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Wild emmer (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) genotypes were studied for their high-nutritional value and good tolerance to various types of stress; for this reason, several QTL (quantitative trait loci) studies have been conducted to find favorable alleles to be introgressed into modern wheat cultivars. Given the complexity of the QTL nature, their interaction with the environment, and other QTLs, a small number of genotypes have been used in wheat breeding programs. Meta-QTL (MQTL) analysis helps to simplify the existing QTL information, identifying stable genomic regions and possible candidate genes for further allele introgression. The study aimed to identify stable QTL regions across different environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds using the QTL information of the past 14 years for different traits in wild emmer based upon 17 independent studies. A total of 41 traits were classified as quality traits (16), mineral composition traits (11), abiotic-related traits (13), and disease-related traits (1). The analysis revealed 852 QTLs distributed across all 14 chromosomes of wild emmer, with an average of 61 QTLs per chromosome. Quality traits had the highest number of QTLs (35%), followed by mineral content (33%), abiotic-related traits (28%), and disease-related traits (4%). Grain protein content (GPC) and thousand kernel weight (TKW) were associated with most of the QTLs detected. A total of 43 MQTLs were identified, simplifying the information, and reducing the average confidence interval (CI) from 22.6 to 4.78 cM. These MQTLs were associated with multiple traits across different categories. Nine candidate genes were identified for several stable MQTLs, potentially contributing to traits such as quality, mineral content, and abiotic stress resistance. These genes play essential roles in various plant processes, such as carbohydrate metabolism, nitrogen assimilation, cell wall biogenesis, and cell wall extensibility. Overall, this study underscores the importance of considering MQTL analysis in wheat breeding programs, as it identifies stable genomic regions associated with multiple traits, offering potential solutions for improving wheat varieties under diverse environmental conditions.

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It has been established that climate change has a direct impact on water availability, an essential resource for agricultural development. As a result, controlling, mitigating, and adapting to water deficit requires the advancement of research on promising wild flora species. As recent studies have shown, wild relatives of certain cultivars are tolerant to adverse factors, enabling the development of sustainable and resilient agriculture. The present study evaluated the morpho-physiology and productivity of tomato scions grafted on wild Solanaceae (Datura stramonium, Solanum sisymbriifolium, Solanum quitoense, and Cyphomandra betacea) grown under water deficit conditions (100% ETc - high level, 75% ETc - moderate level, 50% ETc - medium level, and 25% ETc - low level). The results showed that tomato plants grafted on Datura stramonium rootstocks performed better morpho-physiologically under deficit irrigation. The improved osmoregulation caused by a higher relative water content (98.49%) allowed the scion to be more tolerant to water stress. In addition, these scions showed high water potential during their phenological stages (vegetative -0.47 MPa, flowering -0.59 MPa, and production -0.64 MPa), as well as improved photosynthetic efficiency. The overall tolerance of the scion resulted in better yield (8.14 kg/plant) with higher number of commercially valuable fruits. The D. stramonium rootstock allowed better management and use of irrigation water, increasing productivity (54.95 kg/m3); that is, it is presented as a species with potential for establishing tomato production areas in scenarios of water scarcity or cultivation under deficit irrigation.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation pelleted Tenebrio molitor (TM) powder with chokeberry by-product (CBP) meal on duck production and meat quality traits. A total of 180 0-day-old Pekin ducks were allocated randomly between three dietary groups viz., control, Treatment 1, and Treatment 2, with three pens per group and twenty birds per pen, characterized by increasing levels of pelleted TM powder with CBP meal in concentration of 0%, 1.5%, and 3%, respectively, and reared until 42 days of age in a completely randomized design. On day 42, the ducks were sacrificed, and breast and thigh muscles were used for meat quality evaluations. Feeding pelleted TM powder with CBP meal resulted in a significant difference in final body weight, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (p<0.05). Additionally, a significant difference was observed in the pH of the breast meat samples (p<0.05). As the only significant difference between the breast and thigh meat, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl radical scavenging was influenced significantly by the dietary inclusion of pelleted TM powder with CBP meal (p<0.05). However, the values of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and meat color in both breast and thigh meat were insignificant (p>0.05) different among all groups. To conclude, the inclusion of up to 3 % of pelleted TM powder with CBP meal in the diets of ducks did improve the growth production and antioxidant characteristics effects, which could decrease TBARS and reflected by changes in 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl free DPPH radical scavenging values.(AU)

