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In the search for increased productivity and efficiency in the industrial sector, a new industrial revolution, called Industry 4.0, was promoted. In the electric sector, power plants seek to adapt these new concepts to optimize electric power generation processes, as well as to reduce operating costs and unscheduled downtime intervals. In these plants, PID control strategies are commonly used in water cooling systems, which use fans to perform the thermal exchange between water and the ambient air. However, as the nonlinearities of these systems affect the performance of the drivers, sometimes a greater number of fans than necessary are activated to ensure water temperature control which, consequently, increases energy expenditure. In this work, our objective is to develop digital twins for a water cooling system with auxiliary equipment, in terms of the decision making of the operator, to determine the correct number of fans. This model was developed based on the algorithm of automatic extraction of fuzzy rules, derived from the SCADA of a power plant located in the capital of Paraíba, Brazil. The digital twins can update the fuzzy rules in the case of new events, such as steady-state operation, starting and stopping ramps, and instability. The results from experimental tests using data from 11 h of plant operations demonstrate the robustness of the proposed digital twin model. Furthermore, in all scenarios, the average percentage error was less than 5% and the average absolute temperature error was below 3 °C.

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ABSTRACT Herein, we report a new record of the milk frog Trachycephalus coriaceus for the Brazilian southern Amazonia and provide an updated geographic distribution map. We collected one specimen of T. coriaceus on 8 november 2016, during a nocturnal survey inside a dense ombrophilous forest in the right bank of the Teles Pires River, municipality ofJacareacanga, southern of Pará State. The record of T. coriaceus to Jacareacanga is the first to the State. The disjoint geographic distribution of this species along de Amazonia may just reflect the paucity of amphibian knowledge throughout this biome and the difficulty to detect this species in the field, given its explosive reproductive behavior.

RESUMEN Aquí, informamos sobre un nuevo registro de la rana lechera Trachycephalus coriaceus para el sur de la Amazonía brasileña y proporcionamos un mapa actualizado de su distribución geográfica. Recolectamos un espécimen de esta especie el 8 de noviembre de 2016, durante un muestreo nocturno dentro de un bosque denso ombrófilo en la margen derecha del río Teles Pires, municipio de Jacareacanga, al sur del estado de Pará. El registro de T. coriaceus en Jacareacanga es el primero en este estado. La distribución geográfica disyunta de esta especie a lo largo de Amazonia puede reflejar la escasez de conocimiento de anfibios en todo este bioma y la dificultad de detectar esta especie en campo, debido a su comportamiento reproductivo explosivo.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: En Chile, el funcionamiento de las Centrales Termoeléctricas de Carbón (CTEC) representan un problema de salud pública debido a las consecuencias sanitarias que tienen en la población. Se han notificado daños en el sistema respiratorio. Materiales y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio ecológico, para evaluar los egresos hospitalarios de las personas que viven en las ciudades donde operan las CTEC (Tocopilla y Huasco), se comparó con una ciudad de control sin CTEC (Caldera), las comunas evaluadas tienen condiciones sociodemográficas similares. Se calcularon las tasas de morbilidad y tasas de morbilidad estandarizadas (SMR). RESULTADOS: La tasa de morbilidad por enfermedades respiratorias en Tocopilla (2016) fue de 152,5 por 10.000 habitantes (habs) y para Huasco es de 135,2 por 10.000 habs. En la ciudad control, Caldera, la tasa es de 40,9 por 10.000 habs. Además, los habitantes de Tocopilla tienen 2,42 más riesgo de padecer bronquitis o bronquiolitis, 90% más riesgo de presentar enfermedades crónicas de las vías respiratorias bajas y 2,14 veces más riesgo de enfermar por asma. En Huasco, la población tiene 2,49 veces más riesgo de padecer enfermedades de las vías respiratorias inferiores con respecto a la región y 3,19 veces más riesgo de presentar asma. CONCLUSIONES: El asma y la bronquitis, son las patologías que mostraron mayores riesgos en las ciudades de Tocopilla y Huasco. Nuestros hallazgos son similares a otras investigaciones realizadas en comunidades expuestas a centrales termoeléctricas de carbón. Es necesario tomar medidas urgentes para proteger la salud de la población.

INTRODUCTION: In Chile, coal-fired power plants (CTEC) operate represents public health problems due to the health consequences for the population. Damage to the respiratory system is reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ecological study to evaluate hospital discharges in people living in cities where CTEC operates (Tocopilla and Huasco) were compared to a control city without CTEC (Caldera), all of them with similar sociodemographic conditions. Morbidity rates and Standardized Morbidity Ratios (SMR) were calculated. RESULTS: The respiratory disease morbidity rate in Tocopilla (2016) was 152.5 per 10,000 inhabitants (habs) and for Huasco it is 135.2 per 10,000 inhabitants. In the control city, Caldera, the rate is 40.9 per 10,000 habs. In addition, the inhabitants of Tocopilla have a 2.42 times increased risk of bronchitis or bronchiolitis, 90% higher risk of chronic lower respiratory diseases and 2.14 times more risk of asthma sickness. In Huasco, the population is 2.49 times more at risk of lower respiratory diseases compared to the region and 3.19 times more at risk of asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Asthma and bronchitis are the pathologies that showed the greatest risks in the cities of Tocopilla and Huasco. Our findings are similar to other research conducted in communities exposed to coal-fired power plants. Urgent action is needed to protect the health of the population.

