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Introduction: The emigration of Venezuelans has seen a significant increase in recent years. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with access to contraceptives in migrant women from Venezuela residing in Peru. Methods: An exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Second Survey of the Venezuelan Population Residing in Peru. Access to contraceptives (yes/no) was established as the dependent variable. A Poisson regression model was performed for complex samples, and crude (PRc) and adjusted (PRa) prevalence ratios were reported. Results: A total of 3617 migrant women were analyzed, with 50.12% reporting access to contraceptives. Factors associated with greater access to contraceptives included being between 20 to 29 years old, having a university education, the entry period after the declaration of COVID-19 quarantine was associated with lower access to contraceptives. Conclusions: Access to contraceptives for Venezuelan migrants should be provided to all, as it is a free service in Peru. Additionally, education and family planning should be provided from the basic or middle school level to prevent unintended pregnancies in the future. Complete coverage should be provided regardless of the time of entry into Peru.

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The relationship between class size and school performance has always been ambiguous and the current literature has found no direct connection between them, especially in the Brazilian context. Therefore, this study aimed to verify whether the number of students per class influences school performance. We used Microdata from the Prova Brazil of 2017. Using the propensity score matching statistical model, with the nearest neighbor matching estimator, we grouped the classes into clusters by similarity. The metric used to group the clusters was the Euclidean distance. We attempted to verify adherence to the normal distribution of data using the Kolmogorov Smirnov test and tested the null hypothesis of the medians using the Wilcoxon test. All the statistical analysis were performed using SPSS Statistic version 20. The results showed that the number of students per class has little influence on performance and, when the influence exists, larger classes perform better.

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RESUMO Nos esportes coletivos, a análise do desempenho e a condução do processo de ensino-aprendizagem implicam, implícita ou explicitamente, escolhas metodológicas. Neste trabalho, serão apresentadas algumas das principais abordagens teórico-metodológicas que embasam a análise do desempenho e o ensino-aprendizagem nos esportes coletivos e suas implicações práticas. Será discutida a integração desses conteúdos com o intuito de contribuir com o suporte científico para a prática pedagógica do professor/treinador.

ABSTRACT In team sports, the performance analysis and the teaching-learning process imply, implicitly or explicitly, methodological choices. In this work, we will present some of the main theoretical-methodological approaches that support performance analysis and teaching-learning in team sports and their practical implications. We will discuss the integration of these subjects in order to contribute with scientific support to the pedagogical practice of the teacher/coach.

RESUMEN En los deportes de equipo, analizar el rendimiento y conducir el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje implica, implícita o explícitamente, elecciones metodológicas. En este trabajo presentaremos algunos de los principales enfoques teórico-metodológicos que sustentan el análisis del desempeño y la enseñanza-aprendizaje en los deportes de equipo y sus implicaciones prácticas. Discutiremos la integración de estas temáticas con el objetivo de contribuir con el soporte científico de la práctica pedagógica del profesor/entrenador.

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Resumo A hipótese da produtividade exógena aponta a relação entre quantidade de juízes e desempenho como linear, porém várias fragilidades vêm sendo apontadas, como o limite de produção dos juízes. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho é testar se o desempenho dos juízes em relação à demanda tem um modelo funcional em forma de U invertido. Os dados usados na pesquisa compreendem os anos de 2009 a 2019. Os resultados foram estatisticamente significantes para todas as variáveis analisadas, tanto para a justiça estadual quanto para a trabalhista, confirmando a hipótese de que o desempenho e a demanda judicial podem responder a um modelo funcional em forma de U invertido. A confirmação da hipótese de pesquisa traz luz à discussão sobre como a pressão da demanda afeta o desempenho e como elas se relacionam. Este artigo discutiu e endossou as conclusões de outros autores sobre fragilidades e incongruências da hipótese da produtividade exógena para o Judiciário. Há evidências empíricas de que o aumento da demanda judicial pressiona o aumento de desempenho dos juízes, mas esse crescimento tem limites, e a partir de determinado ponto isso pode declinar e afetar negativamente o desempenho.