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Thirty-six castrated, seven months-old Hanwoo steers (initial body weight: 184 ± 5.2kg) were assigned to three treatments over 23 months to evaluate the effects of supplementation with bentonite (0, 0.1 and 0.3%) on growth performance and carcass and meat characteristics. A completely randomized design with three replicates was used. The inclusion of a bentonite-supplemented diet had an influence on final weight, total weight gain, and average daily gain. Bentonite supplementation had no significant effect on proximate composition and meat quality. For carcass characteristics, there were no significant differences in yield traits and quality traits between treatments (but not cold carcass weight, marbling score, and quality grade). It was concluded that supplementation with bentonite (0.1 and 0.3%) improved growth performance, cold carcass weight, marbling score and quality grade compared with the control, except for meat quality.(au)

Para avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com bentonita (0, 0,1 e 0,3%) sobre o desempenho de crescimento e características da carcaça e da carne, foram avaliados 36 novilhos Hanwoo, castrados, com sete meses de idade (peso inicial: 184 ± 5,2 kg) distribuídos nos três tratamentos. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. A inclusão de uma dieta suplementada com bentonita teve influência no peso final, ganho de peso total e ganho médio diário. A suplementação com bentonita não teve efeito significativo na composição centesimal e na qualidade da carne. Para as características de carcaça, não houve diferenças significativas nas características de rendimento e de qualidade entre os tratamentos (mas não o peso da carcaça fria, nível de marmoreio e grau de qualidade). Concluiu-se que a suplementação com bentonita (0,1 e 0,3%) melhorou o desempenho de crescimento, peso de carcaça fria, nível de marmoreio e grau de qualidade em relação ao controle, com exceção da qualidade da carne.(AU)

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Thirty-six castrated, seven months-old Hanwoo steers (initial body weight: 184 ± 5.2kg) were assigned to three treatments over 23 months to evaluate the effects of supplementation with bentonite (0, 0.1 and 0.3%) on growth performance and carcass and meat characteristics. A completely randomized design with three replicates was used. The inclusion of a bentonite-supplemented diet had an influence on final weight, total weight gain, and average daily gain. Bentonite supplementation had no significant effect on proximate composition and meat quality. For carcass characteristics, there were no significant differences in yield traits and quality traits between treatments (but not cold carcass weight, marbling score, and quality grade). It was concluded that supplementation with bentonite (0.1 and 0.3%) improved growth performance, cold carcass weight, marbling score and quality grade compared with the control, except for meat quality.(au)

Para avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com bentonita (0, 0,1 e 0,3%) sobre o desempenho de crescimento e características da carcaça e da carne, foram avaliados 36 novilhos Hanwoo, castrados, com sete meses de idade (peso inicial: 184 ± 5,2 kg) distribuídos nos três tratamentos. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. A inclusão de uma dieta suplementada com bentonita teve influência no peso final, ganho de peso total e ganho médio diário. A suplementação com bentonita não teve efeito significativo na composição centesimal e na qualidade da carne. Para as características de carcaça, não houve diferenças significativas nas características de rendimento e de qualidade entre os tratamentos (mas não o peso da carcaça fria, nível de marmoreio e grau de qualidade). Concluiu-se que a suplementação com bentonita (0,1 e 0,3%) melhorou o desempenho de crescimento, peso de carcaça fria, nível de marmoreio e grau de qualidade em relação ao controle, com exceção da qualidade da carne.

