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INTRODUCTION: It has been suggested that capsaicin (CAP), a major pungent component in chili peppers, can be used as an anti-obesity ingredient due to effects on energy metabolism, but evidence is not consistent. Genetics may account for differences in CAP tolerance and its impact on adiposity status. The aim of this study was to systematically review current evidence concerning the role of genetic polymorphisms influencing CAP tolerance. METHODS: The present systematic review analyzed and synthesized available evidence concerning associations between genetic polymorphisms and CAP tolerance following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. Databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, Scopus, Google Scholar, SciELO, and LILACS were screened. Out of 228 publications identified, only 6 meet inclusion criteria and were finally included in the final report. RESULTS: Overall, a total of 28 single nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with several CAP tolerance traits including sensitivity to burning/stinging, heat pain, and cough reactions, and detection of bitter taste thresholds. These genetic variants were located within 6 genes involved in key physiological processes such synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin and nitric oxide production (GCH1), CAP uptake and transduction of thermal stimuli (TRPV1), and bitter taste perception (TAS2R38, TAS2R3, TAS2R4, and TAS2R5). CONCLUSION: There is evidence about the influence of genetic polymorphisms on CAP tolerance by affecting nociceptive signaling, CAP binding, and bitter tasting. This knowledge may facilitate the design and implementation of innovative CAP-based nutrigenetic strategies for a more precise clinical management of obesity.

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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies directed against endogenous antigens causing various clinical manifestations, chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Although the pathophysiology of SLE remains unknown, it is recognized that genetic, epigenetic, environmental and neuroendocrine factors are involved in the development of the disease and its complications. A notable proportion of patients with SLE also present obesity, and this dysmetabolic profile can cause renal, musculoskeletal and/or respiratory deterioration, fatigue, various pathophysiological alterations and functional deterioration. In this context, precision nutrition emerges as a promising tool in the inflammatory control of SLE, especially in patients with associated obesity. Various studies demonstrate the beneficial influence of balanced dietary patterns in macronutrients with foods rich in fiber, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and polyphenols on the inflammatory control of SLE and the most diverse pathologies, highlighting the Mediterranean diet and plant-based diets. Finally, the intestinal microbiota may play a relevant role in this clinical scenario, since dysbiosis is associated with inflammatory processes and immune deregulation. It is believed that precision nutrition can modulate inflammatory profiles and immune dysfunctions to ensure better quality of life and metabolic well-being of SLE patients with the support of precision omics technologies.

El lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) es una enfermedad autoinmune caracterizada por la producción de autoanticuerpos dirigidos contra antígenos endógenos causando diversas manifestaciones clínicas, inflamación crónica y daño tisular. Aunque la fisiopatología del LES sigue siendo desconocida, se reconoce que factores genéticos, epigenéticos, ambientales y neuroendocrinos están implicados en el desarrollo de la enfermedad y sus complicaciones. Una proporción notable de pacientes con LES presenta también obesidad, y este perfil dismetabólico puede producir deterioro renal, musculoesquelético y/o respiratorio, fatiga, diversas alteraciones fisiopatológicas y deterioro funcional. En este contexto, la nutrición de precisión emerge como una herramienta prometedora en el control inflamatorio del LES, especialmente en pacientes con obesidad asociada. Diversos estudios demuestran la influencia beneficiosa de patrones dietéticos equilibrados en macronutrientes con alimentos ricos en fibra, vitaminas, minerales, antioxidantes y polifenoles en el control inflamatorio del LES y de las más diversas patologías, destacando la dieta Mediterránea y las dietas basadas en plantas/vegetales. Por último, la microbiota intestinal puede tener un papel relevante en este escenario clínico, ya que la disbiosis se asocia con procesos inflamatorios y desregulación inmune. Se cree que con la nutrición de precisión se pueden modular los perfiles inflamatorios y las disfunciones inmunitarias para garantizar una mejor calidad de vida y el bienestar metabólico de los pacientes con LES con el apoyo de las tecnologías de precisión ómicas.

