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OBJECTIVES: The situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on the mental, physical, and social health of nursing home staff. The operations and protocols of long-term care facilities had to be adapted to a new, unforeseen, and unknown situation in which a devastating and highly contagious disease was causing large numbers of deaths. The aim of this study was to determine the cumulative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on care, technical, coordinating-supervisory, and managerial staff working in nursing homes. METHODS: Correlation analysis and between-group comparisons were carried out to study the relationship between burnout scores, emotional balance, and organic and behavioral symptoms. RESULTS: The results indicate high levels of burnout and psychological exhaustion. Management professionals displayed higher levels of organic and behavioral symptoms than other professional categories in the same care settings. Despite this negative symptomatology, most professionals showed a positive emotional balance. CONCLUSION: The need to develop intervention programs to improve the mental, physical, and occupational health of the staff in nursing homes, considering the needs of different professional categories, is emphasized.

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Abstract Objectives The situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on the mental, physical, and social health of nursing home staff. The operations and protocols of long-term care facilities had to be adapted to a new, unforeseen, and unknown situation in which a devastating and highly contagious disease was causing large numbers of deaths. The aim of this study was to determine the cumulative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on care, technical, coordinating-supervisory, and managerial staff working in nursing homes. Methods Correlation analysis and between-group comparisons were carried out to study the relationship between burnout scores, emotional balance, and organic and behavioral symptoms. Results The results indicate high levels of burnout and psychological exhaustion. Management professionals displayed higher levels of organic and behavioral symptoms than other professional categories in the same care settings. Despite this negative symptomatology, most professionals showed a positive emotional balance. Conclusion The need to develop intervention programs to improve the mental, physical, and occupational health of the staff in nursing homes, considering the needs of different professional categories, is emphasized.

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This study aimed to understand the expressions of fear in the journeys of health professionals who worked in the confrontation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in the city of Manaus, in the Brazilian Western Amazon. This is an exploratory qualitative study that adopts interpretive description as a method to generate informed knowledge responsive to the needs of the practice. We included 56 participants, comprising 23 health managers and 33 health workers (middle and higher level) of different professional categories. The results revealed three circles of experience: (1) knowledge and professional experience in dealing with the disease (unknown-known-experienced); (2) the growing proximity to death and loss (predicted-witnessed-suffered); and (3) the involvement and proximity to whatever affects the individual, their emotions, and personal transformations in the face of the threat (the collective, the neighbor, and oneself). Our results suggest that health professionals who worked during the COVID-19 pandemic in Manaus experienced insecurity, dread, and fear, illustrating the complexity of developing their activities in the front line of care and management during the different phases of the pandemic. A contribution of the study is precisely that of capturing this complexity, which suggests the impossibility of analyzing fear only in its simple manifestation, or in each circle of experience.

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Introducción: La pandemia de COVID-19 ha creado una situación de crisis que requiere un enfrentamiento a los efectos directos del virus y otros problemas de salud relacionados por el temor al contagio, y a las medidas de confinamiento que repercuten en la salud mental. Objetivo: Describir afectaciones de la salud mental relacionadas con la COVID-19. Métodos: Se efectuó una revisión bibliográfica documental, mediante búsquedas electrónicas en las bases de datos científicas MEDLINE, Pubmed, EBsCO y Scielo. Se utilizaron como palabras clave: pandemia COVID-19; salud mental y COVID; cuarentena; impacto psicológico de la COVID-19 y su equivalente en inglés. Se consideraron comunicaciones oficiales de organismos internacionales, regionales y nacionales. Como resultado de la búsqueda se analizaron 44 artículos científicos que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. El período de estudio estuvo comprendido entre septiembre del 2020 y febrero del 2021, en La Habana, Cuba. Conclusiones: La pandemia COVID-19 ha provocado un impacto negativo en la salud mental. Los síntomas más frecuentes desde el punto de vista de la salud mental han sido: depresión, ansiedad irritabilidad, insomnio, ira, agotamiento emocional y pánico. Se observó trastorno de estrés postraumático. El análisis y conocimiento de los resultados expuestos en esta revisión pueden ser útiles para la valoración de medidas que contribuyan a mitigar los trastornos emocionales en la población y prestarles atención especial a las afectaciones en la salud mental en grupos vulnerables, particularmente al personal de salud(AU)

