RESUMO

Although considered an evolutionary force responsible for shaping ecosystems and biodiversity, fires' natural cycle is being altered by human activities, increasing the odds of destructive megafire events. Here, we show that forest type modulates the responses of terrestrial mammals, from species to assemblage level, to a catastrophic megafire in the Brazilian Pantanal. We unraveled that mammalian richness was higher 1 year after fire passage compared to a pre-fire condition, which can be attributed to habitat modification caused by wildfires, attracting herbivores and open-area tolerant species. We observed changes in assemblage composition between burned/unburned sites, but no difference in mammalian richness or relative abundance. However, by partitioning the effects of burned area proportion per forest type (monospecific vs. polyspecific), we detected differential responses of mammals at several levels of organization, with pronounced declines in species richness and relative abundance in monospecific forests. Eighty-six percent of the species presented moderate to strong negative effects on their relative abundance, with an overall strong negative effect for the entire assemblage. Wildfires are predicted to be more frequent with climate and land use change, and if events analogous to Pantanal-2020 become recurrent, they might trigger regional beta diversity change, benefitting open-area tolerant species.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Soybean is the third-greatest global commodity crop with respect to grain production, Brazil is the largest soybean producer in the world. We performed the first extensive survey including all the five main soybean cultivation regions in Brazil over three seasons (2018/2019, 2019/2020, and 2020/2021). A total of 2386 localities were sampled, corresponding to 145 municipalities in 11 states. Sampling was carried out between the R1 and R8 soybean growth stages, using a beating sheet. RESULTS: Fifteen species were recorded, with five species accounting for more than 99% of the sampled insects. The Neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros (F.), was the most abundant species (82.4% of the adults and 84.1% of the nymphs overall), with differences in the mean abundance between soybean macroregions. The melacanthus green belly stink bug, Diceraeus melacanthus Dallas was the second most abundant species overall, followed by the brown winged stink bug, Edessa meditabunda (F.), the furcatus green belly stink bug, Diceraeus furcatus (F.) and the red-banded green stink bug, Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood). The relative abundance of each species differed between soybean macroregions. The mean abundance of nymphs and adults of Euschistus heros at different soybean reproductive stages showed an increase from early reproductive stages to the beginning of the late reproductive stages (R5 or R6). CONCLUSION: This large-scale assessment of stink bugs provides a basis for outlining integrated pest management programs and drives the development of monitoring and control strategies, as well as future studies investigating population dynamics over time and space in soybean fields. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Since their discovery, rumen ciliates of domestic cattle have been reported from various geographic locations. However, until now there is only one taxonomic inventory of ciliates associated with Brazilian cattle. The present study aimed to assess the community composition, relative abundance, richness, and density of rumen ciliates in Brazilian cattle, whose feeding diets were supplemented with crescent urea levels. Across all treatments analyzed, one subclass, two orders, three families, 11 genera, and 31 species of ciliates were identified. The ciliate community composition and species richness varied among the four treatments used. However, the total ciliate density was not affected by the experimental diets. We described a new entodiniid morphotype, Entodinium caudatum m. orbonuclearis, and recorded Oligoisotricha bubali for the second time in Brazil.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study was conducted to estimate the diversity and the occurrence of commercially important finfish species collected by twenty fish sampling site of Sindh and Baluchistan coasts of the Arabian Sea in Pakistan from January to December 2019. Additionally, physicochemical characteristics of seawater were analyzed from these selected sites and found to be within suitable ranges required for fish growth and survive. A total of 81287 fish individuals were collected and identified as 49 species belonging to 26 families in our study. The most diversified family was Sparidae (13 species) followed by Carangidae and Lutjanidae (4 species), Mullidae, Serranidae, Ariidae (3 species), and Sciaenidae (2 species). The remaining 20 families were represented by only one species. The values of Shannon diversity index calculated for the four selected habitats revealed that high fish diversity was reported at Sonmiani Coast (H=1.81), while less at Ormara Coast (H=0.23). Likewise, Evenness index (E) was high at Sonmiani Coast (E=0.50) and less fish diversity was reported at Ormara Coast (E=0.06). Reducing risks to threatened marine species in coastal habitats also requires conservation actions at multiple scales. Thus, it was concluded that our study could be valuable in providing the more informations regarding to the diversity of finfish species and their occurrence along the Pakistan Coast. Further, to better understand the effects, regular monitoring and conservation measures should be taken to mitigate the influence of anthropogenic activities and protect finfish diversity from further decline.(AU)