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Phylogenetic proximity suggests some degree of diet similarity among species. Usually, studies of diet show that species coexistence is allowed by partitioning food resources. We evaluate how visually oriented piscivorous fishes (Characiformes) share prey before and after building the Santo Antônio Hydroelectric Power Plant (HPP) in the Madeira River (Brazil), the largest muddy-water tributary of the Amazon River. Piscivorous species (Acestrorhynchus falcirostris, Acestrorhynchus heterolepis, Hydrolycus scomberoides, and Rhaphiodon vulpinus) were sampled under pristine (pre-HPP) and disturbed (post-HPP) environmental conditions. We analyzed species abundance and stomach contents for stomach fullness and prey composition to check variations between congeneric and non-congeneric species. The percent volume of prey taxa was normalized by stomach fullness and grouped into the taxonomic family level to determine diet, niche breadth, and overlap. Only R. vulpinus abundance increased in post-HPP. There was no significant variation in niche breadth between the periods, while niche overlap decreased in congeneric and non-congeneric species. Our results indicate that river impoundment affected piscivorous fishes in distinct ways and modified their resource partitioning. Therefore, evaluate interspecific interactions is a required tool to understand how fishes respond to river damming.(AU)

A proximidade filogenética pode indicar similaridade da dieta entre espécies e a partilha de recursos alimentares é um mecanismo que possibilita a coexistência. Neste trabalho, avaliamos como peixes piscívoros compartilham presas antes e depois da construção da Usina Hidrelétrica (UHE) Santo Antônio no rio Madeira (Brasil), o maior afluente de águas brancas do rio Amazonas. Espécies piscívoras (Acestrorhynchus falcirostris, Acestrorhynchus heterolepis, Hydrolycus scomberoides e Rhaphiodon vulpinus) foram coletadas em condições ambientais pristinas (pré-HPP) e impactadas (pós-HPP). Nós avaliamos as abundâncias e as dietas para identificar variações entre as espécies congenéricas e não-congenéricas. O percentual de volume de cada presa foi corrigido pelo grau de repleção estomacal e os itens agrupados ao nível taxonômico de família para determinar dieta, amplitude e sobreposição alimentar. Apenas a abundância de R. vulpinus aumentou no pós-HPP. Não houve diferença na amplitude alimentar das espécies após o represamento, contudo a sobreposição de nicho diminuiu para as espécies congenéricas e não congenéricas. Nossos resultados indicam que o represamento do rio afetou os peixes piscívoros modificando sua partilha de recursos. Avaliar as interações interespecíficas, portanto, é uma ferramenta necessária para entender como os peixes respondem ao represamento de rios.(AU)

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Resumo Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo resgatar as vivências das comunidades rurais remanescentes atingidas pela construção da barragem de Itá, no Sul do Brasil. O estudo fundamentou-se na pesquisa participante, contou com 43 entrevistados e com análises documentais da hidrelétrica. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise temática. Os participantes do estudo definiram a barragem de Itá como "um bicho de sete cabeças", que aterrorizou as cidades atingidas por anos, envenenou e matou pessoas, animais e plantas, e revelaram que a implantação da barragem de Itá foi caracterizada por vivências de violência, insegurança, falta de informação e inexistência de suporte político e social. Em face dos prejuízos gerados pela obra, as comunidades tiveram que lutar sozinhas e precariamente pela garantia de seus direitos mais básicos, vivenciando importantes quebras identitárias, culturais e danos à saúde mental.

Abstract This research reconstruct the experiences of rural communities affected by the construction of Itá dam, in Southern Brazil. Data was collected by means of participant research with 43 interviewees and document analysis of the hydroelectric plant, and later underwent thematic analysis. Participants defined the Itá dam as a "seven-headed beast" that have terrorized the affected cities for years, poisoned and killed people, animals, and plants, revealing that its implantation was characterized by experiences of violence, insecurity, and lack of information, political and social support. In face of the damage generated by the construction, those communities had to fight precariously by themselves to guarantee their most basic rights, experiencing important identity and cultural breakdowns, and mental health issues.

