cuidado para la prevención y atención a la morbimortalidad por causas externas en adolescentes y jóvenes, en el ámbito de la gestión municipal del Sistema Único de Salud. Métodos: estudio metodológico realizado en tres etapas: análisis situacional; revisión de literatura; desarrollo y modelado. Análisis estadístico descriptivo y de contenido del tipo temático han sido utilizados para producir evidencias y basar la elaboración de la línea de cuidado. Resultados: apoyándose en las evidencias del estudio, elaborado una línea de cuidado, cuya propuesta teórico-metodológica incluyó: 1) matriz conceptual, 2) matriz educativa, 3) matriz asistencial y 4) matriz operativa. Consideraciones Finales: las líneas de cuidado son instrumentos potentes para la articulación de los niveles de atención de salud, siendo una propuesta resolutiva y ejecutable haya vista su costo-efectividad para demandas complejas en salud como la morbimortalidad de adolescentes y jóvenes por causas externas.

RESUMO Objetivos: descrever o desenvolvimento e modelagem de uma linha de cuidado para a prevenção e atenção à morbimortalidade por causas externas em adolescentes e jovens, no âmbito da gestão municipal do Sistema Único de Saúde. Métodos: estudo metodológico operacionalizado em três etapas: análise situacional; revisão de literatura; desenvolvimento e modelagem. Análise estatística descritiva e de conteúdo do tipo temática foram utilizadas para produzir evidências e embasar a elaboração da linha de cuidado. Resultados: apoiando-se nas evidências do estudo, elaborou-se uma linha de cuidado, cuja proposta teórico-metodológica contemplou: 1) matriz conceitual, 2) matriz educativa, 3) matriz assistencial e 4) matriz operativa. Considerações Finais: as linhas de cuidado são instrumentos potentes para a articulação dos níveis de atenção à saúde, sendo uma proposta resolutiva e exequível haja vista seu custo-efetividade para demandas complexas em saúde como a morbimortalidade de adolescentes e jovens por causas externas.

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Electrocardiographic signals (ECG) and heart rate viability measurements (HRV) provide information in a range of specialist fields, extending to musical perception. The ECG signal records heart electrical activity, while HRV reflects the state or condition of the autonomic nervous system. HRV has been studied as a marker of diverse psychological and physical diseases including coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke. HRV has also been used to observe the effects of medicines, the impact of exercise and the analysis of emotional responses and evaluation of effects of various quantifiable elements of sound and music on the human body. Variations in blood pressure, levels of stress or anxiety, subjective sensations and even changes in emotions constitute multiple aspects that may well-react or respond to musical stimuli. Although both ECG and HRV continue to feature extensively in research in health and perception, methodologies vary substantially. This makes it difficult to compare studies, with researchers making recommendations to improve experiment planning and the analysis and reporting of data. The present work provides a methodological framework to examine the effect of sound on ECG and HRV with the aim of associating musical structures and noise to the signals by means of artificial intelligence (AI); it first presents a way to select experimental study subjects in light of the research aims and then offers possibilities for selecting and producing suitable sound stimuli; once sounds have been selected, a guide is proposed for optimal experimental design. Finally, a framework is introduced for analysis of data and signals, based on both conventional as well as data-driven AI tools. AI is able to study big data at a single stroke, can be applied to different types of data, and is capable of generalisation and so is considered the main tool in the analysis.

RESUMO

RESUMEN Fundamento: La Tarea Vida es una propuesta integral del Estado Cubano para el enfrentamiento al cambio climático, en esta juegan un papel fundamental estrategias específicas del Trabajo Científico Estudiantil, sin embargo, es necesario establecer mecanismos, formas, vías, procederes para lograr su integración en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje. Objetivo: Proponer tareas docentes que desde la asignatura Metodología de la Investigación Educativa, permitan la integración de la Tarea Vida al Trabajo Científico Estudiantil del 3.er año de la Licenciatura en Educación. Primaria. Metodología: Se realizó un preexperimento pedagógico estructurado en diagnóstico, ejecución y evaluación. La muestra fueron los 14 estudiantes de 3.er año del curso 2018-2019 y 13 profesores que representaban el total de los tutores de estos alumnos. Se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico, empírico y estadístico-matemático. Resultados: A partir del diagnóstico inicial se presentaron tareas docentes en la asignatura Metodología de la Investigación Educativa que propiciaron la inserción de la Tarea Vida en el Trabajo Científico Estudiantil, se constató la evolución de las dimensiones evaluadas hacia los niveles medio y alto. Conclusiones: Las tareas docentes con carácter instructivo, educativo, sistémico e integrador diseñadas a partir de la estrategia curricular ambiental de la disciplina principal integradora, articuladas de manera coherente con la tutoría y la investigación científica, contribuyen a la inserción de la Tarea Vida en el Trabajo Científico Estudiantil.