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Globally, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common metabolic disorders. T2DM physiopathology is influenced by complex interrelationships between genetic, metabolic and lifestyle factors (including diet), which differ between populations and geographic regions. In fact, excessive consumptions of high fat/high sugar foods generally increase the risk of developing T2DM, whereas habitual intakes of plant-based healthy diets usually exert a protective effect. Moreover, genomic studies have allowed the characterization of sequence DNA variants across the human genome, some of which may affect gene expression and protein functions relevant for glucose homeostasis. This comprehensive literature review covers the impact of gene-diet interactions on T2DM susceptibility and disease progression, some of which have demonstrated a value as biomarkers of personal responses to certain nutritional interventions. Also, novel genotype-based dietary strategies have been developed for improving T2DM control in comparison to general lifestyle recommendations. Furthermore, progresses in other omics areas (epigenomics, metagenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) are improving current understanding of genetic insights in T2DM clinical outcomes. Although more investigation is still needed, the analysis of the genetic make-up may help to decipher new paradigms in the pathophysiology of T2DM as well as offer further opportunities to personalize the screening, prevention, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of T2DM through precision nutrition.

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BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that the dysfunction of the gut microbiome can have deleterious effects on the regulation of body weight and adiposity by affecting energy metabolism. In this context, gut bacterial profiling studies have contributed to characterize specific bacteria associated with obesity. This review covers the information driven by gut bacterial profiling analyses and emphasizes the potential application of this knowledge in precision nutrition strategies for obesity understanding and weight loss management. SUMMARY: Gut bacterial profiling studies have identified bacterial families that are more abundant in obese than in nonobese individuals (i.e., Prevotellaeae, Ruminococcaceae, and Veillonellaceae) as well as other families that have been repeatedly found more abundant in nonobese people (i.e., Christensenellaceae and Coriobacteriaceae), suggesting that an increase in their relative amount could be an interesting target in weight-loss treatments. Also, some gut-derived metabolites have been related to the regulation of body weight, including short-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine-N-oxide, and branched-chain and aromatic amino acids. Moreover, gut microbiota profiles may play a role in determining weight loss responses to specific nutritional treatments for the precise management of obesity. Thus, incorporating gut microbiota features may improve the performance of integrative models to predict weight loss outcomes. KEY MESSAGES: The application of gut bacterial profiling information is of great value for precision nutrition in metabolic diseases since it contributes to the understanding of the role of the gut microbiota in obesity onset and progression, facilitates the identification of potential microorganism targets, and allows the personalization of tailored weight loss diets as well as the prediction of adiposity outcomes based on the gut bacterial profiling of each individual. Integrating microbiota information with other omics knowledge (genetics, epigenetics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) may provide a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular and physiological events underlying obesity and adiposity outcomes for precision nutrition.

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Studies have examined the possible utility of epigenetic phenomena (DNA methylation changes, covalent histone modifications, and miRNA expression patterns) in predicting individual responses to different lifestyle programs. Nonetheless, most available evidence is focused on identifying epigenetic marks eventually associated with body composition and adiposity outcomes, whereas their roles in metabolic endings remain less explored. This document comprehensively reviewed the evidence regarding the use of epigenetic signatures as putative biomarkers of metabolic outcomes (glycemic, lipid, blood pressure, and inflammatory/oxidative stress features) in response to different lifestyle interventions in humans. Although more investigation is still necessary in order to translate this knowledge in clinical practice, these scientific insights are contributing to the design of advanced strategies for the precise management of cardiometabolic risk, gaining understanding on metabolic heterogeneity, allowing for the prediction of metabolic outcomes, and facilitating the design of epigenome-based nutritional strategies for a more customized approach for metabolic alterations treatment under the scope of precision nutrition.