Resumen La hipótesis de la productividad exógena indica que la relación entre el número de jueces y el rendimiento es lineal, pero se han señalado varios puntos débiles, como el límite de producción de los jueces. En vista de ello, el objetivo de este trabajo fue comprobar para los tribunales estatales y laborales si la actuación del juez en relación con la demanda tiene un modelo funcional en forma de U invertida. Los datos utilizados en la investigación abarcan los años 2009 a 2019. Los resultados fueron estadísticamente significativos para todas las variables analizadas tanto para los tribunales estaduales como para los laborales confirmando la hipótesis de que el rendimiento y la demanda judicial pueden responder a un modelo funcional en forma de U invertida. La confirmación de la hipótesis de la investigación arroja luz sobre la discusión sobre cómo la presión de la demanda afecta al rendimiento y cómo se relacionan. La contribución de este trabajo fue discutir y refrendar las conclusiones de otros autores sobre las debilidades e incongruencias de la hipótesis de la productividad exógena del poder judicial. Hay pruebas empíricas de que el aumento de la demanda judicial ejerce presión sobre el aumento del rendimiento de los jueces, pero este crecimiento tiene límites y a partir de cierto punto puede disminuir y afectar negativamente al rendimiento.

Abstract The hypothesis of exogenous productivity points to the relationship between the number of judges and performance as linear. However, several weaknesses have been pointed out, such as the production limit of the judges. Therefore, this work aims to test if the performance of judges related' to demand has an inverted U functional model. The data used in the research comprise the years from 2009 to 2019. The results were statistically significant for all variables analyzed for both state and labor courts, confirming the hypothesis that performance and judicial demand may respond to an inverted U functional model. Confirming the research hypothesis sheds light on the discussion of how demand affects performance and how they relate. The contribution of this work lies in the discussion and endorsing the conclusions of other authors concerning weaknesses and incongruities of the hypothesis of exogenous productivity for the judiciary. There is empirical evidence that the increase in judicial demand pressures the increase in the performance of judges, but this increase has limits, and after a certain point, this can decline and negatively affect performance.

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Many primates show responses to dead infants, yet testing explanations for these behaviors has been difficult. Callitrichids present a unique opportunity to delineate between hypotheses, since unlike most species, male caretakers form closer social bonds with infants than mothers. Callitrichids are also known to commit infanticide, leaving obvious wounds that may enable them to more readily recognize death. We present: (1) a case study of a wild common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) group responding to an infant's natural death, and (2) a review of published infant deaths across callitrichids (N = 16), testing for trends in the sex of reacting individuals and cause of death. In our case study, several group members frequently interacted with the dead infant, attempting to carry it. However, the strongest response was from a male that remained with the corpse for ~ 3 h, despite his group leaving the area. Across callitrichid species, corpse interactions were significantly sex-biased: 100% (N = 6) of accidental deaths involved corpse interaction by males (p = 0.007), compared to 60% (N = 3 of 5) by females (p = 0.095). Cause of death also played a significant role, with individuals attempting to carry dead infants in 100% (N = 6) of accidental deaths, but only 11.1% (N = 1 of 9) of infanticides (p = 0.001). Although the available literature is small and potentially subject to publication biases, these data support the idea that visually obvious wounds may influence callitrichids' perception of dead conspecifics. Additionally, male-biased patterns of corpse interaction in callitrichids indicate that social bonds likely shape reactions to the dead, in addition to kinship. While published data on primate thanatology are limited, this study demonstrates quantitative approaches that can provide empirical insights into primates' responses to dead conspecifics.

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ISSUES ADDRESSED: This paper investigates the influence of mood while driving, advocates for identifying high-risk groups and detects associations between mood while driving and risky driving behaviours. While commensurate studies regarding aggressive driving have confirmed significant detriments in driving performance, little scholarly research has studied the gaps and opportunities at the intersection of mood and risky driving in young drivers. METHODS: A cross-sectional design was implemented using 660 young drivers (17-25 years) from Australia (34.7%) and Colombia (65.3%), who completed the Behaviour of Young Novice Drivers Scale (BYNDS). Cluster analysis differentiated young drivers across two groups: high-risk and low-risk driving while influenced by mood. Hierarchical segmentation analysis explored the relationship between driver mood and self-reported risky driving behaviour. RESULTS: Young drivers reported frequent driving while influenced by mood. The typical risky driving behaviours of young drivers who are emotion-affected are transient violations (eg, speeding) and risky exposure (eg, driving tired). CONCLUSIONS: Risky driving behaviours that have been found to increase the risk of road injury (speeding, fatigued driving) and to decrease the survivability of road crashes (speeding) are inextricably intertwined with the influence of driver mood upon driving behaviour at an international level. Driver mood is a neglected issue in health promotion programs for young drivers. SO WHAT?: Current health promotion interventions for young drivers safety such as Graduated Driver Licensing may not prevent driving while influenced by mood. Additional strategies are required to minimise the exposure to driving while affected by negative mood.