Resumen Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo rescatar las vivencias de las comunidades rurales remanentes atingidas por la construcción de la presa de Itá, en el Sur de Brasil. El estudio se fundamentó en la pesquisa participante, contó con 43 entrevistados y con análisis documentáis de la hidroeléctrica. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a análisis temático. Los participantes en el estudio designaron la presa de Itá como "un bicho de siete cabezas", que aterrorizó las ciudades atingidas por años, envenenó y mató a personas, animales y plantas, y revelaron que su implantación fue caracterizada por vivencias de violencia, inseguridad, falta de información e inexistencia de apoyo político y social. Frente a los daños producidos por la obra, las comunidades tuvieron que luchar solas y de manera precaria por la garantía de sus derechos más básicos, vivenciando importantes quiebras de identidad, cultura y daños a la salud mental.

Résumé Cette recherche récupère les expériences des communautés rurales atteintes par la construction du barrage d'Itá, au sud du Brésil. Les données ont été collectées par le biais d'une recherche participante avec 43 interviewés et d'une analyse des documents de l'hydroélectrique, puis ont été à une analyse thématique. Les participants ont défini le barrage d'Itá comme "une bête à sept têtes" qui a terrorisé les villes concernées pendant des années, empoisonné et tué des personnes, des animaux et des plantes, révélant que son implantation s'est caracterisée par des expériences de violence, d'insécurité, de manque d'information, de soutien politique et social. Face aux pertes générées par la construction, ces communautés ont dû lutter toutes seules et précairement pour garantir leurs droits les plus élémentaires, en vivant d'importantes ruptures identitaires et culturelles, ainsi que des problèmes de santé mentale.

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Phylogenetic proximity suggests some degree of diet similarity among species. Usually, studies of diet show that species coexistence is allowed by partitioning food resources. We evaluate how visually oriented piscivorous fishes (Characiformes) share prey before and after building the Santo Antônio Hydroelectric Power Plant (HPP) in the Madeira River (Brazil), the largest muddy-water tributary of the Amazon River. Piscivorous species (Acestrorhynchus falcirostris, Acestrorhynchus heterolepis, Hydrolycus scomberoides, and Rhaphiodon vulpinus) were sampled under pristine (pre-HPP) and disturbed (post-HPP) environmental conditions. We analyzed species abundance and stomach contents for stomach fullness and prey composition to check variations between congeneric and non-congeneric species. The percent volume of prey taxa was normalized by stomach fullness and grouped into the taxonomic family level to determine diet, niche breadth, and overlap. Only R. vulpinus abundance increased in post-HPP. There was no significant variation in niche breadth between the periods, while niche overlap decreased in congeneric and non-congeneric species. Our results indicate that river impoundment affected piscivorous fishes in distinct ways and modified their resource partitioning. Therefore, evaluate interspecific interactions is a required tool to understand how fishes respond to river damming.(AU)

A proximidade filogenética pode indicar similaridade da dieta entre espécies e a partilha de recursos alimentares é um mecanismo que possibilita a coexistência. Neste trabalho, avaliamos como peixes piscívoros compartilham presas antes e depois da construção da Usina Hidrelétrica (UHE) Santo Antônio no rio Madeira (Brasil), o maior afluente de águas brancas do rio Amazonas. Espécies piscívoras (Acestrorhynchus falcirostris, Acestrorhynchus heterolepis, Hydrolycus scomberoides e Rhaphiodon vulpinus) foram coletadas em condições ambientais pristinas (pré-HPP) e impactadas (pós-HPP). Nós avaliamos as abundâncias e as dietas para identificar variações entre as espécies congenéricas e não-congenéricas. O percentual de volume de cada presa foi corrigido pelo grau de repleção estomacal e os itens agrupados ao nível taxonômico de família para determinar dieta, amplitude e sobreposição alimentar. Apenas a abundância de R. vulpinus aumentou no pós-HPP. Não houve diferença na amplitude alimentar das espécies após o represamento, contudo a sobreposição de nicho diminuiu para as espécies congenéricas e não congenéricas. Nossos resultados indicam que o represamento do rio afetou os peixes piscívoros modificando sua partilha de recursos. Avaliar as interações interespecíficas, portanto, é uma ferramenta necessária para entender como os peixes respondem ao represamento de rios.(AU)

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Resumen Introducción: la demanda de energía eléctrica va de la mano del aumento de la población, por lo que para satisfacerla se debe asegurar la capacidad de generación eléctrica, esto incentivaría la construcción de plantas térmicas; aumentando los trabajadores expuestos a los peligros de termoeléctricas. Esta revisión tiene como fin identificar cuáles riesgos y peligros en termoeléctricas han sido estudiadas en el mundo durante el periodo 20072017. Objetivo: identificar, a través de una revisión bibliográfica, los principales peligros a que están expuestos los trabajadores de termoeléctricas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión sistemática teniendo en cuenta las recomendaciones de la guía PRISMA, se tuvieron en cuenta estudios acerca de los factores de riesgos a los que se exponen el personal de operaciones de centrales térmicas; para la búsqueda se establecieron dos algoritmos con descriptores DeCS y MeSH en las bases de datos Scopus, Pubmed, Scient Direct y Google académico, encontrándose 21 publicaciones que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: los peligros más relevantes para los trabajadores en termoeléctricas son físicos, ergonómicos, químicos, biológicos y psicosociales. Conclusión: los trabajadores de termoeléctricas están expuestos a varios peligros que pueden aumentar el riesgo de ocasionarles enfermedades respiratorias, musculoesqueleticas, pérdida de capacidad auditiva, cáncer, leucemia y su variedad, pericarditis, Alzheimer, Parkinson, daño genético y celular; también se pudo evidenciar que el efecto en la salud por exposición en campos magnéticos requiere de estudios de más profundidad.

