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INTRODUCCIÓN: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disease that is characterized for an elevated pressure in the pulmonary artery and an increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). Inhaled milrinone has demonstrated acting as a selective pulmonary vasodilator, being a useful tool for the treatment of patients with PH in the perioperative. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We report a successful case of inhaled milrinone in PH in cardiovascular surgery. The patient signed the informed consent for this report. DISCUSSION: Patients with PH has increased risk of perioperative complications (mortality as far as 37-90%) The management with intravenous vasodilators is frequently limited because of secondary effects of vasodilation and hypotension affecting the myocardial perfusion pressure. Milrinone is an inodilator that acts as an inhibitor of the phosphodiesterase III. Wang et al., and posterior studies have demonstrated that administered by inhalation it acts as a selective pulmonary vasodilator and inotrope, with a minor systemic effect. CONCLUSION: Inhaled milrinone have demonstrated to be a useful drug to lower PH, PVR and to enhance inotropism without deleterious systemic effects. Wide availability, lower costs and ease of administration make you think as it could be an ideal tool for perioperative management in patients with PH. There are still more studies to define it´s potentials.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La hipertensión pulmonar (HTP) es una enfermedad caracterizada por la elevación de las presiones de arteria pulmonar (PAP) y un aumento de la resistencia vascular pulmonar (RVP). La milrinona inhalada ha demostrado actuar como un vasodilatador pulmonar selectivo siendo una herramienta útil en el manejo de los pacientes con HTP en el perioperatorio. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Reportamos un caso exitoso de milrinona inhalada en HTP en cirugía cardiovascular. La paciente firmó el consentimiento informado para este reporte. DISCUSIÓN: Pacientes con HTP tienen mayor riesgo de complicaciones perioperatorias (mortalidad hasta 37-90%). Su manejo con vasodilatadores intravenosos es frecuentemente limitado por sus efectos secundarios de vasodilatación e hipotensión, perjudicando la presión de perfusión miocárdica. La milrinona es un inodilatador que actúa como inhibidor de la fosfodiesterasa III. Wang et al., y estudios posteriores, han demostrado que administrada por vía inhalatoria actúa como un vasodilatador pulmonar selectivo e inótropo, con menor efecto sistémico. CONCLUSIÓN: La milrinona inhalada ha demostrado ser una herramienta útil para la disminución de la PAP, RVP y mejoría del inotropismo, sin efectos sistémicos deletéreos. Su amplia disponibilidad, menor costo y facilidad de administración, hacen pensar que podría ser una herramienta útil para el manejo perioperatorio de los pacientes con HTP. Hacen falta más trabajos para definir sus potencialidades.

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La hipertensión arterial pulmonar (HAP) es una enfermedad crónica, que se caracteriza por el aumento de la resistencia vascular pulmonar (RVP) a nivel de la arteriola pulmonar, que provoca una progresiva sobrecarga y posterior disfunción del ventrículo derecho (VD), que en etapas finales lleva a la insuficiencia cardiaca derecha, la cual sella su pronóstico. La HAP es más frecuente en mujeres jóvenes en plena edad productiva, siendo la supervivencia media de 2-3 años, antes de la aparición de terapias específicas. La base genética sugiere una herencia autosómica dominante con penetrancia incompleta, reconociéndose principalmente la afección del BMPR2. En la etiopatogenia se reconoce una alteración en las señales que controlan fundamentalmente el equilibrio vasocontrictor-vasodilatador a nivel del endotelio, con un desbalance hacia la proliferación y vasoconstricción, en las que están involucradas 3 vías patogénicas: La del Óxido nítrico (ON), de la Prostaciclina (PG) y de la Endotelina (ET). El diagnóstico precoz de la HAP se asocia con una mejor supervivencia a largo plazo, por lo que su búsqueda ante un paciente con disnea, fatiga, dolor torácico y/o síncopes, así como en las poblaciones en riesgo, como son familiares en 1° con HAP, Esclerodermia y portadores de Hipertensión Portal, debería ser la estrategia de elección. La Ecocardiografía Doppler (ECO) es la herramienta de pesquisa más utilizada en la práctica clínica actual. El diagnóstico debe ser confirmado mediante un cateterismo derecho, con mediciones directas de la presión arterial pulmonar, y debe realizarse prueba de vasoreactividad. El advenimiento de los tratamientos farmacológicos-HAP específicos ha provocado un cambio en la evolución natural de la enfermedad, existiendo hoy terapias orientadas a controlar las principales vías patogénicas involucradas: ON, PG, y ET. Los principales factores pronósticos que permiten guiar la terapia y la adición de fármacos específicos a la terapia inicial son: clase funcional, ECO, NT pro-BNP, distancia recorrida en el test de caminata de seis minutos y variables hemodinámicas del cateterismo. El Trasplante bi-pulmonar está reservado para los pacientes que no responden al tratamiento médico en asociación máxima para el medio en que le paciente se encuentre.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic disease, characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) at the pulmonary arterioles, which causes a progressive overload and subsequent dysfunction of the right ventricle (RV), which final stages leading to right heart failure, which seals their prognosis. PAH is more common in young women in middle-age, with the median survival of 2-3 years, before the advent of targeted therapies. The genetic basis suggests an autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance, mainly recognizing the condition of BMPR2. An alteration in the etiopathogenesis is recognized in the control signals mainly vasoconstrictor-vasodilator balance level endothelium, with an imbalance towards proliferation and vasoconstriction, which are involved three pathogenic pathways: The nitric oxide (NO), Prostacyclin (PG) and endothelin (ET). Early diagnosis of PAH is associated with better long-term survival, so the search for a patient with dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain and / or syncope, as well as at-risk populations, such as with relatives 1 PAH, scleroderma and Portal Hypertension carriers, should be the strategy of choice. Doppler (ECO) Echocardiography is the most widely used research tool in current clinical practice. The diagnosis should be confirmed by right heart catheterization, with direct measurement of pulmonary artery pressure, and vasoreactivity testing should be performed. The advent of drug-specific PAH treatment has caused a change in the natural history of the disease, existing today aimed at controlling major pathogenic pathways involved therapies: ON, PG, and ET. The main prognostic factors that help guide therapy and the addition of specific drugs to initial therapy are: functional class, ECO, NT pro-BNP, distance covered in the walk test six minutes and catheterization hemodynamic variables. The bi-lung transplant is reserved for patients who do not respond to medical treatment in full partnership for the environment in which patient you are.