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Currently, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a leading global cause of chronic liver disease, and is expected to become one of the most common indications of liver transplantation. MAFLD is associated with obesity, involving multiple mechanisms such as alterations in lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, hyperinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and extracellular matrix formation. However, the onset and progression of MAFLD is variable among individuals, being influenced by intrinsic (personal) and external environmental factors. In this context, sequence structural variants across the human genome, epigenetic phenomena (i.e., DNA methylation, histone modifications, and long non-coding RNAs) affecting gene expression, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and metabolomics/lipidomic fingerprints may account for differences in MAFLD outcomes through interactions with nutritional features. This knowledge may contribute to gaining a deeper understanding of the molecular and physiological processes underlying MAFLD pathogenesis and phenotype heterogeneity, as well as facilitating the identification of biomarkers of disease progression and therapeutic targets for the implementation of tailored nutritional strategies. This comprehensive literature review highlights the potential of nutrigenetic, nutriepigenetic, nutrimetagenomic, nutritranscriptomics, and nutrimetabolomic approaches for the prevention and management of MAFLD in humans through the lens of precision nutrition.

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The combination of multiple omics approaches has emerged as an innovative holistic scope to provide a more comprehensive view of the molecular and physiological events underlying human diseases (including obesity, dyslipidemias, fatty liver, insulin resistance, and inflammation), as well as for elucidating unique and specific metabolic phenotypes. These omics technologies include genomics (polymorphisms and other structural genetic variants), epigenomics (DNA methylation, histone modifications, long non-coding RNA, telomere length), metagenomics (gut microbiota composition, enterotypes), transcriptomics (RNA expression patterns), proteomics (protein quantities), and metabolomics (metabolite profiles), as well as interactions with dietary/nutritional factors. Although more evidence is still necessary, it is expected that the incorporation of integrative omics could be useful not only for risk prediction and early diagnosis but also for guiding tailored dietary treatments and prognosis schemes. Some challenges include ethical and regulatory issues, the lack of robust and reproducible results due to methodological aspects, the high cost of omics methodologies, and high-dimensional data analyses and interpretation. In this review, we provide examples of system biology studies using multi-omics methodologies to unravel novel insights into the mechanisms and pathways connecting the genotype to clinically relevant traits and therapy outcomes for precision nutrition applications in health and disease.

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The feeding behavior of growing-finishing pigs was analyzed to study prandial correlations and the probability of starting a new feeding event. The data were collected in real-time based on 157,632 visits by a group of 70 growing-finishing pigs (from 30.4 to 115.5 kg body weight, BW) to automatic feeders. The data were collected over 84 days, during which period the pigs were kept in conventional (by phase and by group) or precision (with daily and individual adjustments) feeding programs. A criterion to delimit each meal was then defined based on the probability of an animal starting a new feeding event within the next minute since the last visit. Prandial correlations were established between meal size and interval before meal (pre-prandial) or interval after meal (post-prandial) using Pearson correlation analysis. Post-prandial correlations (which can be interpreted as hunger-regulating mechanisms) were slightly stronger than pre-prandial correlations (which can be interpreted as satiety regulation mechanisms). Both correlations decreased as the animals' age increased but were little influenced by the feeding programs. The information generated in this study allows a better understanding of pigs' feeding behavior regulation mechanisms and could be used in the future to improve precision feeding programs.

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In recent decades, there has been an increase in the presence of metabolic disorders associated with obesity. Central in the treatment of these conditions, including abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism, dietary strategies play an important role. However, dietary recommendations are based on the generalization of nutrient or food intake response for all individuals, which not necessarily impacts the health of all individuals. The concept of personalized nutrition or precision nutrition has been recently developed, which states that diet is not the only factor accountable for metabolic responses such as postprandial glucose peaks, but that other factors are also involved, one of the most important of which is the gut microbiota. Therefore, the future of nutritional interventions is to generate algorithms based on the type of food consumed, biochemical parameters, physical activity, genetic variability, and especially the gut microbiota to predict the type of diet a person requires according to his or her metabolic alterations.