Abstract Introduction: the demand for electric power, goes hand in hand with the population increasing, to satisfy it, the power generation capacity must be ensured, this would encourage the construction of thermal plants; increasing the exposition of workers to the thermoelectric plant dangers. This review aims to identify which risks and dangers in thermoelectric plants have been studied in the world for the period 2007-2017. Objective: identify the main hazards to which thermoelectric workers are exposed through a literature review. Materials and methods: a systematic review was carried out taking into account the recommendations of the PRISMA guide, studies were taken into account about the risk factors to which thermal power plant operations personnel are exposed; Two algorithms with DeCS and MeSH descriptors were established in the Scopus, PubMed, Scient Direct and Google academic databases, with 21 publications meeting the inclusion criteria. Results: the most relevant hazards for thermoelectric workers are physical, ergonomic, chemical, biological and psychosocial. Conclusion: thermoelectric workers are exposed to various hazards that may increase the risk of respiratory, musculoskeletal, hearing loss, cancer, leukemia and its variety, pericarditis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, genetic and cellular damage; It could also be evidenced that the effect on health by exposure in magnetic fields requires more in-depth studies.

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RESUMO Usinas nucleares são projetadas com sistemas dedicados a oferecer um alto grau de proteção aos seus trabalhadores, à população e ao meio ambiente. Entre os níveis de proteção da população e do meio ambiente, encontra-se o plano de emergência nuclear. Este plano deve conter um segmento específico relacionado com o gerenciamento da comunicação de risco à população. Historicamente, técnicas de comunicação de risco surgiram para minimizar danos às pessoas, por meio de estratégias de controle de pânico da população. Entretanto, essa questão atualmente é pouco desenvolvida no Brasil na área de segurança nuclear. Dessa forma, este trabalho visou estabelecer uma proposta inicial no uso da teoria de Sistema de Comando de Incidentes como estratégia de gerenciamento da comunicação de risco em caso de acidentes na Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto, localizada no Brasil.

ABSTRACT Nuclear power plants are designed with systems dedicated to offering a high degree of protection to their workers, the population, and the environment. Between the levels of protection of the population and the environment, there is the nuclear emergency plan. This plan must contain a specific segment related to the management of risk communication to the population. Historically, risk communication techniques have emerged to minimize harm to people, through population panic control strategies. However, this issue is currently underdeveloped in Brazil in the field of nuclear safety. Thus, this work aimed to establish an initial proposal on the use of the theory of Incident Command System as a strategy for managing risk communication in the event of accidents at the Almirante Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant located in Brazil.

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In this paper, we propose a methodology to use the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) available by the protocol stack of an installed Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) at an electric-power-system environment (EPS) as a tool for obtaining the characteristic of its communication channel. Thereby, it is possible to optimize the settings and configuration of the network after its deployment, which is usually run empirically without any previous knowledge of the channel. A study case of a hydroelectric power plant is presented, where measurements recorded over a two-month period were analyzed and treated to obtain the large-scale characteristics of the radiofrequency channel at 2.4 GHz. In addition, we showed that instantaneous RSSI data can also be used to detect specific issues in the network, such as repetitive patterns in the transmitted power level of the nodes, and information about its environment, such as the presence of external sources of electromagnetic interference. As a result, we demonstrate the practical use of the RSSI long-term data generated by the WSN for its own performance optimization and the detection of particular events in an EPS or any similar industrial environment.

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RESUMO A geração de energia fotovoltaica vem crescendo no Brasil, e a capacidade instalada de usinas fotovoltaicas (UFV) deve superar 3 GW em alguns anos. Essa tecnologia causa menor impacto ambiental do que formas de geração tradicionais, como termoelétricas e hidroelétricas. Entretanto os impactos quando da implantação de UFV devem ser considerados no licenciamento ambiental. No Brasil, não há uma legislação federal que estabeleça critérios mínimos para esse tipo de licenciamento. Alguns estados criaram legislações próprias, que divergem nas exigências e critérios adotados. Essa disparidade causa insegurança no processo de licenciamento, dificuldade na aprovação dos estudos, aumento de custos e prazos, podendo inviabilizar empreendimentos. Neste estudo foram analisadas e comparadas as legislações em 12 estados, nas quais está previsto o desenvolvimento de UFV, como base para propor critérios claros, objetivos e padronizados para o enquadramento legal das UFV. Como resultado desta pesquisa, propõe-se o enquadramento como de baixo impacto, com licenciamento simplificado e emissão de licença prévia (LP) e licença de instalação (LI) em etapa única. Os critérios para enquadramento de porte são potência instalada e área diretamente ocupada. Para potencial poluidor, os critérios são necessidade de supressão de vegetação nativa (e/ou em área de preservação permanente - APP) e localização em área de fragilidade socioambiental. A avaliação conjunta desses critérios define qual o estudo ambiental necessário ao licenciamento. O trabalho lista os principais aspectos e impactos ambientais a serem abordados em tais estudos. Estes critérios unificados formam uma ferramenta para promover tanto o desenvolvimento de UFV como a proteção do meio ambiente com minimização de possíveis impactos.