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La administración moderna requiere el apoyo de herramientas de diferentes ramas de la ciencia que ayuden al proceso de toma de decisiones, como por ejemplo la Matemática Aplicada. En este contexto aparecen variables aleatorias que con el transcurso del tiempo cambian, y que pueden ser representadas a través de modelos cuantitativos. Cuando en estos modelos el estado presente de dichas variables resume toda la información anterior para describir cómo se comportarán en el futuro, se dice que se está en presencia de una cadena de Markov; una herramienta eficiente para el análisis de procesos de esta naturaleza, como por ejemplo la ejecución de proyectos de investigación, el cual reviste gran importancia en la gestión de ciencia e innovación tecnológica; área de resultados clave en cualquier universidad. En la Facultad de Tecnología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba, el análisis de la ejecución de los proyectos de investigación se consideró como una cadena de Markov, definiendo los diferentes estados por los que puede estar un proyecto, y las probabilidades de que este se encuentre en un estado determinado a partir del estado en que se encontraba. Así se determinaron elementos que permiten apoyar la toma de decisiones a corto y a largo plazo, a partir de datos históricos durante el trienio 2013 - 2015, relacionados con la cantidad promedio de inspecciones a los mismos, probabilidades de un proyecto cerrar, etc.; permitiendo pronosticar en términos de probabilidades el estado de este subsistema en el futuro(AU)

Modern management tools require support from different branches of science to help the decision-making process, such as Applied Mathematics. In this context, random variables with change over time, and that can be represented by quantitative models appear. When these models in the present state of these variables summarizes all the previous information to describe how they will behave in the future, it is said that we are in the presence of a Markov chain; an efficient tool for the analysis of processes of this nature, such as the execution of research projects, which is of great importance in the management of science and technological innovation; key result area at any university. In the Faculty of Technology, University of Medical Sciences of Santiago de Cuba, the analysis of the implementation of research projects was considered as a Markov chain, defining the different states through which can be a project and the odds of this is in a certain state from the state it was. And support elements that enable decision-making in the short and long term, from historical data in the period 2013 - 2015 were determined, related to the average number of inspections to a project, the probability of a project likely to close, etc.; allowing to predict in terms of probabilities the status of this subsystem in the future(AU)

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Abstract This paper presents the Vocalization-Silence Dynamic Patterns (VSDP) method for the analysis of coordination in psychotherapeutic conversation. The objectives of its development are to empirically account for vocal coordination patterns in dialogs and to examine the association between interactional coordination and positive relational outcomes. The VSDP method makes it possible to demonstrate that vocal activity is a nonverbal phenomenon entwined with and which influences the linguistic code. The analyses which can be carried out through this method are illustrated with real acoustic signals taken from psychotherapy segments. The VSDP method is discussed, considering its usefulness for psychotherapeutic research as well as the study of dyadic conversation within other scenarios.

Resumen Este trabajo presenta el método de Patrones Dinámicos de Vocalización-Silencio (PDVS) para el análisis de la coordinación en la conversación psicoterapéutica. Los objetivos de su desarrollo son dar cuenta empíricamente de los patrones de coordinación vocales en diálogos y examinar la asociación entre la coordinación interaccional y los resultados relacionales positivos. El método PDVS hace posible demostrar que la actividad vocal es un fenómeno no verbal entrelazado con y que influye en el código lingüístico. Los análisis que se pueden realizar a través de este método se ilustran con señales acústicas reales tomadas de segmentos de psicoterapia. El método PDVS es discutido teniendo en cuenta su utilidad para la investigación en psicoterapia, así como para el estudio de la conversación diádica dentro de otros escenarios.