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has created a crisis situation that requires coping with the direct effects of the virus and other related health problems due to fear of contagion, and confinement measures that impact mental health. Objective: To describe mental health effects related to COVID-19. Methods: A documentary literature review was carried out by means of electronic searches in the scientific databases MEDLINE, PubMed, Ebsco and SciELO. Key words used were: COVID-19 pandemic; mental health and COVID; quarantine; psychological impact of COVID-19 and its English equivalent. Official communications from international, regional and national agencies were considered. As a result of the search, 44 scientific articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. The study period was between September 2020 and February 2021, in Havana, Cuba. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on mental health. The most frequent symptoms from the mental health point of view have been: depression, anxiety, irritability, insomnia, anger, emotional exhaustion and panic. Post-traumatic stress disorder was observed. The analysis and knowledge of the results presented in this review may be useful for the assessment of measures that contribute to mitigate emotional disorders in the population and pay special attention to mental health effects in vulnerable groups, particularly health personnel(AU)

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BACKGROUND: Perinatal grief is one of the most complex and devastating types of mourning for both mothers and fathers; however, there is still little research on the psychological impact on men who experience it. Therefore, the objective of this study was to summarize and synthetize the existing literature on the way men's grief is experienced. METHODS: A search was carried out to examine three databases for articles published in the last four years; 56 articles were obtained, and 12 were retained for analysis. RESULTS: Four common themes were found: the men's experience of grief, their role as fathers, the impact of the death, and their needs regarding grief and how to face it. CONCLUSIONS: There is also a need for discussion of the importance of validating perinatal grief in men and studies that examine it without social gender stigmas in order to provide them with effective emotional support.

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Recent literature emphasizes how the specific stressors of the COVID-19 outbreak affect the general population and frontline professionals, including those conducting support or backup activities in health units, which can lead to vicarious traumatization. Vicarious traumatization has been used to describe negative emotional reactions in mental health professionals who assist or treat victims of traumatic events. Thus, the aim of this article is to report the actions used in the face of the psychological demands of professionals in a hospital, who were not on the frontline of COVID-19. We collected their sociodemographic information and checked the psychological impact using the depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21), which was followed by a psychoeducational program (topics related to COVID-19 control and prevention), and individual psychological care for the most severe cases. A total of 118 professionals participated in this study; they were between 20 and 67 years old. Mild to moderate anxiety was observed in 36.5% of the medical teams, 83.3% of the administrative staff, and 65.7% of general service workers, while stress symptoms were observed in 80.2%, 83.3%, and 59.9%, respectively. Depressive symptoms (35.3%) were more frequent in general service workers. The medical teams reported the benefits of primary psychological care, while the other professionals demanded more institutional support services related to the prevention and use of personal protective equipment. This study highlights relevant psychological demands that have repercussions on the daily lives of professionals. The psychoeducational program was considered positive regarding clarification actions. However, it was not perceived as effective in reducing fear, which may result from vicarious traumatization and requires other intervention modalities.

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The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health emergency that could potentially have a serious impact on public health. Fear has been one of the most frequent psychological reaction in the population during the current pandemic. The aim of this study was to compare fear of COVID-19 between genders and to examine whether the differences between genders may be predictors of fear of COVID-19 scores. A cross-sectional web-based survey design was adopted. The sample comprised 772 Cuban participants. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale was used to explore fear reactions in the sample. An independent-samples t test was conducted to compare the fear of COVID-19 scores between genders, and multinomial logistic regression was modeling to identify variables independently associated with fear of coronavirus. In our sample, on average, female participants experienced significantly greater fear of COVID-19 than men. The gender of participants significantly predicted the level of fear of COVID-19. Being female was a predictor of medium and high levels of fear of COVID-19. The odds of a female with middle fear levels compared to low fear was 3.13 times more than for a male, and the odds of a female with high fear levels compared to low fear was 3.45 times more than for a male. Our results corroborate international research that indicate a greater psychological vulnerability in women during the COVID-19 pandemic. This result points to the need to design interventions that reduce the negative impact of the current outbreak on women's mental health.