Este estudo foi conduzido para estimar a diversidade e a ocorrência de espécies de peixes comercialmente importantes coletadas por vinte locais de amostragem de peixes nas costas de Sindh e Baluchistão do mar da Arábia, no Paquistão, de janeiro a dezembro de 2019. Além disso, as características físico-químicas da água do mar foram analisadas a partir desses peixes locais selecionados e considerados dentro dos intervalos adequados necessários para o crescimento e sobrevivência dos peixes. Um total de 8.1287 indivíduos de peixes foi coletado e identificado como 49 espécies pertencentes a 26 famílias em nosso estudo. A família mais diversificada foi Sparidae (13 espécies), seguida por Carangidae e Lutjanidae (4 espécies), Mullidae, Serranidae, Ariidae (3 espécies) e Sciaenidae (2 espécies). As 20 famílias restantes foram representadas por apenas uma espécie. Os valores do índice de diversidade de Shannon calculados para os quatro habitats selecionados revelaram que uma alta diversidade de peixes foi relatada na costa Sonmiani (H = 1,81), enquanto menos na costa Ormara (H = 0,23). Da mesma forma, o índice de regularidade (E) foi alto na costa de Sonmiani (E = 0,50) e menos diversidade de peixes foi relatada na costa de Ormara (E = 0,06). A redução dos riscos para as espécies marinhas ameaçadas em habitats costeiros também requer ações de conservação em várias escalas. Assim, concluiu-se que nosso estudo pode ser valioso para fornecer mais informações sobre a diversidade de espécies de peixes finos e sua ocorrência ao longo da costa do Paquistão. Além disso, para compreender melhor os efeitos, medidas regulares de monitoramento e conservação devem ser tomadas para mitigar a influência das atividades antropogênicas e proteger a diversidade de peixes finos de um declínio maior.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract This study was conducted to estimate the diversity and the occurrence of commercially important finfish species collected by twenty fish sampling site of Sindh and Baluchistan coasts of the Arabian Sea in Pakistan from January to December 2019. Additionally, physicochemical characteristics of seawater were analyzed from these selected sites and found to be within suitable ranges required for fish growth and survive. A total of 81287 fish individuals were collected and identified as 49 species belonging to 26 families in our study. The most diversified family was Sparidae (13 species) followed by Carangidae and Lutjanidae (4 species), Mullidae, Serranidae, Ariidae (3 species), and Sciaenidae (2 species). The remaining 20 families were represented by only one species. The values of Shannon diversity index calculated for the four selected habitats revealed that high fish diversity was reported at Sonmiani Coast (H'=1.81), while less at Ormara Coast (H'=0.23). Likewise, Evenness index (E) was high at Sonmiani Coast (E=0.50) and less fish diversity was reported at Ormara Coast (E=0.06). Reducing risks to threatened marine species in coastal habitats also requires conservation actions at multiple scales. Thus, it was concluded that our study could be valuable in providing the more information's regarding to the diversity of finfish species and their occurrence along the Pakistan Coast. Further, to better understand the effects, regular monitoring and conservation measures should be taken to mitigate the influence of anthropogenic activities and protect finfish diversity from further decline

Resumo Este estudo foi conduzido para estimar a diversidade e a ocorrência de espécies de peixes comercialmente importantes coletadas por vinte locais de amostragem de peixes nas costas de Sindh e Baluchistão do mar da Arábia, no Paquistão, de janeiro a dezembro de 2019. Além disso, as características físico-químicas da água do mar foram analisadas a partir desses peixes locais selecionados e considerados dentro dos intervalos adequados necessários para o crescimento e sobrevivência dos peixes. Um total de 8.1287 indivíduos de peixes foi coletado e identificado como 49 espécies pertencentes a 26 famílias em nosso estudo. A família mais diversificada foi Sparidae (13 espécies), seguida por Carangidae e Lutjanidae (4 espécies), Mullidae, Serranidae, Ariidae (3 espécies) e Sciaenidae (2 espécies). As 20 famílias restantes foram representadas por apenas uma espécie. Os valores do índice de diversidade de Shannon calculados para os quatro habitats selecionados revelaram que uma alta diversidade de peixes foi relatada na costa Sonmiani (H' = 1,81), enquanto menos na costa Ormara (H' = 0,23). Da mesma forma, o índice de regularidade (E) foi alto na costa de Sonmiani (E = 0,50) e menos diversidade de peixes foi relatada na costa de Ormara (E = 0,06). A redução dos riscos para as espécies marinhas ameaçadas em habitats costeiros também requer ações de conservação em várias escalas. Assim, concluiu-se que nosso estudo pode ser valioso para fornecer mais informações sobre a diversidade de espécies de peixes finos e sua ocorrência ao longo da costa do Paquistão. Além disso, para compreender melhor os efeitos, medidas regulares de monitoramento e conservação devem ser tomadas para mitigar a influência das atividades antropogênicas e proteger a diversidade de peixes finos de um declínio maior.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study was conducted to estimate the diversity and the occurrence of commercially important finfish species collected by twenty fish sampling site of Sindh and Baluchistan coasts of the Arabian Sea in Pakistan from January to December 2019. Additionally, physicochemical characteristics of seawater were analyzed from these selected sites and found to be within suitable ranges required for fish growth and survive. A total of 81287 fish individuals were collected and identified as 49 species belonging to 26 families in our study. The most diversified family was Sparidae (13 species) followed by Carangidae and Lutjanidae (4 species), Mullidae, Serranidae, Ariidae (3 species), and Sciaenidae (2 species). The remaining 20 families were represented by only one species. The values of Shannon diversity index calculated for the four selected habitats revealed that high fish diversity was reported at Sonmiani Coast (H’=1.81), while less at Ormara Coast (H’=0.23). Likewise, Evenness index (E) was high at Sonmiani Coast (E=0.50) and less fish diversity was reported at Ormara Coast (E=0.06). Reducing risks to threatened marine species in coastal habitats also requires conservation actions at multiple scales. Thus, it was concluded that our study could be valuable in providing the more information’s regarding to the diversity of finfish species and their occurrence along the Pakistan Coast. Further, to better understand the effects, regular monitoring and conservation measures should be taken to mitigate the influence of anthropogenic activities and protect finfish diversity from further decline.