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A análise prototípica das evocações é uma das principais técnicas que permite a exploração da estrutura das representações sociais a partir de dados verbais. O presente trabalho visa avaliar o efeito de variações no tamanho da amostra nas configurações dos resultados da análise prototípica a partir de evocações livres. Foram sorteadas subamostras de um banco de dados com 469 participantes com tamanhos amostrais progressivamente menores (200, 100, 50 e 25 casos), e comparadas as configurações de resultados dos primeiros quadrantes relativamente à amostra de referência. Os resultados apontam que as amostras de 200 e 100 casos têm padrões próximos da amostra total em termos de concordância com a composição do primeiro quadrante. Além disso, amostras com 50 e 25 participantes não são recomendáveis, por terem alta variabilidade e baixa coincidência com a amostra maior

The prototypical analysis of evocations is one of the main techniques that allows the exploration of the structure of social representations from verbal data. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of variations in the size of the sample in the configurations of the results of the prototypic analysis from free evocations. Subsampleswere randomly selected from a database with 469 participants with progressively smaller sample sizes (200, 100, 50 and 25 cases), and compared the results settings of the first quadrants with respect to the reference sample. The results show that the samples of 200 and 100 cases have patterns close to the total sample in terms of agreement with the composition of the first quadrant. In addition, samples with 50 and 25 participants are not recommended because they have high variability and low coincidence with the larger sample

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Resumen El presente artículo es resultado de una investigación que se realizó en una universidad acreditada de la ciudad de Barranquilla, con una muestra de aproximadamente 90 estudiantes, sobre una población total de 1143 estudiantes del programa de Administración de Empresas. El objetivo principal consistió en revelar las variables latentes que permitan conocer el comportamiento del consumidor (estudiantes) y el desarrollo de un modelo para la medición del servicio. Se presentan resultados empíricos, a partir del método cuantitativo y técnicas de estadística inferencial como el análisis factorial y clusterización. Los resultados permitieron conocer a través de las dimensiones de la escala SERVQUAL, lo que demandan los estudiantes, así como reconocer dos grupos. Se propone, además, el rediseño de la encuesta SERVQUAL, adaptándola a una tipo Likert, así como correr los datos en procesadores estadísticos como Statgraphics y SSPS para realizar el análisis de la información.

Abstract This research was conducted at an accredited university in the city of Barranquilla, from a sample of about 90 students, out of a total population of 1143 students of their Business Administration program. The main objective is to reveal the latent variables that show consumer behavior on students and the development of a model for service measurement.This article is the result of an investigation, presenting empirical results through the use of a quantitative technique method and inferential statistics such as factor analysis and clustering. The results allowed to know through the dimensions of the SERVQUAL scale, what students require, thus recognizing two groups. It is proposed for application on the consumer psychology when being served, the redesign of the SERVQUAL survey, through a survey Likert, running statistical data processors like Statgraphics and SSPS for the analysis of information.

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OBJECTIVE: Due to advances in the care of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), life expectancy significantly increased, putting this group vulnerable to age-related comorbidities, such as cancer. The objective of this study was to describe the knowledge of cancer screening (cervical, breast, anal, colon, prostate) and other cancer prevention strategies (HPV vaccination, HPV testing) among HIV care professionals in Puerto Rico (PR). METHODS: Cross-sectional study using a sample of 104 HIV healthcare professionals in PR. Descriptive analyses were used to characterize the study sample. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relation of sociodemographic and work-related factors with cancer screening knowledge. RESULTS: On average, the healthcare professionals interviewed had been working for more than 10 years with the HIV/AIDS population (11.5±7.6 years). Multivariate analysis showed that physicians had a higher likelihood of having extensive knowledge of cervical (OR=3.96; 95% CI=1.23, 12.77) and anal cancer (OR=9.4; 95% CI=2.2, 41.0) screening than other healthcare professionals. For anal cancer in particular, as the number of years a given participant had been working with people living with HIV/AIDS increased, the likelihood that this participant would have extensive knowledge of anal cancer screening significantly increased (10% year). CONCLUSION: Health education interventions, tailored to healthcare professionals who recently finished their formal education should be developed in HPV-related cancers. Such training would improve cancer prevention and control efforts, thereby benefitting the HIV population in Puerto Rico.