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Abstract Recent literature emphasizes how the specific stressors of the COVID-19 outbreak affect the general population and frontline professionals, including those conducting support or backup activities in health units, which can lead to vicarious traumatization. Vicarious traumatization has been used to describe negative emotional reactions in mental health professionals who assist or treat victims of traumatic events. Thus, the aim of this article is to report the actions used in the face of the psychological demands of professionals in a hospital, who were not on the frontline of COVID-19. We collected their sociodemographic information and checked the psychological impact using the depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21), which was followed by a psychoeducational program (topics related to COVID-19 control and prevention), and individual psychological care for the most severe cases. A total of 118 professionals participated in this study; they were between 20 and 67 years old. Mild to moderate anxiety was observed in 36.5% of the medical teams, 83.3% of the administrative staff, and 65.7% of general service workers, while stress symptoms were observed in 80.2%, 83.3%, and 59.9%, respectively. Depressive symptoms (35.3%) were more frequent in general service workers. The medical teams reported the benefits of primary psychological care, while the other professionals demanded more institutional support services related to the prevention and use of personal protective equipment. This study highlights relevant psychological demands that have repercussions on the daily lives of professionals. The psychoeducational program was considered positive regarding clarification actions. However, it was not perceived as effective in reducing fear, which may result from vicarious traumatization and requires other intervention modalities.

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RESUMEN Introducción: la pandemia del coronavirus (COVID-19) y las medidas de distanciamiento social utilizado para mitigar la propagación del virus puede tener graves consecuencias para la salud mental. Objetivo: investigar la red de componentes de la sintomatología de la angustia psicológica, estrés y el miedo al COVID-19 en adultos peruanos durante la primera oleada pandémica en el Perú durante el 2020. Métodos: fueron incluidos 609 adultos peruanos (57,51% mujeres; M edad: 27,04) de la ciudad Metropolitana de Lima, quienes respondieron los instrumentos adaptados al español: Impact of event scale-revised-R (IES-R), Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) y Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), cuyas respuestas de los reactivos representaron el análisis de red con las medidas de centralidad y estabilidad de los nodos. Resultados: se observaron mayores medidas de centralidad en los reactivos de estado de ánimo depresivo, miedo al contagio y miedo a la muerte por COVID-19. Las mayores conexiones de red se encontraron entre los síntomas depresivos, síntomas postraumáticos de evitación, síntomas emocionales del miedo al COVID-19. Asimismo, se demostró la estabilidad de las medidas de centralidad de fuerza y la precisión de los nodos o variables de la red. Conclusiones: los participantes manifestaron mayores niveles de síntomas de depresión y miedo al COVID-19, tales síntomas fueron más centrales en la red y reportaron conexiones de mayor activación en la red, cuya consideración es determinante para una mejor eficacia en la intervención y prevención ante la pandemia para los profesionales de las ciencias de la salud y del comportamiento

ABSTRACT Introduction: The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) and the social distancing measures used to mitigate the spread of the virus may have serious mental health consequences. Objective: To investigate the components network of the symptomatology of psychological distress, stress and fear of COVID-19 in Peruvian adults during the first pandemic wave in Peru during 2020. Methods: Six hundred nine Peruvian adults were includeds (57.51% women; M age: 27.04) from the Metropolitan city of Lima, who responded to the instruments adapted to Spanish: Impact of event scale-revised-R (IES-R), Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) and Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), whose item responses represented the network analysis with measures of centrality and stability of the nodes. Results: Higher measures of centrality were observed for the depressed mood, fear of contagion and fear of death items by COVID-19. The greatest network connections were found among depressive symptoms, post-traumatic avoidance symptoms, emotional symptoms of fear of COVID-19. Also, the stability of the strength centrality measures and the accuracy of the network nodes or variables was demonstrated. Conclusions: Participants manifested higher levels of symptoms of depression and fear of COVID-19, such symptoms were more central in the network, and reported higher activation connections in the network, the consideration of which is determinant for better effectiveness in pandemic intervention and prevention for health and behavioral sciences professionals