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Background: Reference values are very important in clinical management of diseased animal. The mutton quality characteristics not only could reflect the breed of sheep, but also allow for a selection of improved meat quality in the breed analyzed with more attractive sensory attributes. The aim of this study was to establish reference values for commonly used hematologic and biochemical parameters and evaluating the amino acid and fatty acid composition of meat quality traits of Tibetan sheep.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 80 Tibetan sheep were randomly selected. Blood samples were collected used for hematological and biochemical analysis. The contents of mineral elements in serum were also measured. The animals were slaughtered according to commercial procedures. The mutton samples were removed from the Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles used for amino acid and fatty acid composition analyzed. We have established a locally relevant reference parameters for commonly used hematological and biochemical tests. Most hematological and serum biochemical values were similar to those of yaks and camels, but the Hemoglobin (HGB) concentration was a little higher. The concentrations of Cu, Zn and Se were remarkably lower than critical values in the present study. LD muscle in Tibetan sheep had a higher proportion of total PUFA. We found a large amount of Glu, Lys, Asp, Leu and Arg in the LD muscle of Tibetan sheep. Discussion: Hematological and biochemical parameters are useful tools in measuring the physiological status of animals because they may provide information for diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. Tibetan sheep has survived for millions of generations in this low oxygen condition on the plateau. Tibetan sheep must have evolved exceptional mechanisms to adapt to this extremely inhospitable habitat. The study about Tibetan sheep will undoubtedly facilitate the discovery of potential molecular mechanisms of high-altitude adaptation.[...]

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Background: Reference values are very important in clinical management of diseased animal. The mutton quality characteristics not only could reflect the breed of sheep, but also allow for a selection of improved meat quality in the breed analyzed with more attractive sensory attributes. The aim of this study was to establish reference values for commonly used hematologic and biochemical parameters and evaluating the amino acid and fatty acid composition of meat quality traits of Tibetan sheep.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 80 Tibetan sheep were randomly selected. Blood samples were collected used for hematological and biochemical analysis. The contents of mineral elements in serum were also measured. The animals were slaughtered according to commercial procedures. The mutton samples were removed from the Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles used for amino acid and fatty acid composition analyzed. We have established a locally relevant reference parameters for commonly used hematological and biochemical tests. Most hematological and serum biochemical values were similar to those of yaks and camels, but the Hemoglobin (HGB) concentration was a little higher. The concentrations of Cu, Zn and Se were remarkably lower than critical values in the present study. LD muscle in Tibetan sheep had a higher proportion of total PUFA. We found a large amount of Glu, Lys, Asp, Leu and Arg in the LD muscle of Tibetan sheep. Discussion: Hematological and biochemical parameters are useful tools in measuring the physiological status of animals because they may provide information for diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. Tibetan sheep has survived for millions of generations in this low oxygen condition on the plateau. Tibetan sheep must have evolved exceptional mechanisms to adapt to this extremely inhospitable habitat. The study about Tibetan sheep will undoubtedly facilitate the discovery of potential molecular mechanisms of high-altitude adaptation.[...](AU)

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Background CDIPT (CDP-diacylglycerol-inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase, EC 2.7.8.11) was found on the cytoplasmic side of the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum. It was an integral membrane protein performing the last step in the de novo biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns). In recent years, PtdIns has been considered to play an essential role in energy metabolism, fatty acid metabolic pathway and intracellular signal transduction in eukaryotic cells. Results In this study, the results of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed that the expression of CDIPT gene was remarkably different in diverse tissues. We also detected the polymorphism of bovine CDIPT gene and analyzed its association with body measurement and meat quality traits of Qinchuan cattle. Blood samples were obtained from 638 Qinchuan cattle aged from 18 to 24 months. DNA sequencing and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to find CDIPT gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Three SNPs g.244T>C (NCBI: rs42069760), g.1496G>A and g.1514G>A were found in this study. g.244T>C located at 5'untranslated region (5'UTR) of exon 1 showed three genotypes: TT, TC and CC. g.1496G>A and g.1514G>A detected the first time were located in intron 3 and showed the same genotypes: GG, GA and AA. Conclusions Analysis results showed that these three SNPs were significantly associated with body measurement traits (BMTs) and meat quality traits (MQTs). We suggested that CDIPT gene may have potential effects on BMTs and MQTs and can be used for marker-assisted selection.

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Background: We investigated the polymorphisms of the bovine chemokine receptor-like 1(CMKLR1) gene. The coding region of CMKLR1 was screened in Qinchuan cattle by PCR-RFLP technology. Results: In this study, we discovered two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (264G > C and 762C > T) in the coding region of the CMKLR1 gene. Hence, we described the BmgT120l and Pdm1 PCR-RFLP methods for detecting the 64G > C and 762C > T mutations, respectively. PCR-RFLP and sequencing were used to analyze the two loci of CMKLR1 gene in 324 individuals, which were randomly selected from breeding populations. Furthermore, meat quality traits in another 80 Qinchuan individuals were analyzed by the comparison between the genotypes and their phenotypic data. Conclusions: The results showed that the G264C SNP and C762T SNP of bovine CMKLR1 were significantly associated with backfat thickness (BFT) and water holding capacity (WHC), respectively.