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BACKGROUND: Dried blood spots (DBS) could be an excellent alternative for HCV diagnosis, since it is less invasive and can be stored and transported without refrigeration. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to optimize quantitative and qualitative methods for HCV detection in DBS. STUDY DESIGN: DBS and serum samples were collected from 99 subjects (59 anti-HCV/HCV RNA positive and 40 seronegative samples). Seven extraction methods and different PCR parameters were evaluated in DBS samples in the quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) developed to amplify the 5' noncoding region of HCV. A qualitative PCR for amplification of NS5B region of HCV was also valued and the nested-PCR sequenced. RESULTS: The qRT-PCR showed good correlation to commercial assay for HCV viral measurement in serum. To quantify HCV RNA in DBS, it was necessary to increase reverse transcriptase and cDNA concentration. HCV RNA quantification in DBS demonstrated sensitivity of 65.9%, 100% of specificity and kappa statistic of 0.65. The median viral load of DBS samples was 5.38 log10 copies/ml (minimum value=1.76 and maximum value=10.48 log10 copies/ml). HCV RNA was detected in NS5B regions and nucleotide sequences obtained in 43 serum and 11 DBS samples. The presence of the same subtype was observed in paired serum and DBS samples. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, it was possible to demonstrate that, despite the low sensitivity, the optimized protocol was able to determine the viral load, as well as, the infecting HCV genotype, validating the usefulness of DBS for viral load determination and molecular epidemiology studies of HCV.

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Pharmacometrics or Quantitative Pharmacology aims to quantitatively analyze the interaction between drugs and patients whose tripod: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and disease monitoring to identify variability in drug response. Being the subject of central interest in the training of pharmacists, this work was out with a view to promoting this idea on methods to access the therapeutic response of drugs with central action. This paper discusses quantitative methods (Fast Fourier Transform, Magnitude Square Coherence, Conditional Entropy, Generalised Linear semi-canonical Correlation Analysis, Statistical Parametric Network and Mutual Information Function) used to evaluate the EEG signals obtained after administration regimen of drugs, the main findings and their clinical relevance, pointing it as a contribution to construction of different pharmaceutical practice. Peter Anderer et. al in 2000 showed the effect of 20mg of buspirone in 20 healthy subjects after 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8h after oral ingestion of the drug. The areas of increased power of the theta frequency occurred mainly in the temporo-occipital - parietal region. It has been shown by Sampaio et al., 2007 that the use of bromazepam, which allows the release of GABA (gamma amino butyric acid), an inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system could theoretically promote dissociation of cortical functional areas, a decrease of functional connectivity, a decrease of cognitive functions by means of smaller coherence (electrophysiological magnitude measured from the EEG by software) values. Ahmad Khodayari-Rostamabad et al. in 2015 talk that such a measure could be a useful clinical tool potentially to assess adverse effects of opioids and hence give rise to treatment guidelines. There was the relation between changes in pain intensity and brain sources (at maximum activity locations) during remifentanil infusion despite its potent analgesic effect. The statement of mathematical and computational aspects in the use of clinical data is frequent and elucidation of these aspects we use PhysioNet https://www.physionet.org/, Clinical Database online supported by the National Institutes of Health (National Institutes of Health of United States of America/NIH-USA) for the acquisition of EEG data and the Matlab program to do the simulations with the methods and thus create opportunities greater understanding.

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Problema relacionados a saúde mental estão entre as principais causas de morbidade no mundo, também provocando um grande número de afastamentos do trabalho. No Brasil, o ministério da saúde admite que cerca de 3% da população sofre com algum transtorno mental severo e persistente e eles são responsáveis por 3,593 anos de vida saudável perdida. O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o impacto de um Serviço de pronto atendimento nas internações psiquiátricas no Estado da Paraíba. Foi utilizado o estimador diferenças-em-diferenças para captar o impacto do Serviço, no período que compreende os anos de 2000 e 2012, utilizando os elementos da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial, PIB e População como controle. Verificou-se que o programa foi efetivo, tendo seu resultado mais robusto quando comparado com os municípios da região metropolitana, com uma redução de 24,3% da média das internações psiquiátricas para os municípios tratados. O programa ainda mostrou-se mais eficiente em transtornos esquizofrênicos, em homens e na população entre 20 e 59 anos de idade. Também apresentou como resultado uma elevação do tempo de permanência na internação psiquiátrica para os municípios tratados e um aumento no custo médio das internações. O Serviço mostrou-se eficiente, contribuindo com a redução das internações psiquiátricas, revelando aspectos à cerca do tempo de permanência e custo total que poderão subsidiar o processo de tomada de decisões dos gestores das políticas de saúde.(AU)