Este estudo foi conduzido para estimar a diversidade e a ocorrência de espécies de peixes comercialmente importantes coletadas por vinte locais de amostragem de peixes nas costas de Sindh e Baluchistão do mar da Arábia, no Paquistão, de janeiro a dezembro de 2019. Além disso, as características físico-químicas da água do mar foram analisadas a partir desses peixes locais selecionados e considerados dentro dos intervalos adequados necessários para o crescimento e sobrevivência dos peixes. Um total de 8.1287 indivíduos de peixes foi coletado e identificado como 49 espécies pertencentes a 26 famílias em nosso estudo. A família mais diversificada foi Sparidae (13 espécies), seguida por Carangidae e Lutjanidae (4 espécies), Mullidae, Serranidae, Ariidae (3 espécies) e Sciaenidae (2 espécies). As 20 famílias restantes foram representadas por apenas uma espécie. Os valores do índice de diversidade de Shannon calculados para os quatro habitats selecionados revelaram que uma alta diversidade de peixes foi relatada na costa Sonmiani (H’ = 1,81), enquanto menos na costa Ormara (H’ = 0,23). Da mesma forma, o índice de regularidade (E) foi alto na costa de Sonmiani (E = 0,50) e menos diversidade de peixes foi relatada na costa de Ormara (E = 0,06). A redução dos riscos para as espécies marinhas ameaçadas em habitats costeiros também requer ações de conservação em várias escalas. Assim, concluiu-se que nosso estudo pode ser valioso para fornecer mais informações sobre a diversidade de espécies de peixes finos e sua ocorrência ao longo da costa do Paquistão. Além disso, para compreender melhor os efeitos, medidas regulares de monitoramento e conservação devem ser tomadas para mitigar a influência das atividades antropogênicas e proteger a diversidade de peixes finos de um declínio maior.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract This study was conducted to estimate the diversity and the occurrence of commercially important finfish species collected by twenty fish sampling site of Sindh and Baluchistan coasts of the Arabian Sea in Pakistan from January to December 2019. Additionally, physicochemical characteristics of seawater were analyzed from these selected sites and found to be within suitable ranges required for fish growth and survive. A total of 81287 fish individuals were collected and identified as 49 species belonging to 26 families in our study. The most diversified family was Sparidae (13 species) followed by Carangidae and Lutjanidae (4 species), Mullidae, Serranidae, Ariidae (3 species), and Sciaenidae (2 species). The remaining 20 families were represented by only one species. The values of Shannon diversity index calculated for the four selected habitats revealed that high fish diversity was reported at Sonmiani Coast (H'=1.81), while less at Ormara Coast (H'=0.23). Likewise, Evenness index (E) was high at Sonmiani Coast (E=0.50) and less fish diversity was reported at Ormara Coast (E=0.06). Reducing risks to threatened marine species in coastal habitats also requires conservation actions at multiple scales. Thus, it was concluded that our study could be valuable in providing the more informations regarding to the diversity of finfish species and their occurrence along the Pakistan Coast. Further, to better understand the effects, regular monitoring and conservation measures should be taken to mitigate the influence of anthropogenic activities and protect finfish diversity from further decline

Resumo Este estudo foi conduzido para estimar a diversidade e a ocorrência de espécies de peixes comercialmente importantes coletadas por vinte locais de amostragem de peixes nas costas de Sindh e Baluchistão do mar da Arábia, no Paquistão, de janeiro a dezembro de 2019. Além disso, as características físico-químicas da água do mar foram analisadas a partir desses peixes locais selecionados e considerados dentro dos intervalos adequados necessários para o crescimento e sobrevivência dos peixes. Um total de 8.1287 indivíduos de peixes foi coletado e identificado como 49 espécies pertencentes a 26 famílias em nosso estudo. A família mais diversificada foi Sparidae (13 espécies), seguida por Carangidae e Lutjanidae (4 espécies), Mullidae, Serranidae, Ariidae (3 espécies) e Sciaenidae (2 espécies). As 20 famílias restantes foram representadas por apenas uma espécie. Os valores do índice de diversidade de Shannon calculados para os quatro habitats selecionados revelaram que uma alta diversidade de peixes foi relatada na costa Sonmiani (H' = 1,81), enquanto menos na costa Ormara (H' = 0,23). Da mesma forma, o índice de regularidade (E) foi alto na costa de Sonmiani (E = 0,50) e menos diversidade de peixes foi relatada na costa de Ormara (E = 0,06). A redução dos riscos para as espécies marinhas ameaçadas em habitats costeiros também requer ações de conservação em várias escalas. Assim, concluiu-se que nosso estudo pode ser valioso para fornecer mais informações sobre a diversidade de espécies de peixes finos e sua ocorrência ao longo da costa do Paquistão. Além disso, para compreender melhor os efeitos, medidas regulares de monitoramento e conservação devem ser tomadas para mitigar a influência das atividades antropogênicas e proteger a diversidade de peixes finos de um declínio maior.

RESUMO

Animal breeding for meat production based on swine, cattle, poultry, and aquaculture is an activity that generates several impacts on the environment, among them the spread of antibiotic resistance. There is a worldwide concern related to the massive use of antibiotics, which causes selective pressure on the microbial community, triggering bacteria that contain "antibiotic resistance genes." According to the survey here presented, antibiotic resistance-related genes such as tetracyclines (tet), erythromycin (erm), and sulfonamides (sul), as well as the genetic mobile element interferon (int), are the most reported genetic elements in qualitative and quantitative studies of swine, cattle, poultry, and aquaculture manure/wastewater. It has been observed that biological treatments based on waste composting and anaerobic digestion are effective in ARG removal, particularly for tet, bla, erm, and qnr (quinolone) genes. On the other hand, sul and intI genes were more persistent in such treatments. Tertiary treatments, such advanced oxidative processes, are suitable strategies to improve ARG reduction. In general temperature, hydraulic retention time, and penetration of sunlight are the main operational parameters for ARG reduction in treatments applied to animal waste, and therefore attention should be addressed to optimize their efficacy regarding ARG removal. Despite being reduced, the presence of ARG in treated effluents and in biosolids indicates that there is a potential risk of antibiotic resistance spread in nature, especially through the release of treated livestock waste into the environment.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Temporal niche shifts can shape predator-prey interactions by enabling predator avoidance, enhancing feeding success, and reducing competition among predators. Using a community-based conservation approach, we investigated temporal niche partitioning of mammalian predators and prey across 12 long-term camera trap surveys in the Pacific slope and Talamanca Cordillera of Costa Rica. Temporal overlap and segregation were investigated between predator-prey and predator-predator pairs using overlap analysis, circular statistics, and relative abundance after accounting for differences in habitat, season, and human impact among sites. We made the assumption that predators select abundant prey and adjust their activity to maximize their temporal overlap, thus we predicted that abundant prey with high overlap would be preferred prey species for that predator. We also predicted that similar-sized pairs of predator species with the greatest potential for competitive interactions would have the highest temporal segregation. Our results supported the existence of temporal niche separation among the eight species of predators-the smaller Leopardus felids (ocelot, margay, oncilla) were primarily nocturnal, the largest felids (jaguar and puma) and coyote were cathemeral, and the smaller jaguarundi and tayra were mostly diurnal. Most prey species (67%) were primarily nocturnal versus diurnal or cathemeral (33%). Hierarchical clustering identified relationships among species with the most similar activity patterns. We discuss the primary prey and competitor species predicted for each of the eight predators. Contrary to our prediction, the activity pattern of similar-sized intraguild competitors overlapped more than dissimilar-sized competitors, suggesting that similar-sized predators are hunting the same prey at the same time. From this we conclude that prey availability is more important than competition in determining circadian activity patterns of Neotropical predators. Our results indicate the presence of a delicate balance of tropical food webs that may be disrupted by overhunting, leading to a depauperate community consisting of ubiquitous generalists and endangered specialists. With Central America a hotspot for hunting-induced "empty forests," community-based conservation approaches may offer the best road to reduce illegal hunting and maintain the biodiversity and community structure of tropical forest systems.