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Distinct sources of stress have emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic. Particularly, fear is expected to generate significant psychological burden on individuals and influence on either unsafe behavior that may hinder recovery efforts or virus-mitigating behaviors. However, little is known about the properties of measures to capture them in research and clinical settings. To resolve this gap, we evaluated the psychometric properties of a novel measure of fear of illness and viruses and tested its predictive value for future development of distress. We extracted a random sample of 450 Chilean adult participants from a large cross-sectional survey panel and invited to participate in this intensive longitudinal study for 35 days. Of these, 163 ended up enrolling in the study after the demanding nature of the measurement schedule was clearly explained to them. For this final sample, we calculated different Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) to evaluate the preliminary proposed structure for the instrument. Complementarily, we conducted a content analysis of the items to qualitatively extract its latent structure, which was also subject to empirical test via CFA. Results indicated that the original structure did not fit the data well; however, the new proposed structure based on the content analysis did. Overall, the modified instrument showed good reliability through all subscales both by its internal consistency with Cronbach's alphas ranging from 0.814 to 0.913, and with test-retest correlations ranging from 0.715 to 0.804. Regarding its convergent validity, individuals who scored higher in fears tended to also score higher in depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms at baseline. Furthermore, higher fears at baseline predicted a higher score in posttraumatic stress symptomatology 7 days later. These results provide evidence for the validity, reliability, and predictive performance of the scale. As the scale is free and multidimensional potentially not circumscribed to COVID-19, it might work as a step toward understanding the psychological impact of current and future pandemics, or further life-threatening health situations of similar characteristics. Limitations, practical implications, and future directions for research are discussed.

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Background: The study of aspects related to positive mental health and well-being in the general population with a gender approach is a necessity in the current context imposed by COVID-19. Objective: To explore gender as a predictor of subjective well-being during COVID-19 in a sample of the Cuban population. Design: A cross-sectional web-based survey design was adopted. The sample consisted of 129 Cuban participants. The Subjective Well-being-Reduced Scale (SW-RS) was used to explore subjective well-being in the sample. Descriptive statistics were used to explore the participants' characteristics. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify variables independently associated with the participants' subjective well-being. Results: The gender of participants significantly predicted subjective well-being levels. The probability of males having middle or high levels of subjective well-being, rather than low levels, was 4.16 times greater than in females. The probability of males having a high self-image instead of a low one was 4.35 times greater than in females. According to the self-satisfaction dimension, the odds of males having high rather than low self-satisfaction were five times more than in females. In this sample, gender did not predict whether participants had middle or high levels of the hedonic dimension. Conclusion: Our results corroborated international studies that have indicated the coincidence of lower well-being and greater psychosocial risk in women during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results also indicated the need to dig deeper into the experiences of subjective well-being from a gender perspective, and to strengthen the sufficiency and effectiveness of the actions and guidance that are offered to the population from psychological care services, the media, and public policies.