ABSTRACT Photovoltaic power generation is growing in Brazil. It is expected that installed capacity of photovoltaic power plants (PVPP) will exceed 3 GW within a few years. This technology is known to have less environmental impacts than other traditional forms of energy generation, however its environmental impacts should be considered in the environmental licensing process. In Brazil there is no federal legislation establishing the criteria or requirements for licensing this type of power plants. Some states have created their own legislation, whose criteria differ widely. This lack of national standardization causes licensing agencies' insecurity, difficulty in approving studies, increase in costs and deadlines, and has caused many projects to be unfeasible. Therefore, this study did an analysis and comparison of 12 states' legislation regarding environmental licensing of PVPPs. This analysis based the proposal of clear, objective and standardized criteria for PVPPs licencing. It is proposed to normally classify the PVPPs as having low environmental impact, with simplified licensing, issuing Preliminary and Installation License in a single step. The proposed criteria for classification in size are installed power and directly occupied area. Regarding the pollution potential, the criteria are suppression of native vegetation (and/or in a permanent preservation area); and location in environmental fragile areas. The joint evaluation of these criteria defines the type of environmental study to be required for licensing. The main aspects and environmental impacts that should be addressed are listed. These unified criteria are a tool to promote both development of PVPP projects and the protection of the environment, by minimizing their potential environmental impacts.

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Resumo Este estudo possui o objetivo de analisar as interfaces entre a implantação da hidrelétrica de Itá em Santa Catarina e a violação dos Direitos Humanos de agricultores atingidos pela obra que permaneceram residindo no entorno reservatório após a finalização do empreendimento. O estudo, de cunho qualitativo, fundamentou-se na pesquisa participante. A coleta de dados iniciou em fevereiro de 2016 e foi concluída em dezembro do mesmo ano. Foram entrevistadas 12 pessoas atingidas pela construção da barragem de Itá, além de observações participantes periódicas em toda região rural do entorno do reservatório. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que, os participantes do estudo tiveram violados os direitos à saúde, educação, emprego e infraestrutura, perdendo também projetos de vidas. Portanto, é necessário atentar para o atual formato de implantação de barragens construindo políticas públicas que garantam os direitos das populações atingidas por estes empreendimentos.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio es analizar las relaciones entre la implantación de la hidroeléctrica de Itá, en Santa Catarina, y la violación de derechos humanos de agricultores que permanecieron viviendo en el entorno del embalse tras su finalización y que fueron afectados por él. El estudio, de tipo cualitativo, se fundamentó en la investigación participativa. La recolección de datos empezó en febrero de 2016 y concluyó en diciembre del mismo año. Se entrevistaron a 12 personas afectadas por la construcción de dicha represa, además de la realización de periódicas observaciones participantes en su entorno rural. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos al análisis de contenido. Los resultados demostraron que los entrevistados sufrieron violación de derechos a salud, educación, empleo e infraestructura, perdiendo, incluso, proyectos de vida. Así, es necesario examinar las actuales formas de implantación de represas a través de políticas públicas que garanticen los derechos de las poblaciones afectadas.

Abstract This study aims to analyze the interfaces between the implementation of Itá hydroelectric power plant in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina and the violation of human rights of the farmers who remained living in the reservoir's surrounding area after the project was finished and who were affected by it. The qualitative study was based on participant research. Data collection began in February 2016 and was completed in December of the same year. Twelve people affected by the construction of Itá dam were interviewed, and there were periodic participant observations in all rural areas surrounding the reservoir. Data were submitted to content analysis. Research results indicated that the research participants had their rights to health, education, employment and infrastructure violated, losing also their life projects. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the current model for dam implantation by developing public policies that ensure the rights of populations affected by these enterprises.

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The data presented below is the thermodynamic simulation and mathematical model development for the single and double flash cycles of Cerro Prieto geothermal power plants. For more insight into analysis thermodynamic, please see "thermodynamic simulation and mathematical model for single and double flash cycles of Cerro Prieto geothermal power plants" [1]. The datasets contained in this paper are thermodynamic simulations obtained in Aspen Hysys software, the data described represents the net power output and thermal efficiency for Cerro Prieto geothermal power plants, located in Mexicali, México. A single flash and double flash cycle have been selected for power generation at this facility. The single flash net power output and the thermal efficiency data includes eight main parameters: Well temperature (°C), Separator pressure (kPa), Condenser pressure (kPa), Turbine's power (kW), Phase Fraction, Mass Flow (kg/h), Energy input (kW) and Energy output (kW). Whereas the double flash net power output and the thermal efficiency data includes eight main parameters: Well temperature (°C), High-pressure separator (kPa), Low-pressure separator (kPa), Condenser pressure (kPa), Turbine's power (kW), Phase Fraction, Mass Flow (kg/h), Energy Input (kW) and Energy output (kW).