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Feeding behavior is an important aspect of pig husbandry as it can affect protein deposition (PD) in pigs. A decrease in plasma threonine (Thr) levels may influence feed intake (FI) due to amino acid imbalance. We set out to study whether different Thr inclusion rates of 70%, 85%, 100%, 115%, and 130% of the ideal Thr:lysine (Lys) ratio of 0.65 in two different feeding programs (individual precision feeding and group-phase feeding could affect pig feeding behavior and consequently PD. Two 21-d trials were performed in a 2 × 5 factorial setup (feeding systems × Thr levels) with 110 pigs in the growing phase [25.0 ± 0.8 kg of body weight (BW)] and 110 pigs in the finishing phase (110.0 ± 7.0 kg BW), which correspond to 11 pigs per treatment in each trial. Pigs were housed in the same room and fed using computerized feeding stations. The total lean content was estimated by dual x-ray absorptiometry at the beginning (day 1) and the end (day 21) of the trial. Multivariate exploratory factor analysis was performed to identify related variables. Confirmatory analysis was performed by orthogonal contrasts and Pearson correlation analysis. Graphical analysis showed no difference in feeding patterns between feeding systems during the growing or finishing phase. Pigs exhibited a predominant diurnal feeding, with most meals (73% on average) consumed between 0600 and 1800 h. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that feeding behavior was not related to growth performance or PD in growing or finishing pigs. Changes in feeding behavior were observed during the growing phase, where increasing dietary Thr resulted in a linear increase in the FI rate (P < 0.05). During the finishing phase, the duration of the meal and FI rate increased linearly as dietary Thr increased in the diet (P < 0.05). These changes in feeding behavior are, however, correlated to BW. In conclusion, the exploratory factor analysis indicated that feeding behavior had no correlation with growth performance or protein and lipid deposition in growing or finishing pigs. Dietary Thr levels and feeding systems had no direct effect on FI.

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Significant differences in the estimation of amino acid requirements exist between the available factorial methods. This study aimed to compare current factorial models used to estimate the individual and population standardised ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) requirements of growing pigs during a 26-day feeding phase. Individual daily feed intake and BW data from 40 high-performance pigs (25-kg initial BW) were smoothed by linear regression. Body weight gain was constant (regression slope not different from 0) for all the pigs. The CV of the SID Lys requirements ranged from 22% at the beginning of the trial to 8% at the end. The population Brazilian tables (BT-2017) and National Research Council (NRC-2012) SID Lys requirements for the average pig were 16% higher than the average requirement estimated by the individual precision-feeding model (IPF), but similar to the estimated for the population assuming that population requirements are those of the 80th-percentile pig of the population (IPF-80). Meaning that, the IPF-80, BT-2017, and NRC-2012 models would yield similar recommendations when pigs are group-fed in conventional multi-phase systems. Additionally, the IPF-80 estimates are independent of the phase length, whereas the BT-2017 and NRC-2012 models use average population values in the middle of the feeding phase for the calculations and therefore, conventional requirement estimations decrease as the length of the feeding phase increases. In conclusion, the BT-2017 and NRC-2012 methods were calibrated for maximum population responses, which explains why these methods yield higher values than those estimated for the average pig by the IPF model. This study shows the limitations of conventional factorial methods to estimate amino acid requirements for precision-feeding systems.