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A seleção precoce de clones que possuam níveis elevados de matéria seca e baixos teores de açúcares redutores é uma necessidade nos programas de melhoramento para a qualidade de processamento da batata (Solanum tuberosum L.) na forma de palitos fritos ou chips. A seleção precoce tornou-se possível com a utilização de marcadores genéticos, visto que permitem a identificação precisa de indivíduos superiores. Assim, procura-se cada vez mais encontrar marcadores capazes de caracterizar tais indivíduos e utilizá-los via seleção assistida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência da seleção assistida, utilizando os marcadores identificados por ANDREU (2004) que estariam associados ao teor de matéria seca e açúcares redutores em tubérculos de batata. Clones provenientes de 20 famílias foram avaliados nas gerações de plântula (P), primeira geração clonal (C1) e segunda geração clonal (C2). As estimativas das correlações simples para os caracteres entre gerações foram significativas, porém, baixas, confirmando a inviabilidade de se efetuar a seleção precoce nas primeiras gerações com base apenas em informações fenotípicas. Os marcadores utilizados forneceram um total de 16 marcas. Pela regressão múltipla stepwise, apenas sete dessas marcas tiveram associação com os caracteres estudados. Além disso, nenhuma marca associada ao teor de matéria seca de tubérculos na geração C1 teve associação significativa na geração C2. Isso também foi observado com o teor de açúcares redutores, o que é um indicativo da interação QTLs x ambientes. A seleção assistida não se mostrou eficiente em relação à fenotípica em nenhum dos casos avaliados, portanto, não sendo útil em uma possível seleção precoce. Esses resultados indicam que tais marcadores não estão próximos aos genes controladores dos caracteres desejados, sendo necessária a identificação de novos marcadores mais associados que possibilitem maior eficiência da seleção assistida.

Early generation selection for clones with high content of tuber dry matter and low levels of reducing sugars is required for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) processing. Selection of superior clones at early generations became possible with the deployment of genetic markers, and can precisely identify the superior individuals. Therefore, it is necessary to identify genetic markers closely linked to genes of interest to do assisted selection. The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of marker assisted selection with genetic markers previously identified by ANDREU (2004), which are assumed to be associated with dry matter and reducing sugars content in potato tubers. Clones from 20 families were evaluated during the seedling generation (S), first clonal generation (C1) and second clonal generation (C2). The estimated coefficients of correlation for all traits among generations were significant, even though of low magnitude, confirming that selection at early generation based only on phenotypic traits is inviable. A total of sixteen bands were amplified using these markers. However, by multiple stepwise regression, only seven of these bands showed association with the evaluated traits. Moreover, no markers associated with dry matter and reducing sugars content in the C1 were significantly associated with these traits in the C2, suggesting the existence of QTLs x environment interactions. The marker assisted selection resulted less efficient than the phenotypic selection in all cases studied, and thus is not recommended for early generation selection of clones for the processing industry. These results suggest that the markers used are not closely linked to the genes controlling the traits most important for processing. Therefore, it is important to identify new markers closely linked with such traits of interest that could improve the efficiency of marker assisted selection.

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The genetic relationships between amylose content (AC) and appearance quality traits of indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) were investigated using conditional analysis and unconditional analysis in present experiment. The results from the unconditional analysis indicated that AC of rice positively correlated with brown rice (BR, i.e., dehulled but unmilled rice) length (BRL), width (BRW) and thickness (BRT), but was negatively correlated with the ratio of length to width (RLW). The conditional analysis showed that weight of brown rice (WBR) negatively affected the genetic relationships between AC and the appearance quality traits of rice except between AC and BRW, while the genetic relationships between AC and most appearance quality traits were negatively affected by protein content (PC). However, these influences were not apparent due to the impact of WBR or PC on the most covariance components of the different genetic systems between AC and the appearance quality traits. The conditional analysis showed that it was possible to improve AC while significantly reduce BRL and BRT under maintaining WBR. Furthermore, AC could be improved when BRL was reduced under maintaining PC, but BRW and BRT could be significantly increased.