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Exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) caused an estimated 4.2 million deaths worldwide in 2015. However, PM emission standards for power plants vary widely. To explore if the current levels of these standards are sufficiently stringent in a simple cost-benefit framework, we compared the health benefits (avoided monetized health costs) with the control costs of tightening PM emission standards for coal-fired power plants in Northeast (NE) Brazil, where ambient PM concentrations are below World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. We considered three Brazilian PM10 (PMx refers to PM with a diameter under x micrometers) emission standards and a stricter U.S. EPA standard for recent power plants. Our integrated methodology simulates hourly electricity grid dispatch from utility-scale power plants, disperses the resulting PM2.5, and estimates selected human health impacts from PM2.5 exposure using the latest integrated exposure-response model. Since the emissions inventories required to model secondary PM are not available in our study area, we modeled only primary PM so our benefit estimates are conservative. We found that tightening existing PM10 emission standards yields health benefits that are over 60 times greater than emissions control costs in all the scenarios we considered. The monetary value of avoided hospital admissions alone is at least four times as large as the corresponding control costs. These results provide strong arguments for considering tightening PM emission standards for coal-fired power plants worldwide, including in regions that meet WHO guidelines and in developing countries.

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Resumen: Las centrales termoeléctricas (CTE) a carbón representan un riesgo para la salud de las comunidades expuestas. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura científica nacional e internacional enfocada en los efectos en salud de niños y la exposición a emisiones al aire provenientes de CTE a carbón. Se inclu yeron 21 artículos para su revisión en texto completo, donde se midieron efectos en salud infantil relacionados a presencia de biomarcadores de exposición y efecto, daños perinatales, neuroconductuales y respiratorios principalmente. La exposición a emisiones de CTE a carbón en el embarazo se asoció a niños con bajo peso y muy bajo peso al nacer, menor talla, menor diámetro de Circunfe rencia del Cráneo (CC) y prematuridad; el diámetro de CC aumentó en recién nacidos después del cierre de CTE. Se encontraron menor coeficiente de desarrollo (CD) y coeficiente intelectual (CI) en niños expuestos a emisiones de CTE a carbón comparados con no expuestos; CD aumentó cuando la central fue cerrada. Por otro lado, vivir en zonas con fuentes de emisión de mercurio (asociadas a CTE y plantas de cemento que funcionan con carbón) se asoció con mayor riesgo de autismo. En salud respiratoria, los artículos fueron consistentes en reportar menor función pulmonar en niños residentes en zonas expuestas a fuentes de combustión de carbón comparados con grupos de niños no expuestos. Es muy necesario abrir el debate en Chile sobre los riesgos controlables a los que se enfrenta la población infantil a consecuencia de plantas generadoras de energía instaladas en Chile.

Abstract: Coal-fired power plants (CFPP) represent a health risk to the exposed communities. A review of national and international scientific literature was made focused on the health effects on children and exposure to air emissions from CFPP. Twenty-one articles were included for full-text review, where effects on child health mainly related to the biomarkers presence of exposure and effect, pe rinatal, neurobehavioral and respiratory damages were measured. Exposure to CFPP emissions in pregnancy was associated with low birth weight and very low birth weight, shorter height, smaller head circumference (HC) diameter, and prematurity; the HC diameter increased in newborns after the CFPP closure. Lower coefficient of development (CD) and intelligence quotient (IQ) were found in children exposed to CFPP emissions compared with unexposed ones; CD increased when the plant was closed. On the other hand, living in areas with mercury emission sources (associated with CFPP and cement plants that work with coal) was associated with an increased risk of autism. In respira tory health, the articles were consistent with reporting lower pulmonary function in children living in areas exposed to coal combustion sources compared with groups of unexposed children. There is a great need to open the debate in Chile on the controllable risks faced by the child population as a result of power generation plants located in Chile.