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A hipertensão pulmonar apresentou desenvolvimento bastante significativo nas últimas duas décadas, devido ao maior conhecimento fisiopatológico de suas mais diversas formas. Espelhando esse desenvolvimento, houve evolução da definição assim como do sistema de classificação da hipertensão pulmonar que divide os pacientes em 5 grupos distintos: hipertensão arterial pulmonar (HAP); Hipertensão pulmonar causada por doenças do coração esquerdo; Hipertensão pulmonar causada por doença pulmonar e/ou hipóxia; Hipertensão pulmonar tromboembólica crônica e Hipertensão pulmonar com mecanismos multifatoriais ou não esclarecidos. A classificação adequada dos pacientes é a base para a instituição terapêutica apropriada, particularmente considerando que a evidência atual que sustenta o uso das medicações disponíveis principalmente na doença arterial pulmonar. Sua adoção reforça a necessidade de avaliação diagnóstica abrangente em todos os casos de hipertensão pulmonar...

Pulmonary hypertension showed significant development in the last two decades due to higher pathophysiological knowledge of its various forms. Mirroring these developments, there was evolution of the definition as well as pulmonary hypertension classification system that divides patients into five groups: pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); Pulmonary hypertension caused by left heart diseases; Pulmonary hypertension caused by pulmonary disease and / or hypoxia; Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary hypertension with multifactorial mechanisms or unclear. The appropriate classification of patients is the basis for appropriate therapeutic institution particularly since the current evidence supporting the use of drugs available mainly in the lung artery disease. Its adoption reinforces the need for comprehensive diagnostic evaluation in all cases of pulmonary hypertension...

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The prupose of this study was to investigate physiological changes post-pulmonary ressections, measured toward, current volume, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, radiology, blood gases. In this study, three series of clinical healthy mongrel dog (three male and tive female) were submitted to lobectomy, bilobectomy and pneumonectomy, each animal serving as it own control. An increase of the current volume in all dogs operated. Was detected pulmonary edema associated with respiratory acidosis and hipoxic were observed in bilobectomy and pneumonectomy resulted of lung ressections and changes perfusions.

A proposta deste trabalho foi investigar as alterações fisiológicas, pós-ressecções pulmonares, medidas através do volume corrente, pressão arterial média, pressão venosa central, radiologia e gasometria sanguínea. Oito cães sem raça definida, clinicamente sadios (três machos e cinco fêmeas) foram divididos em três séries: lobectomisados, bilobectomisados e pneumectomisados, cada animal servindo como próprio controle (pré e pós-operatório). Foi diagnosticado aumento do volume corrente em todos os cães operados. Nos animais bilobectomisados e pneumectomisados detectou-se edema pulmonar, acidose respiratória com hipoxemia resultante das ressecções pulmonares e das mudanças perfusionais.

RESUMO

The prupose of this study was to investigate physiological changes post-pulmonary ressections, measured toward, current volume, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, radiology, blood gases. In this study, three series of clinical healthy mongrel dog (three male and tive female) were submitted to lobectomy, bilobectomy and pneumonectomy, each animal serving as it own control. An increase of the current volume in all dogs operated. Was detected pulmonary edema associated with respiratory acidosis and hipoxic were observed in bilobectomy and pneumonectomy resulted of lung ressections and changes perfusions.

A proposta deste trabalho foi investigar as alterações fisiológicas, pós-ressecções pulmonares, medidas através do volume corrente, pressão arterial média, pressão venosa central, radiologia e gasometria sanguínea. Oito cães sem raça definida, clinicamente sadios (três machos e cinco fêmeas) foram divididos em três séries: lobectomisados, bilobectomisados e pneumectomisados, cada animal servindo como próprio controle (pré e pós-operatório). Foi diagnosticado aumento do volume corrente em todos os cães operados. Nos animais bilobectomisados e pneumectomisados detectou-se edema pulmonar, acidose respiratória com hipoxemia resultante das ressecções pulmonares e das mudanças perfusionais.