Problems related to mental health are among the main causes of morbidity in the world, also causing a large number of sick leave. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health admits that about 3% of the population suffers from some persistent, severe mental disorder, and they are responsible for 3.593 healthy life years lost. This study aims to assess the impact of an emergency room service on psychiatric hospitalizations in the state of Paraiba. A difference-in-differences (DD) estimator was utilized to capture the impact of the service during the period comprising the years 2000 and 2012, using the elements of the Psychosocial Care Network (Rede de Atenção Psicossocial), GDP and population as a control. It was found that the program was effective, having its most robust result when compared with the municipalities of the metropolitan area, with a reduction of 24.3% of the average of psychiatric hospitalizations for the treated municipalities. The program also proved to be more efficient in schizophrenic disorders, in men and in the population between the ages of 20 and 59. It also presented as a result an increase in the length of psychiatric hospitalization stay for the treated municipalities and an increase in the average cost of hospitalizations. The service confirmed its effectiveness in contributing to the reduction of psychiatric hospitalizations, revealing aspects about the length of stay and total cost that can subsidize the process of decision making of managers of health policies.(AU)

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The objective of this paper is to identify the research methods adopted by researchers in the field of Social Psychology, differentiating them by considerations derived from the four epistemic dimensions. Our starting point was a study conducted to identify the theoretical references and research methods used by educators and researchers in the field of social psychology. The results presented here refer to data, obtained in the years 2011 and 2012, relating to 545 social psychologists and professors of social psychology, of which 157 responded in Portuguese and 388 in Spanish. The average age of participants was 41.5 years (standard deviation = 11.4; minimum = 21 years; maximum = 78), being 54% female and 43% male. The participants originated from 19 countries, with Spain (158), Brazil (149), Mexico (64), and Argentina (45) the most frequent. Based on the results, we sought to classify and subsequently to estimate the frequency of use of the methods, considering them based on the distribution of the researchers from two geographic regions, Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula. Since geographical distribution did not provide a consistent criterion for differentiating between methods, we tried to understand the differences by considering ultimately the theoretical approach embraced by the researcher.

O presente artigo tem por objetivo identificar os métodos de pesquisa adotados por pesquisadores da área da Psicologia Social, diferenciando-os a partir de considerações oriundas de quatro dimensões epistêmicas. O nosso ponto de partida foi um estudo conduzido com a finalidade de identificar os referenciais teóricos e os métodos de pesquisa utilizados por professores e pesquisadores da área da psicologia social. Os resultados aqui apresentados se referem aos dados, obtidos nos anos de 2011 e 2012, concernentes a 545 psicólogos sociais e professores de psicologia social, dos quais 157 responderam na língua portuguesa e 388 em espanhol. A média de idade dos participantes foi de 41,5 anos (desvio-padrão = 11.4; mínimo = 21 anos; máximo = 78), sendo 54% do sexo feminino e 43% do sexo masculino. Os participantes se declaram originários de 19 países, sendo Espanha (158), Brasil (149), México (64) e Argentina (45) os mais frequentes. Com base nos resultados, procuramos classificar e posteriormente fazer uma estimativa da frequência de utilização dos métodos, considerando-os a partir da distribuição dos pesquisadores de duas regiões geográficas, América Latina e Península Ibérica. Dado que a distribuição geográfica não proporcionou um critério consistente para a diferenciação entre os métodos, procuramos entender as diferenças levando em consideração fundamentalmente a abordagem teórica acolhida pelo pesquisador.

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The objective of this paper is to identify the research methods adopted by researchers in the field of Social Psychology, differentiating them by considerations derived from the four epistemic dimensions. Our starting point was a study conducted to identify the theoretical references and research methods used by educators and researchers in the field of social psychology. The results presented here refer to data, obtained in the years 2011 and 2012, relating to 545 social psychologists and professors of social psychology, of which 157 responded in Portuguese and 388 in Spanish. The average age of participants was 41.5 years (standard deviation = 11.4; minimum = 21 years; maximum = 78), being 54% female and 43% male. The participants originated from 19 countries, with Spain (158), Brazil (149), Mexico (64), and Argentina (45) the most frequent. Based on the results, we sought to classify and subsequently to estimate the frequency of use of the methods, considering them based on the distribution of the researchers from two geographic regions, Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula. Since geographical distribution did not provide a consistent criterion for differentiating between methods, we tried to understand the differences by considering ultimately the theoretical approach embraced by the researcher.(AU)