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Este estudo possui o objetivo de realizar uma revisão sistemática dos artigos produzidos no Brasil nos últimos dez anos acerca dos grandes empreendimentos hidrelétricos e dos seus impactos às populações atingidas. A busca foi realizada na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde Psicologia e na Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde. Localizaram-se 329 trabalhos, sendo que 42 deles foram utilizados para o desenvolvimento deste estudo. Os resultados apontaram para uma equidade entre o número de artigos teóricos e empíricos, demonstrando que as revistas com maior número de publicações estão vinculadas a áreas interdisciplinares, envolvendo a geografia, o meio ambiente e a sociologia. Quanto aos principais resultados, identificou-se um declínio geral nas condições de saúde física e mental, a implantação de políticas reparatórias insuficientes e o papel do Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens como estratégia de resistência social e política.(AU)

This study aims to carry out a systematic review of the articles that have been produced in Brazil in the last ten years about large hydroelectric power plant projects and their impacts on populations directly or indirectly affected. A search for different articles was performed in the Virtual Health Library in Psychology and in the Virtual Health Library. A total of 329 studies were found, and 42 of them were used in this study. The results show evenness between the numbers of theoretical and empirical articles, which demonstrate that journals with the greatest number of publications are linked to interdisciplinary areas, involving geography, environment and sociology. As for the studies' main results, an overall decrease in physical and mental health conditions, the implementation of insufficient reparative policies and the role of the Movement of People Affected by Dams as a strategy of social and political resistance were identified.(AU)

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A construção da Usina Hidrelétrica "Belo Monte" refletiu impactos de ordem multifatorial em Altamira e região. Um desses impactos foi o deslocamento compulsório de várias famílias residentes no perímetro urbano da cidade denominado Área Diretamente Afetada (ADA). Estudos indicam que o número aproximado dessa parcela da população está em torno de 22 mil pessoas o que equivalia a 25% da população de Altamira à espoca do início da obra. Essa drástica mudança implicou diretamente nas relações já estabelecidas desses sujeitos com os espaços de lazer e de sociabilidade na cidade exigindo dos sujeitos o estabelecimento de novas relações com os espaços. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer uma comparação das práticas de lazer e sociabilidade dos moradores de dois bairros da cidade de Altamira-PA, após a implantação da referida Usina. A amostra foi composta por sujeitos moradores dos dois bairros mencionados. Foram realizadas entrevistas abertas, buscando compreender quais práticas de lazer e sociabilidade são habitualmente vivenciadas pelos sujeitos da pesquisa, após a implantação do empreendimento. Os resultados indicam significativas mudanças na forma de interação dos sujeitos com os espaços de lazer e sociabilidade, o que acaba por evidenciar a capacidade proativa de que dispõe os sujeitos para usufruírem do lazer. Conclui-se que as estratégias criadas pelos moradores (re)significaram suas práticas de lazer frente à nova dinâmica da cidade o que acabou por exigir dos moradores dos espaços mencionados um esforço significativo para que se instituam novas estratégias com vistas ao acesso do lazer na cidade a partir da interação destes com os espaços e equipamentos de lazer...(AU)

The construction of the "Belo Monte" Hydroelectric Power Plant reflected multifactorial impacts in Altamira and region. One of these impacts was the compulsory displacement of several families living in the urban perimeter of the city, called the Directly Affected Area (ADA). Studies indicate that the approximate number of this portion of the population is around 22 thousand people, which was equivalent to 25% of the population of Altamira at the beginning of the work. This drastic change implied directly in the already established relations of these individuals with the spaces of leisure and sociability in the city, requiring the subjects to establish new relationships with space. The objective of this study was to establish a comparation of the leisure and sociability practices in residents two neighborhoods of the city of Altamira-PA, after the implementation of the aforementioned Power Plant. The sample was composed by subjects residents of mentioned. There were open interviews, seeking to understand, the leisure and sociability practices, are usually experienced by the research subjects after the implementation of the enterprise. The results indicate significant changes in the interaction of the individuals with the leisure and sociability spaces which shows the proactive capacity of the subjects to enjoy leisure. It is concluded that the strategies created by the residents (re) meant their leisure practices in face of the new dynamics of the city. Which eventually demanded of the residents of the spaces mentioned a significant effort to institute new strategies for the access of leisure in the city from the interaction of these with spaces and leisure equipment...(AU)

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Soils around coal-fired thermal power plants based on coal combustion can present high concentrations of arsenic. This fact has a direct effect on the food chain. Arsenic can be absorbed by plants and vegetables through the soil, which will then serve as food for different animals, spreading the contamination. A method has been developed using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS GFAAS) for direct determination of arsenic in solid soil samples. Different chemical modifiers were tested to suppress the matrix effects observed. Among them, the modifier that showed the best results was the Zr, used as a permanent modifier. The optimized pyrolysis and atomization temperatures were 1000 °C and 2200 °C, respectively. A calibration curve was established using aqueous standard solutions which was linear up to 16 ng of arsenic. The characteristic mass and limit of detection were 22 pg and 73 pg As, respectively. The accuracy of the method was verified using two certified reference materials and comparison with results obtained for samples after microwave-assisted digestion. Eleven soil samples were collected around the power plant Complex Jorge Lacerda-Tractebel Suezin, in the south of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The concentration of As ranged from 3.4 mg kg-1 to 9.7 mg kg-1, which is within the limits allowed by Brazilian legislation.