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As we all know, COVID-19 has impacted the entire world. Quarantine disrupts people's lives, with high levels of stress and negative psychological impacts. Studies carried out mostly in the Far East, Europe, or the United States have started to provide evidence on survivors, frontline healthcare workers, and parents. The present study is the first survey to be carried out in Latin America (in Santiago, the capital of Chile). It aims to (a) explore the perceived psychological impact and future concerns; (b) evaluate vulnerability factors; (c) describe the perceived psychological impacts on participants whose psychological help and actual online psychotherapy was interrupted; and (d) explore the future need for psychological help. Procedure: An online survey was carried out (the first 2 weeks of lockdown in Santiago), which included sociodemographic data, perceived psychological impact, future concerns, and questions about psychological support. Participants: A total of 3,919 subjects answered, mostly women (80%). Results: The main perceived psychological impacts were concern (67%) and anxiety (60%). Future concerns were: general health (55.3%), employment (53.1%), and finances (49.8%). Younger participants had a greater perceived psychological impact (p's < 0.01) and concerns about employment, finances, mental health, stigma, and general health (p's < 0.001). Women reported more perceived psychological impact than men (p's < 0.05). Men reported mainly boredom (χ2 = 11.82, gl = 1, p < 0.001). Dependent employees experienced more boredom, anxiety, distress, sleep problems, an inability to relax, and a lack of concentration than the self-employed (p's < 0.05). While the latter reported future concerns about employment and finances (p's < 0.001), dependent employees reported them on their general and mental health (p's < 0.001). Regarding psychological support, 22% of participants were receiving it before lockdown. They showed more perceived psychological impact than those who were not (p's < 0.01), and 7% of them had online psychotherapy, reporting excellent (32.1%) or odd but working (65.2%) results. Finally, of the total sample, almost half of the participants (43.8%) felt they would need emotional support after this pandemic, and these are the ones that also showed higher perceived psychological impact (p's < 0.001). This study confirms the presence of perceived negative emotional impact and concerns about the future. Also, there are vulnerable groups, such as women, younger people, the self-employed, and people with psychological processes that were interrupted.

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ABSTRACT Objective: This study investigates the psychological impacts and their associated factors on patients with COVID-19 at a Thai field hospital. Methods: All eligible patients confirmed to have COVID-19 at Thammasat University field hospital completed an online self-reported mental health screening questionnaire which collected sociodemographic data, their clinical characteristics, and used the depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21). Results: A total of 40 patients participated in the study. The depression rate was found to be 22.5%, while the anxiety rate was 30%, and the stress rate was 20%. Having a history of psychiatric disorder alone was significantly associated with a higher DASS-21 score (p = 0.001). Meanwhile, gender, age, level of education, occupation, living status, severity of COVID-19, and the number of days admitted to hospital prior to the field hospital were not found to be associated with the DASS-21 scores (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in patients with COVID-19 at the field hospital were common. Patients with a history of psychiatric disorder should undergo specific evaluation during the isolation phase.

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Resumen En la lucha contra la epidemia del Coronavirus (COVID-19), el personal de salud puede experimentar problemas de salud mental tales como estrés, ansiedad, síntomas depresivos, insomnio, negación, ira y temor. En un estudio en China se observó que la tasa de ansiedad del personal de salud fue del 23,04%, mayor en mujeres que en hombres y mayor entre las enfermeras que entre los médicos. Asimismo, en la población general de China se observó un 53,8% de impacto psicológico moderado a severo; un 16,5% de síntomas depresivos, un 28,8% de síntomas ansiosos y un 8,1% de estrés, todos entre moderados y severos. Los factores asociados con un alto impacto psicológico y niveles elevados de estrés, síntomas de ansiedad y depresión fueron sexo femenino, ser estudiante, tener síntomas físicos específicos y una percepción pobre de la propia salud. Otro estudio en el mismo país detectó un 35% de distrés psicológico en la población general, con las mujeres presentando mayores niveles que los varones, al igual que los sub-grupos de 18-30 años y los mayores de 60 años. La pandemia plantea pues el desafío de cuidar la salud mental del personal de salud tanto como la de la población general. Así, el uso de instrumentos breves de detección de problemas de salud mental, validados en nuestra población, sería de mucha utilidad para los retos de salud pública que afronta el país.

Summary In the fight against the Coronavirus (COVID-19), health workers may experience mental health problems such as stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, insomnia, denial, anger and fear. In a study in China, anxiety among health workers reached a 23.04%, with higher levels among women than men, and also higher among nurses than doctors. Likewise, in the general Chinese population, there was a moderate to severe psychological impact of 53.8%, with 16.5% of depressive symptoms, 28.8% of anxiety symptoms and 8.1% of stress, all of them between moderate to severe. Factors associated with a high psychological impact and high levels of stress, anxious and depressive symptoms were female sex, being a student, and having specific physical symptoms and a poor perception of their own health. Another study in China detected 35% of psychological distress in the general population, women presenting it more than men as well as the groups of 18-30 and over 60 years of age. The pandemic challenges us to take care of the health workers' mental health as much as of the general population's. Thus, the use of brief screening mental health scales, validated in our population, would be very effective to face the current public health challenges in our country.