ABSTRACT Background: Life Task is a comprehensive proposal of the Cuban State to confront climate change, in this the Student Scientific Work specific strategies play a relevant role, however, it is necessary to establish mechanisms, forms, ways, procedures to achieve its integration in the teaching-learning process. Objective: To propose teaching tasks that, from the subject Educational Research Methodology, allow the integration of Life Task into Student Scientific Work of the 3rd year of the Elementary Education Bachelor's Degree. Methodology: A structured pedagogical pre-experiment in diagnosis, execution and evaluation was carried out. The sample, a 3rd year 14 students from the 2018-2019 academic year and 13 teachers who represented the total of the tutors of these students. Methods of the theoretical, empirical and statistical-mathematical level were used. Results: From the initial diagnosis, teaching tasks were presented in the subject Educational Research Methodology that led to the insertion of Life Task into Student Scientific Work, the evolution of the dimensions evaluated towards the medium and high levels was verified. Conclusions: The teaching tasks with an instructive, educational, systemic and integrative nature designed from the environmental curricular strategy of the main integrating discipline, articulated in a coherent way with tutoring and scientific research, contribute to the insertion of Life Task into Student Scientific Work.

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We present a systematic and qualitative review of academic literature on early conceptual development (0-24 months of age), with an emphasis on methodological aspects. The final sample of our review included 281 studies reported in 115 articles. The main aims of the article were four: first, to organise studies into sets according to methodological similarities and differences; second, to elaborate on the methodological procedures that characterise each set; third, to circumscribe the empirical indicators that different sets of studies consider as proof of the existence of concepts in early childhood; last, to identify methodological limitations and to propose possible ways to overcome them. We grouped the studies into five sets: preference and habituation experiments, category extension tasks, object sorting tasks, sequential touching tasks and object examination tasks. In the "Results" section, we review the core features of each set of studies. In the "Discussion" and "Conclusions" sections, we describe, for one thing, the most relevant methodological shortcomings. We end by arguing that a situated, semiotic and pragmatic perspective that emphasises the importance of ecological validity could open up new avenues of research to better understand the development of concepts in early childhood.

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Trata de um estudo teórico que discute a adoção dos "estu- dos nos/dos/com os cotidianos" (FERRAÇO, 2001) como pressuposto teórico-metodológico da pesquisa pedagógica em Educação Física (EF). Metodologicamente opera um estudo de tipo "estado do conhecimen- to", embasado no mapeamento de publicações veiculadas em seis pe- riódicos da área, bem como nos anais do Conbrace. Discute a maneira como as pesquisas da EF se apropriam e materializam essa proposta de renovação metodológica, além de ressaltar o conteúdo das produções dela derivadas. Considera que a adoção desse artefato teórico-metodo- lógico alternativo faz-se de maneira, ainda, parcial na pesquisa pedagó-gica da área, apresentando fragilidades em relação à proposta anuncia- da de captação e visibilização de fazeressaberes .

This is a theoretical study that discusses the adoption of "studies with the quotidian (FERRAÇO, 2001) as a theoretical-methodological presupposition of pedagogical research in Physical Education (PE). Methodologically, it operates a "state-of-the-art study", based on the mapping of publications published in six periodicals of the area, as well as in the annals of Conbrace. It discusses how EF's research appropriates and materializes this proposal of methodological renewal, in addition to highlighting the content of the derivative productions. It considers that the adoption of this alternative theoretical and methodological artifact is still partial in the pedagogical research of the area, presenting weaknesses in relation to the announced proposal of abstraction and visibility actions and knowledge.

Se trata de un estudio teórico que discute la adopción de los "estudios con los cotidianos" (FERRAÇO, 2001) como presupuesto teórico-metodológico de la investigación pedagógica en Educación Física (EF). Metodológicamente opera un estudio de tipo "estado del conocimiento", basado en el mapeo de publicaciones vehiculadas en seis periódicos del área, así como en los anales del Conbrace. Discute la manera como las investigaciones de EF se apropian y materializan esa propuesta de renovación metodológica, además de resaltar el contenido de las producciones derivadas de ella. Que la adopción de este artefacto teórico-metodológico alternativo se hace de manera, aún, parcial en la investigación pedagógica del área, presentando fragilidades en relación a la propuesta anunciada de captación y visibilización de hacer y saberes.

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