Los cambios temporales de nicho pueden amoldar las interacciones predador-presa al permitir a la presa evadir los predadores, mejorar la eficacia de la alimentación y reducir la competición entre predadores. Mediante muestreos con cámaras trampa en 12 sitios de la pendiente del Pacífico y la Cordillera de Talamanca de Costa Rica, investigamos la división temporal de los nichos de mamíferos predadores y presas usando un enfoque de conservación basado en la comunidad. Investigamos la superposición y segregación temporal entre pares predador-presa y predador-predador utilizando análisis de superposición, estadísticas circulares y abundancia relativa, teniendo en cuenta diferencias de hábitat, estacionales y de impacto humano entre los sitios. Asumimos que los predadores seleccionan presas abundantes y ajustan su actividad para maximizar su superposición temporal con éstas; por lo tanto, predijimos que una presa abundante con alta superposición sería una especie de presa preferida para ese predador. También predijimos que pares de especies de predadores de tamaño similar con el mayor potencial para interacciones competitivas tendrían la mayor segregación temporal. Nuestros resultados respaldaron la existencia de una separación temporal de nicho entre las ocho especies de predadores­determinamos que los felinos más pequeños del género Leopardus (manigordo, caucel, tigrillo) son principalmente nocturnos, los felinos más grandes (jaguar y puma) y el coyote son catemerales, y los jaguarundi y tayra más pequeños son principalmente diurnos. La mayoría de las especies de presas (67%) son principalmente nocturnas versus diurnas o catemerales (33%). Mediante análisis de agrupación jerárquica, identificamos relaciones entre especies con los patrones de actividad más similares. Para cada uno de los predadores discutimos las presas primarias predichas y las especies competidoras. Contrario a nuestra predicción, el patrón de actividad de los predadores intragremios de tamaño similar se superpone más que el de los competidores de distinto tamaño, lo que indica que los predadores de tamaño similar están cazando la misma presa y están activos al mismo tiempo. De esto concluimos que la disponibilidad de presas es más importante que la competición en cuanto a determinar los patrones de actividad circadiana de los predadores neotropicales. Nuestros resultados revelan que el delicado equilibrio de las redes tróficas tropicales puede ser interferido por la caza excesiva, lo que lleva a una comunidad depauperada compuesta por generalistas ubicuos y especialistas en peligro de extinción. Con América Central como un centro de "bosques vacíos" inducidos por la caza, los enfoques de conservación basados en la comunidad pueden ofrecer el mejor camino para reducir la caza ilegal, y mantener la biodiversidad y estructura ecológica comunitaria de los sistemas forestales tropicales.