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Introducción: En estos tiempos de pandemia por la COVID- 19 se debe hacer frente a una situación inédita en nuestra sociedad, donde, además de tener que afrontar los efectos directos del virus, como pueden ser la sintomatología de la enfermedad, el miedo al contagio y la preocupación por nuestros seres queridos, también se debe lidiar con las medidas de cuarentena para frenar la pandemia. Objetivo: Describir el impacto psicológico de la COVID-19 en estudiantes de Ciencias Médicas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal desde abril a julio de 2020. El universo fue de 73 estudiantes y la muestra quedó conformada por 63 estudiantes que realizaron pesquisa activa en el casco urbano de Los Palacios. Se les aplicó la escala de resiliencia de Connor-Davidson y la escala para valorar el nivel de estrés. Resultados: El 79,4 por ciento de los estudiantes mantuvo un comportamiento resiliente mientras que solo un 20,6 por ciento mostró bajos niveles de resiliencia. El 33,3 por ciento mantuvo niveles normales de estrés, mientras que el 66,7 por ciento de los estudiantes presentó estrés. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes han sido un puntal indispensable para el enfrentamiento y la erradicación de la propagación de la epidemia, una vez que dieron su paso al frente para asumir la tarea de manera incondicional. No obstante, esta situación tuvo en ellos un impacto psicológico, por lo que la mayoría muestran niveles de estrés, y puntuaciones bajas en las dimensiones de resiliencia presión bajo control y espiritualidad(AU)

Introduction: In these pandemic times due to COVID-19, an unprecedented situation must be confronted in our society, a scenario where, apart from having to confront the direct effects of the virus, such as the symptoms of the disease, the fear of contagion and the concern for our loved ones, we must also deal with quarantine measures to stop the pandemic. Objective: To describe the psychological impact of COVID-19 on medical sciences students. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out from April to July 2020. The population consisted of 73 students and the sample was made up of 63 students who carried out active screening in the urban area of Los Palacios. They were applied the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and the scale for assessing their stress level. Results: 79.4 percent of the students maintained a resilient behavior, while only 20.6 percent showed low resilience levels. 33.3 percent maintained normal stress levels, while 6.7 percent of the students presented stress. Conclusions: Students have been crucial in the confrontation and eradication of epidemic spread, since the time when they stepped forward to assume the task unconditionally. However, this situation had a psychological impact on them, so most of them show stress levels and low scores in the dimensions of resilience, pressure under control, and spirituality(AU)

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Abstract The focus of this paper is to discuss the cycle of migration and its psychological impact on the lives of immigrants. An overview of current migration trends, a discussion on the cycle of immigration (Casas, 2014), and its psychological consequences are presented. A qualitative phenomenological approach was utilized to analyze the stories of four immigrants, which resulted in a thematic analysis that discusses the cycle of immigration and its impact. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications, limitations, and future research.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es discutir el ciclo de la migración y su impacto psicológico en la vida de los inmigrantes. Se presenta un panorama de las tendencias migratorias actuales, una discusión sobre el ciclo de la inmigración (Casas, 2014) y sus consecuencias psicológicas. Se utilizó un enfoque fenomenológico cualitativo para analizar las historias de cuatro inmigrantes, lo que resultó en un análisis temático que analiza el ciclo de la inmigración y su impacto. El documento concluye con una discusión de implicaciones, limitaciones y futuras investigaciones.