O presente artigo tem por objetivo identificar os métodos de pesquisa adotados por pesquisadores da área da Psicologia Social, diferenciando-os a partir de considerações oriundas de quatro dimensões epistêmicas. O nosso ponto de partida foi um estudo conduzido com a finalidade de identificar os referenciais teóricos e os métodos de pesquisa utilizados por professores e pesquisadores da área da psicologia social. Os resultados aqui apresentados se referem aos dados, obtidos nos anos de 2011 e 2012, concernentes a 545 psicólogos sociais e professores de psicologia social, dos quais 157 responderam na língua portuguesa e 388 em espanhol. A média de idade dos participantes foi de 41,5 anos (desvio-padrão = 11.4; mínimo = 21 anos; máximo = 78), sendo 54% do sexo feminino e 43% do sexo masculino. Os participantes se declaram originários de 19 países, sendo Espanha (158), Brasil (149), México (64) e Argentina (45) os mais frequentes. Com base nos resultados, procuramos classificar e posteriormente fazer uma estimativa da frequência de utilização dos métodos, considerando-os a partir da distribuição dos pesquisadores de duas regiões geográficas, América Latina e Península Ibérica. Dado que a distribuição geográfica não proporcionou um critério consistente para a diferenciação entre os métodos, procuramos entender as diferenças levando em consideração fundamentalmente a abordagem teórica acolhida pelo pesquisador.(AU)

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El presente trabajo presenta una revisión bibliográfica que enumera los problemas más comunes encontrados en los servicios de urgencias y las metodologías de investigación de operaciones más aplicadas para su estudio y solución. Se muestran las ventajas y desventajas de los métodosy los resultados obtenidos. Se encontró que los principales problemas abordados por los investigadores son: la ineficiencia en el flujo de pacientes, evaluar la capacidad del serviciovs. la demanda, y los largos tiempos de espera de los pacientes para ser atendidos. Se utiliza, principalmente, la simulación de eventos discretos y la programación matemática. Ningunade las referencias evaluadas plantea un cambio de esquema al sistema actual ni explora la reducción de la demanda...

This paper presents a literature revieAw that lists the most common problems encountered in emergency departments and operations research methodologies most applied for study and solution. The advantages and disadvantages of the methods and results are shown. We found that the main issues addressed by researchers are: inefficiency in the flow of patients, assess service capacity vs. demand and long waiting times of patients for treatment. It is mainly useddiscrete event simulation and mathematical programming. None of the references evaluated considering changing the current system outline and explore demand reduction...

Este trabalho apresenta revisão bibliográfica respeito dos problemas mais comumente encontradosnos serviços de urgências e das metodologias de pesquisa de operações mais aplicadas para seu estudo e solução. São mencionadas as vantagens e desvantagens dos métodos e resultados obtidos. Encontrou-se que as principais questões abordadas pelos pesquisadores foram: ineficiência no fluxo de pacientes, avaliar capacidade de serviço versus demanda real e longosperíodos de espera dos pacientes antes de serem atendidos, utilizando principalmente a simulação de eventos discretos e a programação matemática. Nas referências bibliográficas estudadas não foram encontradas propostas de mudanças aos sistemas de saúde vigentes nem mesmo estudosa respeito da redução da demanda...

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A new optimized semiquantitative yeast killer assay is reported for the first time. The killer activity of 36 yeast isolates belonging to three species, namely, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Wickerhamomyces anomala and Torulaspora delbrueckii, was tested with a view to potentially using these yeasts as biocontrol agents against the wine spoilage species Pichia guilliermondii and Pichia membranifaciens. The effectiveness of the classical streak-based (qualitative method) and the new semiquantitative techniques was compared. The percentage of yeasts showing killer activity was found to be higher by the semiquantitative technique (60%) than by the qualitative method (45%). In all cases, the addition of 1% NaCl into the medium allowed a better observation of the killer phenomenon. Important differences were observed in the killer capacity of different isolates belonging to a same killer species. The broadest spectrum of action was detected in isolates of W. anomala NPCC 1023 and 1025, and M. pulcherrima NPCC 1009 and 1013. We also brought experimental evidence supporting the importance of the adequate selection of the sensitive isolate to be used in killer evaluation. The new semiquantitative method proposed in this work enables to visualize the relationship between the number of yeasts tested and the growth of the inhibition halo (specific productivity). Hence, this experimental approach could become an interesting tool to be taken into account for killer yeast selection protocols.