RESUMO

The Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) population density and relative abundance within the Chingaza Massif were assessed between September 2015 and May 2016. One hundred seventeen (117) camera traps were installed at 9 grids: 13 cameras per grid, each camera separated 750 m from the other; the sampling effort was 17,057 days-trap. Two thousand seven hundred eighty-four (2,784) native fauna records were obtained, 1,456 corresponding to mammals, 183 records for Andean bear specimens, 158 of them independent bear records (at least one hour between records), and 106 effective-independent bear records (also permitting individual recognition). Fifty-seven (57) Andean bear individuals were identified according to key external morphological features. Sixteen (16) adults were recaptured (12 males and 4 females), with a maximum mean distance of 27.22 km. Bears population density was 2.9 bears per 100 km². Based on this density and the buffer area of the sampling grids, we estimated an overall number of 122 bears in 4,215.15 km². The estimated density is the first for the species in Colombia and the lowest regarding previous reports from other countries. Thus, it is necessary to better understand how integral habitat quality and the anthropic impacts on habitat quality, availability, and connectivity may affect the Andean bear population densities in Colombia, as a useful tool for assessing populations` state and focus future conservation actions.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) population density and relative abundance within the Chingaza Massif were assessed between September 2015 and May 2016. One hundred seventeen (117) camera traps were installed at 9 grids: 13 cameras per grid, each camera separated 750 m from the other; the sampling effort was 17,057 days-trap. Two thousand seven hundred eighty-four (2,784) native fauna records were obtained, 1,456 corresponding to mammals, 183 records for Andean bear specimens, 158 of them independent bear records (at least one hour between records), and 106 effective-independent bear records (also permitting individual recognition). Fifty-seven (57) Andean bear individuals were identified according to key external morphological features. Sixteen (16) adults were recaptured (12 males and 4 females), with a maximum mean distance of 27.22 km. Bears population density was 2.9 bears per 100 km². Based on this density and the buffer area of the sampling grids, we estimated an overall number of 122 bears in 4,215.15 km². The estimated density is the first for the species in Colombia and the lowest regarding previous reports from other countries. Thus, it is necessary to better understand how integral habitat quality and the anthropic impacts on habitat quality, availability, and connectivity may affect the Andean bear population densities in Colombia, as a useful tool for assessing populations` state and focus future conservation actions.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract The Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) population density and relative abundance within the Chingaza Massif were assessed between September 2015 and May 2016. One hundred seventeen (117) camera traps were installed at 9 grids: 13 cameras per grid, each camera separated 750 m from the other; the sampling effort was 17,057 days-trap. Two thousand seven hundred eighty-four (2,784) native fauna records were obtained, 1,456 corresponding to mammals, 183 records for Andean bear specimens, 158 of them independent bear records (at least one hour between records), and 106 effective-independent bear records (also permitting individual recognition). Fifty-seven (57) Andean bear individuals were identified according to key external morphological features. Sixteen (16) adults were recaptured (12 males and 4 females), with a maximum mean distance of 27.22 km. Bears population density was 2.9 bears per 100 km². Based on this density and the buffer area of the sampling grids, we estimated an overall number of 122 bears in 4,215.15 km². The estimated density is the first for the species in Colombia and the lowest regarding previous reports from other countries. Thus, it is necessary to better understand how integral habitat quality and the anthropic impacts on habitat quality, availability, and connectivity may affect the Andean bear population densities in Colombia, as a useful tool for assessing populations` state and focus future conservation actions.

RESUMO

We compiled a data set for all tree species collected to date in lowland Amazonian Ecuador in order to determine the number of tree species in the region. This data set has been extensively verified by taxonomists and is the most comprehensive attempt to evaluate the tree diversity in one of the richest species regions of the Amazon. We used four main sources of data: mounted specimens deposited in Ecuadorian herbaria only, specimen records of a large-scale 1-hectare-plot network (60 plots in total), data from the Missouri Botanical Garden Tropicos® database (MO), and literature sources. The list of 2,296 tree species names we provide in this data set is based on 47,486 herbarium records deposited in the following herbaria: Alfredo Paredes Herbarium (QAP), Catholic University Herbarium (QCA), Herbario Nacional del Ecuador (QCNE), Missouri Botanical Garden (MO), and records from an extensive sampling of 29,768 individuals with diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥10 cm recorded in our plot network. We also provide data for the relative abundance of species, geographic coordinates of specimens deposited in major herbaria around the world, whether the species is native or endemic, current hypothesis of geographic distribution, representative collections, and IUCN threat category for every species recorded to date in Amazonian Ecuador. These data are described in Metadata S1 and can be used for macroecological, evolutionary, or taxonomic studies. There are no copyright restrictions; data are freely available for noncommercial scientific use (CC BY 3.0). Please see Metadata S1 (Class III, Section B.1: Proprietary restrictions) for additional information on usage.

RESUMO

Resumen El bosque tropical seco es uno de los ecosistemas más amenazados alrededor del mundo, principalmente a causa de la deforestación. En México más de la mitad de su superficie ha desaparecido, lo que ha provocado pérdida de biodiversidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la riqueza, diversidad y abundancia relativa de la comunidad de mamíferos medianos y grandes en dos sitios con diferente manejo y estatus de conservación, y donde está presente el bosque tropical seco. También se buscó conocer las variables del hábitat y de influencia humana que se relacionan con la presencia de las especies más comunes. Los sitios de estudio fueron Pastorías, Actopan, Veracruz y San Juan Bautista Cuicatlán, Oaxaca, México. El primer sitio está muy transformado por las actividades antrópicas mientras que el segundo se encuentra dentro de la Reserva de la Biosfera de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán (RBTC). En Pastorías se establecieron 11 cámaras-trampa de septiembre 2015 a septiembre 2016; mientras que en Cuicatlán 10 cámaras-trampa de octubre 2013 a julio 2014. El esfuerzo de muestreo fue de 3 526 días/trampa y 443 registros independientes, y 2 690 días/trampa y 378 registros independientes para cada sitio respectivamente. En cada localidad se registraron 13 especies. Tres de estas especies están en peligro de extinción y dos bajo amenaza. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la diversidad verdadera de mamíferos medianos y grandes entre localidades. De acuerdo con el índice de abundancia relativa (IAR), las especies más abundantes fueron: Odocoileus virginianus, Urocyon cinereoargenteus y Canis latrans. Los análisis de regresión sugieren que las variables de temporada, la cobertura de vegetación secundaria arbórea y la distancia a la localidad más cercana se relacionan con el registro de estas especies. Los remanentes de bosque tropical seco en Pastorías mantienen una alta riqueza de especies, la cual es muy parecida a la de un sitio conservado como Cuicatlán. Sin embargo, el bajo número de registros fotográficos puede indicar que la calidad del hábitat no es adecuada. La información recabada en este estudio puede ser útil para el desarrollo de programas para conservar el bosque tropical seco del centro de Veracruz y contribuye con la ampliación del conocimiento que se tiene sobre la comunidad de mamíferos que habitan en la RBTC.