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Precision nutrition and nutrimetabolomics are emerging omics technology applications in public health. In this context, the infant formula (IF) is a manufactured foodstuff that aims to match the composition of human milk (HM), especially the lipid profile. The IF manufacturers have achieved relative success in matching the predominant fatty acid (FAs) profiles, but the stereospecific structures of the triacylglycerides in HM require deeper analyses with system sciences. We employed NMR-based metabolomics to compare the lipid profiles of 12 commercial IF samples and 10 HM samples. Additionally, vegetables, fish, and microalgae oil as raw materials in IFs were also investigated to understand the lipid profile of IFs. We found that IF has significantly less saturated fatty acids (SFA), higher unsaturated FAs, and similar polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content, compared with HM. However, the main difference was the stereospecific distribution of FAs: HM samples were associated with a high content of SFAs in the sn-2 position (26.03% ± 2.93%) and PUFAs in the sn-1,3 position (15.35% ± 3.94%). The IF had the opposite distribution, with SFAs esterified mainly in the sn-1,3 position (33.07 ± 4.93%) and PUFAs in the sn-2 position (9.57% ± 7.05%). Consequently, the hydrolysis of HM results in SFA mainly as sn-2-monoacylglycerides, which are well absorbed. In contrast, the hydrolysis of the IF provided SFA, mainly as free FAs, which tend to bind calcium and form insoluble calcium soaps in the intestine. Taken together, these observations can inform optimal design of infant formulas with a view to precision nutrition.

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Chronic diseases, including obesity, are major causes of morbidity and mortality in most countries. The adverse impacts of obesity and associated comorbidities on health remain a major concern due to the lack of effective interventions for prevention and management. Precision nutrition is an emerging therapeutic approach that takes into account an individual's genetic and epigenetic information, as well as age, gender, or particular physiopathological status. Advances in genomic sciences are contributing to a better understanding of the role of genetic variants and epigenetic signatures as well as gene expression patterns in the development of diverse chronic conditions, and how they may modify therapeutic responses. This knowledge has led to the search for genetic and epigenetic biomarkers to predict the risk of developing chronic diseases and personalizing their prevention and treatment. Additionally, original nutritional interventions based on nutrients and bioactive dietary compounds that can modify epigenetic marks and gene expression have been implemented. Although caution must be exercised, these scientific insights are paving the way for the design of innovative strategies for the control of chronic diseases accompanying obesity. This document provides a number of examples of the huge potential of understanding nutrigenetic, nutrigenomic, and nutriepigenetic roles in precision nutrition.

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Broilers are traditionally managed with feeding programs that often consist of three or four phases. In this study we investigated whether a multiphase feeding program (14 phases) of broilers based on the optimal mix of two feeds could replace a traditional four phase system while maintaining broiler performance. To evaluate this prposed program we measured variables of performance, carcass yield, and nitrogen excretion. In addition, we determined if the multiphase feeding program (14 phases) would be equally effective regardless of bird gender. A total of 480 day-old Cobb chicks were used, with an average weight of 44.74 ± 0.16 g (females) and 44.71 ± 0.11 g (males). The birds were distributed in a completely randomized 2 × 2 factorial design. Each treatment consisted of six replicates with 20 animals per experimental unit. Results were analyzed separately in two periods (121 and 2242 days) as determined by slaughter date, as well as for the entire growth period (142 days). The multiphase program led to improvements in final body weight and average daily weight gain, in addition to an increase in breast yield.(AU)

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Broilers are traditionally managed with feeding programs that often consist of three or four phases. In this study we investigated whether a multiphase feeding program (14 phases) of broilers based on the optimal mix of two feeds could replace a traditional four phase system while maintaining broiler performance. To evaluate this prposed program we measured variables of performance, carcass yield, and nitrogen excretion. In addition, we determined if the multiphase feeding program (14 phases) would be equally effective regardless of bird gender. A total of 480 day-old Cobb chicks were used, with an average weight of 44.74 ± 0.16 g (females) and 44.71 ± 0.11 g (males). The birds were distributed in a completely randomized 2 × 2 factorial design. Each treatment consisted of six replicates with 20 animals per experimental unit. Results were analyzed separately in two periods (121 and 2242 days) as determined by slaughter date, as well as for the entire growth period (142 days). The multiphase program led to improvements in final body weight and average daily weight gain, in addition to an increase in breast yield.

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