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El presente trabajo se enmarca en el proyecto de investigación UBACyT denominado "Estudio acerca de los efectos de la privación de libertad en jóvenes infractores a la ley penal. Incidencia de los factores individuales, familiares e institucionales" que se ha finalizado. En el presente documento, se han relevado los principales aportes teóricos de distintos autores que investigaron sobre el impacto subjetivo de la privación de la libertad, coincidentes al señalar el daño psicológico que implica el encierro. Este trabajo intenta dar cuenta de cómo nuestra investigación pudo no sólo corroborar lo expuesto por los diferentes autores, sino también delimitar claramente una línea temporal que distingue a partir de qué momento una intervención institucional deja de ser una medida socializadora para convertirse en una medida que impacta negativamente en la subjetividad de los adolescentes infractores a la ley penal.

This work is part of the UBACyT research project entitled "Study on the effects of deprivation of liberty on juvenile offenders in criminal law. Incidence of individual, family and institutional factors" is finalized. In the present document, the main theoretical contributions of different authors that investigated on the subjective impact of the deprivation of freedom have been surveyed. They account for the psychological damage involved in confinement. This paper tries to explain how our research could not only corroborate the exposition by the different authors, but also clearly delimit a temporal line that distinguishes from what moment an institutional intervention stops being a socializing measure to become a measure that impact negatively on the subjectivity of juvenile offenders to criminal law.

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El COVID-19 ha ocasionado diferentes cambios en la población mundial, uno de ellos se ha suscitado en la población de los niños, ya que se encuentran en una alteración total del ritmo de sus vidas, comenzando con el cierre de las escuelas y con los cambios en la dinámica familiar, la interacción con sus pares y sus rutinas entre otros, esto está produciendo un impacto psicológico en los mismos que puede ir exacerbándose y produciendo mayores consecuencias.

COVID-19 has caused different changes in the world population, one of them has occurred in the population of children, since they are in a total alteration of the rhythm of their lives, starting with the closure of schools and with the changes in family dynamics, interaction with their peers and their routines among others, this is producing a psychological impact on them that can be exacerbated and producing greater consequences.

A COVID-19 tem provocado diversas mudanças na população mundial, uma delas ocorreu na população infantil, pois estão em total alteração do ritmo de suas vidas, a começar pelo fechamento de escolas e pelas mudanças na dinâmica familiar. , interação com seus pares e suas rotinas entre outros, isso está produzindo um impacto psicológico sobre eles que pode ser exacerbado e produzindo consequências maiores.

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BACKGROUND: Poor glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes is commonly recorded worldwide; Latin America (LA) is not an exception. Barriers to intensifying insulin therapy and which barriers are most likely to negatively impact outcomes are not completely known. The objective was to identify barriers to insulin progression in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in LA countries (Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina). METHODS: MOSAIc is a multinational, non-interventional, prospective, observational study aiming to identify the patient-, physician-, and healthcare-based factors affecting insulin intensification. Eligible patients were ≥18 years, had T2DM, and were treated with insulin for ≥3 months with/without oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs). Demographic, clinical, and psychosocial data were collected at baseline and regular intervals during the 24-month follow-up period. This paper however, focuses on baseline data analysis. The association between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and selected covariates was assessed. RESULTS: A trend toward a higher level of HbA1c was observed in the LA versus non-LA population (8.40 ± 2.79 versus 8.18 ± 2.28; p ≤ 0.069). Significant differences were observed in clinical parameters, treatment patterns, and patient-reported outcomes in LA compared with the rest of the cohorts and between Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina. Higher number of insulin injections and lower number of OADs were used, whereas a lower level of knowledge and a higher level of diabetes-related distress were reported in LA. Covariates associated with HbA1c levels included age (-0.0129; p < 0.0001), number of OADs (0.0835; p = 0.0264), higher education level (-0.2261; p = 0.0101), healthy diet (-0.0555; p = 0.0083), self-monitoring blood glucose (-0.0512; p = 0.0033), hurried communication style in the process of care (0.1295; p = 0.0208), number of insulin injections (0.1616; p = 0.0088), adherence (-0.1939; p ≤ 0.0104), and not filling insulin prescription due to associated cost (0.2651; p = 0.0198). CONCLUSION: MOSAIc baseline data showed that insulin intensification in LA is not optimal and identified several conditions that significantly affect attaining appropriate HbA1c values. Tailored public health strategies, including education, should be developed to overcome such barriers. Trial Registration NCT01400971.