Abstract The tropical dry forest is one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, mainly due to deforestation and fragmentation. In Mexico more than half of its surface has disappeared, affecting biodiversity. The objective of this study was to compare the richness, diversity, and relative abundance of medium and large mammals in two sites with different management and conservation status, and where tropical dry forest is present. We also sought to find out which variables of habitat and human influence are related to the presence of the most common species. The study sites were in Pastorias, Actopan, Veracruz and San Juan Bautista Cuicatlan, Oaxaca, Mexico. The first site is highly transformed by anthropogenic activities, while the second is within the protected natural area of the Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Biosphere Reserve (TCBR). In Pastorias 11 camera-traps were set up from september 2015 to september 2016; while in Cuicatlan 10 camera traps were set up from october 2013 to july 2014. The sampling effort was 3 526 days/trap, which yielded 443 independent records for the first site, and 2 690 days/trap that yielded 378 independent records for the second site. In each locality, 13 species of mammals were recorded. In particular, three of these species are endangered (Tamandua mexicana, Leopardus wiedii, and Lynx rufus) and two are under threat (Herpailurus yagouaroundi and Galictis vittata). The true diversity of medium and large mammals between communities was different. According to the relative abundance, index (RAI) the most abundant species are Odocoileus virginianus, Urocyon cinereoargenteus and Canis latrans. Regression analyses suggest that the variables of season, the cover of secondary vegetation and distance to the nearest human locality were related to the record of these species. Despite the anthropogenic pressure in Pastorias, tropical dry forest remnants still maintain high species richness, which is very similar to that of a site as preserved as Cuicatlan. However, the low RAIs value of several mammals may indicate that habitat quality could not maintain large population numbers. Therefore, it is necessary to develop programs to conserve this ecosystem. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1232-1243. Epub 2018 September 01.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Due the advancement of human population growth, there is an increase in the areas of agricultural production. This increase leads to landscape fragmentation and habitat reduction for wild animals. The aim of this work was to verify which species of mammals occur in the region of the Emas National Park (ENP). The data were collected through a camera trap, which are activated by a motion and heat sensor when an animal passes in front of the camera, recording the species, date and time of registration. The survey of mammals of the ENP region was carried out in 10 samplings between the years of 2001 and 2012. Relative abundance values are the ratio between the number of records of each species and the total hours of operation of the cameras. The results show that 33 species occur in the region and it can be concluded that the Emas National Park plays a fundamental role in the conservation of mammals threatened by extinction in the region. The fragments of native vegetation represented by the Legal Reserves and Permanent Preservation Areas of the rural properties required by the Brazilian Forest Code are important for the species studied and the negative impacts present in the agricultural production areas in the surroundings can be reduced with the appropriate management, mainly with the fulfillment of the requirements of the new forest code in order to provide higher quality of the agricultural production area.

Com o aumento do crescimento populacional humano, observa-se o avanço das áreas de produção agrícola. Esse avanço acarreta a fragmentação da paisagem e a redução do habitat para os animais silvestres. Objetivou-se verificar quais espécies de mamíferos ocorrem na região do Parque Nacional das Emas (PNE). Os dados foram coletados por meio de armadilhas fotográficas (AF), as quais são ativadas por um sensor de movimentoe calor quando algum animal passa em frente à câmera, registrando o animal, data e hora do registro. Foi considerado o intervalo de 1 hora para independência dos registros. O levantamento de mamíferos da regiãodo PNE foi realizado através de 10 amostragens entre os anos de 2001 e 2012. Os valores das abundâncias relativas foram obtidos pela razão entre o número de registros de cada espécie e o total de horas de funciovoadonamentodas câmeras. Os resultados mostram que 33 espécies ocorrem na região e conclui-se que o Parque Nacional das Emas apresenta papel fundamental na conservação de mamíferos ameaçados de extinção na região devido a seus registros em todos os anos de coleta, juntamente com os fragmentos de vegetação nativa, representados pelas Reservas Legais e Áreas de Preservação Permanente das propriedades rurais exigidos no Código Florestal Brasileiro. Os fragmentos são importantes para as espécies estudadas e os impactos negativos presentes nas áreas de produção agrícola no entorno podem ser reduzidos com o manejo apropriado dessas áreas, principalmente com o cumprimento das exigências do novo código florestal de maneira a proporcionar maior qualidade do fragmento de vegetação nativa associado à agricultura.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Due the advancement of human population growth, there is an increase in the areas of agricultural production. This increase leads to landscape fragmentation and habitat reduction for wild animals. The aim of this work was to verify which species of mammals occur in the region of the Emas National Park (ENP). The data were collected through a camera trap, which are activated by a motion and heat sensor when an animal passes in front of the camera, recording the species, date and time of registration. The survey of mammals of the ENP region was carried out in 10 samplings between the years of 2001 and 2012. Relative abundance values are the ratio between the number of records of each species and the total hours of operation of the cameras. The results show that 33 species occur in the region and it can be concluded that the Emas National Park plays a fundamental role in the conservation of mammals threatened by extinction in the region. The fragments of native vegetation represented by the Legal Reserves and Permanent Preservation Areas of the rural properties required by the Brazilian Forest Code are important for the species studied and the negative impacts present in the agricultural production areas in the surroundings can be reduced with the appropriate management, mainly with the fulfillment of the requirements of the new forest code in order to provide higher quality of the agricultural production area.(AU)