En este trabajo se presenta un nuevo ensayo semicuantitativo que optimiza la detección de actividad killer en levaduras. Se evaluó la actividad killer de 36 cepas pertenecientes a las especies Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Wickerhamomyces anomala y Torulaspora delbrueckii, en vista del potencial uso de estas levaduras como agentes de biocontrol frente a las especies contaminantes de vinos Pichia guilliermondii y Pichia membranifaciens. Se comparó la efectividad de la técnica clásica basada en estrías (método cualitativo) con la del nuevo método semicuantitativo. El porcentaje de levaduras que mostraron actividad killer fue más alto cuando se utilizó el método semicuantitativo (60%) que con el método cualitativo (45%). En todos los casos, el agregado de 1% de NaCl en el medio permitió una mejor observación del fenómeno killer. Se observaron importantes diferencias en la capacidad killer de diferentes cepas dentro de la misma especie. Se detectaron dos cepas de W. anomala (NPCC 1023 y 1025) y dos cepas de M. pulcherrima (NPCC 1009 y 1013) con un amplio espectro de acción, ya que fueron capaces de inhibir el desarrollo de las tres levaduras sensibles evaluadas. La evidencia experimental demuestra la importancia de una adecuada selección de la cepa sensible al evaluar la actividad killer. El nuevo método semicuantitativo propuesto en este trabajo permite visualizar la relación entre el número de levaduras sembradas y el halo de inhibición del crecimiento (productividad específica). En conclusión, este método resulta una herramienta interesante para ser tenida en cuenta en los protocolos de selección de levaduras killer.

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Este artigo apresenta um panorama de questões importantes da área de avaliação psicológica nos últimos 25 anos no Brasil. Buscou-se discutir fundamentos epistemológicos da área, bem como suas relações com a ciência e a integração do pensamento nomotético e idiográfico da pesquisa com a prática profissional. Faz-se um apanhado histórico de eventos importantes e uma análise geral da produção de artigos. Descreve-se também a produção de instrumentos e o Sistema de Avaliação de Testes Psicológicos do Conselho Federal de Psicologia. Posteriormente, são apontadas perspectivas para o futuro em quatro áreas: avanços metodológicos e tecnológicos, integração de abordagens e avanço dos seus métodos, validade consequencial e relevância social, e incentivo à formação e à criação da especialidade em avaliação psicológica.

ABSTRACT This article presents an overview of important issues in the area of psychological assessment for the last 25 years in Brazil. It discusses the area's epistemological elements as well as their relations to science, and the integration of nomothetic and idiographic thinking in research with professional practice. It is presented a historical overview of major events and a general analysis of the publication in the area. The production of instruments and the Psychological Test Evaluation System of the Federal Council of Psychology are also described. Later, future perspectives are highlighted in four areas: methodological and technological advances, integration of approaches and advancement of their methods, consequential validity and social relevance, and the need to encourage training and the creation of expertise in psychological assessment.

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Este artigo apresenta um panorama de questões importantes da área de avaliação psicológica nos últimos 25 anos no Brasil. Buscou-se discutir fundamentos epistemológicos da área, bem como suas relações com a ciência e a integração do pensamento nomotético e idiográfico da pesquisa com a prática profissional. Faz-se um apanhado histórico de eventos importantes e uma análise geral da produção de artigos. Descreve-se também a produção de instrumentos e o Sistema de Avaliação de Testes Psicológicos do Conselho Federal de Psicologia. Posteriormente, são apontadas perspectivas para o futuro em quatro áreas: avanços metodológicos e tecnológicos, integração de abordagens e avanço dos seus métodos, validade consequencial e relevância social, e incentivo à formação e à criação da especialidade em avaliação psicológica.(AU)

ABSTRACT This article presents an overview of important issues in the area of psychological assessment for the last 25 years in Brazil. It discusses the area's epistemological elements as well as their relations to science, and the integration of nomothetic and idiographic thinking in research with professional practice. It is presented a historical overview of major events and a general analysis of the publication in the area. The production of instruments and the Psychological Test Evaluation System of the Federal Council of Psychology are also described. Later, future perspectives are highlighted in four areas: methodological and technological advances, integration of approaches and advancement of their methods, consequential validity and social relevance, and the need to encourage training and the creation of expertise in psychological assessment.(AU)

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