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Este artigo pretende apresentar, a partir da análise da legislação vigente no campo da construção de hidrelétricas no Brasil, os diferentes ângulos da banalização do sofrimento das populações atingidas por estas obras. A pesquisa qualitativa teve um delineamento exploratório-descritivo e se apoiou na técnica da análise documental. O estudo dos materiais foi orientado pelas seguintes questões: a) como o documento aborda o sofrimento das populações atingidas pela construção de hidrelétricas; b) quais são os elementos do documento que contribuem para a invisibilidade da injustiça e do sofrimento das populações atingidas pela construção de hidrelétricas? Destaca-se a invisibilidade das populações atingidas pelos grandes empreendimentos no contexto da legislação vigente, excluindo aspectos que vão do sofrimento até questões atreladas à saúde, trabalho, relações sociais e culturais. Em contrapartida, privilegiam-se normativas que garantem a comercialização dos recursos naturais e o direito dos consumidores.

This paper intends to show, based on analysis of current legislation regarding the construction of hydroelectric power plants in Brazil, the different perspectives of suffering trivialization of populations affected by these enterprises. The qualitative research had an exploratory-descriptive design of qualitative based on document analysis technique. The following questions guided the material analysis: a) how does the document address the suffering of populations affected by the construction of hydroelectric power plants; b) which document components increase the invisibility of injustice and suffering of populations affected by the construction of hydroelectric power plants? The invisibility of the populations affected by the big enterprises in current legislation is evidenced, since it excludes aspects ranging from suffering to health, working, social and cultural relation issues. On the other hand, it favors regulations that guarantee commercialization of natural resources and consumers rights.

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Objetivo: descrever a incidência de dengue e os custos associados, nos períodos anterior (2000-2008) e posterior (2009-2013) à construção das usinas hidrelétricas (UHE) Jirau e Santo Antônio, em Rondônia, Brasil. Métodos: estudo de avaliação econômica, realizado com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) e do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH/SUS); calcularam-se custos diretos da dengue e utilizou-se a análise de regressão segmentada. Resultados: a média de incidência de dengue foi maior no período posterior às construções (880,29/100 mil hab.) do que no período anterior (356,34/100 mil hab.) (p≤0,05); os custos diretos foram estimados em US$3,47 milhões no período anterior e US$7,1 milhões no posterior. Conclusão: houve crescimento da incidência e dos custos diretos da dengue após as construções; o processo de licenciamento ambiental deve incluir avaliações de impacto à saúde mais detalhadas.

Objetivo: analizar la incidencia de dengue y costes asociados en el período antes y después de la construcción de centrales hidroeléctricas (CHE), estado de Rondônia, Brasil. Métodos: estudio de evaluación económica, considerando los costos directos del dengue, el número de casos notificados y las internaciones hospitalarias, con datos del Sistema Nacional de Enfermedades de Declaración Sistema de Información (Sinan) y del Sistema de Información Hospitalaria del Sistema Único de Salud (SIH-SUS), analizados por regresión lineal. Resultados: se encontraron diferencias significativas entre la tasa de incidencia en el pre (356,34/100.000 habitantes) y post-construcción (880,29/100.000 habitantes) (p≤0,05); además, los costos se estimaron en US$3.47 millones en período de pre-construcción de US$7.1 millones en el período posterior. Conclusión: se sugiere la aplicación de evaluaciones del impacto en la salud más detallada, para ayudar en el uso de los recursos y la gestión de la salud.

Objective: to describe the incidence of dengue cases and associated costs in the period before and after the construction of the Jirau and Santo Antônio hydroelectric power plants (HPP), in Rondônia State, Brazil. Methods: economic evaluation study, based on data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) and the National Hospital Information System (SIH/SUS); dengue direct costs were calculated and segmented regression analysis was carried out. Results: dengue incidence mean was higher in the period after HPP construction (880.29/100,000 inhabitants) than before them (356.34/100,000 inhabitants) (p≤0.05); direct costs were estimated at US$3.47 million in the pre-construction period and US$7.1 million in the post-construction period. Conclusion: there was an increase in the incidence and direct costs of dengue after HPP construction; the environmental licensing process should include more detailed health impact assessments.

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ABSTRACT The creation and updating of ANEEL (National Electricity Regulatory Agency) regulatory resolution on distributed generation provided a new business environment for the electricity sector, as well as enabling consumers to generate energy. In this context, distributed microgeneration plants management is a challenge, mainly for electric power distributors and for the entire supply chain and services. In this sense, it is urgent to develop a monitoring and dispatch system in microgeneration plants, in order to optimize the capacity factor of the enterprises and to enable the creation of Virtual Power Plants (VPP). VPPs are part of a new dynamic of the energy sector's strategic environment, which strengthens distributed generation through smart meters capable of communicating with operational centers and thus influencing new business models already diffused by the known smart grids. Included in this scenario, this paper presents a proposal for a monitoring and dispatch system for distributed micro-generation of renewable energies, as well as the engineering solution for a final product focused on market expectations.

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