Com o aumento do crescimento populacional humano, observa-se o avanço das áreas de produção agrícola. Esse avanço acarreta a fragmentação da paisagem e a redução do habitat para os animais silvestres. Objetivou-se verificar quais espécies de mamíferos ocorrem na região do Parque Nacional das Emas (PNE). Os dados foram coletados por meio de armadilhas fotográficas (AF), as quais são ativadas por um sensor de movimentoe calor quando algum animal passa em frente à câmera, registrando o animal, data e hora do registro. Foi considerado o intervalo de 1 hora para independência dos registros. O levantamento de mamíferos da regiãodo PNE foi realizado através de 10 amostragens entre os anos de 2001 e 2012. Os valores das abundâncias relativas foram obtidos pela razão entre o número de registros de cada espécie e o total de horas de funciovoadonamentodas câmeras. Os resultados mostram que 33 espécies ocorrem na região e conclui-se que o Parque Nacional das Emas apresenta papel fundamental na conservação de mamíferos ameaçados de extinção na região devido a seus registros em todos os anos de coleta, juntamente com os fragmentos de vegetação nativa, representados pelas Reservas Legais e Áreas de Preservação Permanente das propriedades rurais exigidos no Código Florestal Brasileiro. Os fragmentos são importantes para as espécies estudadas e os impactos negativos presentes nas áreas de produção agrícola no entorno podem ser reduzidos com o manejo apropriado dessas áreas, principalmente com o cumprimento das exigências do novo código florestal de maneira a proporcionar maior qualidade do fragmento de vegetação nativa associado à agricultura.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Line transect surveys are widely used in Neotropical rainforests to estimate the population abundance of medium- and large-sized vertebrates. The use of indices such as encounter rate has been criticized because the probability of animal detection may fluctuate due to the heterogeneity of environmental conditions among sites. In addition, the morphological and behavioral characteristics (biological traits) of species affect their detectability. In this study, we compared the extent to which environmental conditions and species' biological traits bias abundance estimates in terra firme rainforests in French Guiana. The selected environmental conditions included both physical conditions and forest structure covariates, while the selected biological traits included the morphological and behavioral characteristics of species. We used the distance sampling method to model the detection probability as an explicit function of environmental conditions and biological traits and implemented a model selection process to determine the relative importance of each group of covariates. Biological traits contributed to the variability of animal detectability more than environmental conditions, which had only a marginal effect. Detectability was best for large animals with uniform or disruptive markings that live in groups in the canopy top. Detectability was worst for small, solitary, terrestrial animals with mottled markings. In the terra firme rainforests that represent ~80% of the Amazonia and Guianas regions, our findings support the use of relative indices such as the encounter rate to compare population abundance between sites in species-specific studies. Even though terra firme rainforests may appear similar between regions of Amazonia and the Guianas, comparability must be ensured, especially in forests disturbed by human activity. The detection probability can be used as an indicator of species' vulnerability to hunting and, thus, to the risk of local extinction. Only a few biological trait covariates are required to correctly estimate the detectability of the majority of medium- and large-sized vertebrates. Thus, a biological trait model could be useful in predicting the detection probabilities of rare, uncommon, or localized species for which few data are available to fit the detection function.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Lagothrix flavicauda es endémica y vive en simpatría con otros primates en bosques montanos de Amazonas, San Martín, La Libertad y Huánuco. Información detallada sobre su abundancia y estado de conservación, así como de los sitios con poblaciones saludables son desconocidas, excepto para Amazonas donde fueron ejecutados la mayoría de los estudios. Para obtener la información sobre los aspectos mencionados fueron conducidos censos por transecto entre noviembre y diciembre del 2015, febrero a mayo del 2016 y entre junio y julio del 2016 en seis sitios de muestreo localizados entre las regiones de San Martín y Huánuco. Como resultado de los censos fueron avistados 49 grupos pertenecientes a 7 especies, siendo L. flavicauda la más observada con 14 grupos. Grupos más grandes se observaron en L. flavicauda (promedio 13.5±2.2 individuos) y Cebus yuracus (promedio 12.5±3.6 individuos) y más pequeños en Alouatta seniculus (promedio 3.0±2.4 individuos), ambos en Huánuco. La abundancia relativa fue más alta para L. flavicauda en San Martín (2.4 individuos/10 km) y más baja para A. seniculus en Huánuco (0.2 individuos/10 km). Con el registro de L. flavicauda en el lado oriental del río Huallaga su distribución en Huánuco se amplía hasta el río Pozuzo, pero en el lado occidental podemos considerarlo localmente extinta en gran parte de su distribución. En los sitios de muestreo, la deforestación y la caza son las principales amenazas para los primates y otros componentes de la fauna silvestre

Lagothrix flavicauda is endemic and lives sympatrically with other primates in the montane forests of Amazonas, San Martín, La Libertad and Huánuco. Detailed information on its density and conservation status, as well as sites with healthy populations is lacking, except for Amazonas where most of the studies were carried out. In order to obtain information on the mentioned aspects, transect censuses were conducted between November and December of 2015, February to May of 2016, and between June and July of 2016 in six survey sites located in the regions of San Martín and Huánuco. As a result of the census, 49 groups belonging to 7 species were sighted, being L. flavicauda the most observed with 14 groups. The largest groups were observed in L. flavicauda (average 13.5±2.2 individuals) and Cebus yuracus (average 12.5±3.6 individuals) and the smallest in Alouatta seniculus (average 3.0± 2.4 individuals), both in Huánuco. The relative abundance was the highest for L. flavicauda in San Martín (2.4 individuals /10 km) and the lowest for A. seniculus in Huánuco (0.2 individuals/ 10 km). Our observation of L. flavicauda on the eastern side of the Huallaga River extends its distribution in Huánuco to the Pozuzo River, but on the western side we can consider it locally extinct in much of its distributional range. At our survey sites, deforestation and hunting are the main threats to primates and other components of wildlife