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This cross-sectional study investigated depression as the middle- (4 years) and long-term (7 and 10 years) psychological impact of pre-symptomatic testing (PST) for 3 autosomal dominant late-onset diseases: Huntington's disease (HD), Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) and familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) TTR V30M. It included 203 subjects: 170 (83.7%) underwent the PST for FAP, 29 (14.3%) for HD and 4 (2%) for MJD. Of these 203, 73 were still asymptomatic carriers, 29 (14.5%) were symptomatic, 9 (4.5%) were FAP liver transplanted patients and 89 (44.5%) were non-carriers. Subjects were mainly women (58.1%) and married (66.5%). The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to evaluate depression. Scores were higher for symptomatic carriers and for those who have made one or more psychological support consultations over the years. For the formers, the mean scores pointed to mild depression. Asymptomatic carriers and non-carriers had similar scores but it was impossible to differentiate the psychological impact between the medium and long-term. For symptomatic carriers, there were significant differences between the middle- and long-term. The study indicates that depression occurs only when subjects had previously manifested the first symptoms of their neurologic disease.(AU)

Este estudo transversal investigou a depressão como indicador do impacto psicológico do teste pré-sintomático (TPS) a médio (quatro anos) e longo prazo (de 7 a 10 anos) de doenças neurológicas de início tardio: a doença de Huntington (DH), doença de Machado-Joseph (DMJ) e polineuropatia amiloidótica familiar PAF (TTR V30M). 203 sujeitos participaram no estudo: 170 (83,7%) submetidos ao TPS para PAF, 29 (14,3%) para o DH e 4 (2%) para DMJ. Destes 203, 73 eram portadores assintomáticos, 29 (14,5%) já eram sintomáticos, 9 (4,5%) pacientes com PAF, já tinham realizado o transplante hepático e 89 (44,5%) eram não-portadores. A amostra era constituída maioritariamente por mulheres (58,1%) e por sujeitos casados (66,5%). Utilizou-se o Inventário da Depressão de Beck (BDI). Os scores mais elevados foram observados nos portadores sintomáticos e nos sujeitos que tinham realizado consultas de psicologia com scores indicadores de depressão leve. Os portadores assintomáticos e os não-portadores apresentaram médias semelhantes. Para os portadores sintomáticos, encontrámos diferenças significativas entre o médio e o longo prazo. Este estudo conclui que a depressão pode ocorrer nos indivíduos que já manifestam os primeiros sintomas da respectiva doença neurológica.(AU)

Este estudio transversal investigó la depresión a la media (4 años) y largo plazo (7 y 10 años) del impacto psicológico de la prueba pre-sintomática (PPS) para 3 enfermedades autosómicos, dominantes, de aparición tardía: la enfermedad de Huntington (EH), la enfermedad de Machado-Joseph (EMJ) y la polineuropatia amiloide familiare (PAF) o polineuropatia amiloide da transtiretina FAP (TTR V30M). Participaron 203 sujetos: 170 (83,7%) para PPS para PAF, 29 (14,3%) para EH y 4 (2%) para EMJ. De estos 203, 73 estaban todavía portador asintomático, 29 (14,5%) eran sintomáticos, 9 (4,5%) fueron PAF pacientes con trasplante hepático y 89 (44,5%) eran no-portadores. Eran en su mayoría mujeres (58,1%) y casados (66,5%). Se utilizó el Inventario de Depresión de Beck (IDB). Los puntajes fueron mayores para las portadoras sintomáticas y para aquellos que han hecho consultas de apoyo psicológico con puntuaciones medias de depresión leve. Los portadores asintomáticos y no portadores tuvieron puntajes similares. Para portadores sintomáticos, hubo diferencias significativas entre el medio y largo plazo. Este estudio concluye que la depresión puede ocurrir en personas que ya muestran los primeros síntomas de la enfermedad neurológica.(AU)

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