RESUMO

In the current study, we investigated population aspects of Aegla georginae in the Ibicuí River Basin by considering different capture methods and the implication of these data in the analysis of population dynamics. We sampled 1774 individuals: 1259 males (21 and 97 juveniles and 1029 and 113 adults in trap and handnet, respectively), 512 females (05 and 140 juveniles, 184 and 64 adults, and 81 and 38 ovigerous in trap and handnet, respectively) and 03 unsexed individuals (02 and 01 in trap and handnet, respectively). The frequency distribution in size classes shows a bimodal model for both sexes. The carapace length (CL) in males and females varied from 3.11 to 26.00 and 3.73 to 22.36 mm, respectively. Males presented significantly larger sizes than females. The relative abundance between males and females was significantly different from 1:1 with more males than females in most sampling periods (p < 0.05) when considering the grouped data (handnet + trap) and trap captures, but followed the expected ratio in most months when considering individuals sampled only with handnet (p > 0.05). Juveniles were recorded in all seasons, and reproduction occurs throughout the year. The population structure is similar to the model known for aeglids, and the capture methods affected the analysis of A. georginae, where the grouped data and trap captures presented greater abundance of individuals than handnet and males predominate in the larger size classes, and females in the intermediary size classes. Therefore, an integrated view of the capture methods is the best model for studying the population dynamics of aeglids.(AU)

No presente estudo, nós investigamos aspectos populacionais de Aegla georginae na Bacia do rio Ibicuí e consideramos a implicação de diferentes métodos de captura na análise dos dados de dinâmica populacional. Foram amostrados 1774 indivíduos: 1259 machos (21 e 97 juvenis e 1028 e 113 adultos em armadilhas e rede de mão, respectivamente), e 512 fêmeas (05 e 140 juvenis, 184 e 64 adultos, e 81 e 38 ovígeras em armadilhas e rede de mão, respectivamente) e 03 não-sexados (2 e 1 em armadilhas e rede de mão, respectivamente). A distribuição de frequência nas classes de tamanho mostrou um modelo bimodal para ambos os sexos. O comprimento da carapaça (CC) em machos e fêmeas variou de 3,11 a 26,00 e 3,73 a 22,36 mm, respectivamente. Machos apresentaram-se significativamente maiores que as fêmeas. A abundância relativa entre machos e fêmeas foi diferente significativamente de 1:1 com mais machos do que fêmeas na maioria dos períodos amostrados (p < 0,05) quando considerados os dados agrupados (rede de mão + armadilhas) e somente armadilhas, mas seguiu a razão esperada na maioria dos meses quando considerados apenas os indivíduos capturados com rede de mão (p > 0,05). Juvenis foram registrados em todas as estações do ano e a reprodução ocorreu durante todo o ano. A estrutura populacional é similar ao modelo conhecido para eglídeos e os métodos de captura afetam a análise para A. georginae, onde os dados agrupados e as capturas por armadilha apresentaram maior abundância de indivíduos do que rede de mão e machos predominando nas classes de tamanho mais altas e fêmeas nas classes de tamanho intermediárias. Portanto, uma visão integrativa dos métodos de captura é o melhor modelo para estudar a dinâmica populacional de eglídeos.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract In the current study, we investigated population aspects of Aegla georginae in the Ibicuí River Basin by considering different capture methods and the implication of these data in the analysis of population dynamics. We sampled 1774 individuals: 1259 males (21 and 97 juveniles and 1029 and 113 adults in trap and handnet, respectively), 512 females (05 and 140 juveniles, 184 and 64 adults, and 81 and 38 ovigerous in trap and handnet, respectively) and 03 unsexed individuals (02 and 01 in trap and handnet, respectively). The frequency distribution in size classes shows a bimodal model for both sexes. The carapace length (CL) in males and females varied from 3.11 to 26.00 and 3.73 to 22.36 mm, respectively. Males presented significantly larger sizes than females. The relative abundance between males and females was significantly different from 1:1 with more males than females in most sampling periods (p < 0.05) when considering the grouped data (handnet + trap) and trap captures, but followed the expected ratio in most months when considering individuals sampled only with handnet (p > 0.05). Juveniles were recorded in all seasons, and reproduction occurs throughout the year. The population structure is similar to the model known for aeglids, and the capture methods affected the analysis of A. georginae, where the grouped data and trap captures presented greater abundance of individuals than handnet and males predominate in the larger size classes, and females in the intermediary size classes. Therefore, an integrated view of the capture methods is the best model for studying the population dynamics of aeglids.

Resumo No presente estudo, nós investigamos aspectos populacionais de Aegla georginae na Bacia do rio Ibicuí e consideramos a implicação de diferentes métodos de captura na análise dos dados de dinâmica populacional. Foram amostrados 1774 indivíduos: 1259 machos (21 e 97 juvenis e 1028 e 113 adultos em armadilhas e rede de mão, respectivamente), e 512 fêmeas (05 e 140 juvenis, 184 e 64 adultos, e 81 e 38 ovígeras em armadilhas e rede de mão, respectivamente) e 03 não-sexados (2 e 1 em armadilhas e rede de mão, respectivamente). A distribuição de frequência nas classes de tamanho mostrou um modelo bimodal para ambos os sexos. O comprimento da carapaça (CC) em machos e fêmeas variou de 3,11 a 26,00 e 3,73 a 22,36 mm, respectivamente. Machos apresentaram-se significativamente maiores que as fêmeas. A abundância relativa entre machos e fêmeas foi diferente significativamente de 1:1 com mais machos do que fêmeas na maioria dos períodos amostrados (p < 0,05) quando considerados os dados agrupados (rede de mão + armadilhas) e somente armadilhas, mas seguiu a razão esperada na maioria dos meses quando considerados apenas os indivíduos capturados com rede de mão (p > 0,05). Juvenis foram registrados em todas as estações do ano e a reprodução ocorreu durante todo o ano. A estrutura populacional é similar ao modelo conhecido para eglídeos e os métodos de captura afetam a análise para A. georginae, onde os dados agrupados e as capturas por armadilha apresentaram maior abundância de indivíduos do que rede de mão e machos predominando nas classes de tamanho mais altas e fêmeas nas classes de tamanho intermediárias. Portanto, uma visão integrativa dos métodos de captura é o melhor modelo para estudar a dinâmica populacional de eglídeos.

Assuntos