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Synthetic plastic polymers are causing considerable emerging ecological hazards. Starch-based biofilms are a potential alternative. However, depending on the natural source and extraction method, the properties of starch can vary, affecting the physicochemical characteristics of the corresponding casted films generated from it. These differences might entail morphological changes at the nanoscale, which can be explored by inspecting their surfaces. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a well-known tuber containing a high amount of starch, but the properties of the biofilms extracted from it are dependent on the specific variety. In this research, four Ecuadorian potato varieties (Leona Blanca, Única, Chola, and Santa Rosa) were analyzed and blended with different glycerol concentrations. The amylose content of each extracted starch was estimated, and biofilms obtained were characterized at both macroscopic and nanoscopic levels. Macroscopic tests were conducted to evaluate their elastic properties, visible optical absorption, water vapor permeability, moisture content, and solubility. It was observed that as the glycerol percentage increased, both moisture content and soluble matter increased, while tensile strength decreased, especially in the case of the Chola variety. These results were correlated to a surface analysis using atomic force microscopy, providing a possible explanation based on the topography and phase contrast observations made at the nanoscale.

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High Energy Ball-Milling (HEBM) modifies starchs' granule morphology, physicochemical properties, and chemical structure. However, understanding how the HEBM changes the starch chemical structure is necessary to control these modifications. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the changes in potato starch's long- and short-range molecular order during HEBM at different environmental conditions such as oxygen (Air) and humidity content. Due to the correlation between the starch modification and the energy supplied (Esupp) by the HEBM, Burgio's equation was used to calculate this energy. The starch transformation was followed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted to reduce the HEBM variables. PAC analysis demonstrated that the different oxygen-humidity conditions do not affect the HEBM of potato starch. Based on the starch chemical structure transformation correlated with Esupp during HEBM, four stages were observed: orientation, modification, mechanolysis, and over-destruction. It was identified for the first time that at low milling energy (<1.5 kJ/g, orientation stage), the glycosidic rings change their orientation, and starch-water interaction increases while the starch's organization reduces. Ergo, the potato starch could be more susceptible to chemical modifications during the first two stages.

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Iron deficiency leads to ferropenic anemia in humans. This study aimed to encapsulate iron-rich ovine and bovine erythrocytes using tara gum and native potato starch as matrices. Solutions containing 20% erythrocytes and different proportions of encapsulants (5, 10, and 20%) were used, followed by spray drying at 120 and 140 °C. Iron content in erythrocytes ranged between 2.24 and 2.52 mg of Fe/g; microcapsules ranged from 1.54 to 2.02 mg of Fe/g. Yields varied from 50.55 to 63.40%, and temperature and encapsulant proportion affected moisture and water activity. Various red hues, sizes, and shapes were observed in the microcapsules. SEM-EDS analysis revealed the surface presence of iron in microcapsules with openings on their exterior, along with a negative zeta potential. Thermal and infrared analyses confirmed core encapsulation within the matrices. Iron release varied between 92.30 and 93.13% at 120 min. Finally, the most effective treatments were those with higher encapsulant percentages and dried at elevated temperatures, which could enable their utilization in functional food fortification to combat anemia in developing countries.

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This work aimed to evaluate the properties of butylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) degraded after 1800 days of storage (DPBAT) by preparing blends (films) with crosslinked starch (Cm) through extrusion and thermocompression. Different ratios of DPBAT:Cm (70:30, 60:40, and 50:50 m/m) were prepared. The incorporation of Cm into DPBAT significantly changed the properties of the films by making them stiffer (increasing Young's modulus by up to 50%) and increasing the thermal resistance of DPBAT. The presence of crosslinked starch in the films made them less hydrophobic (with decreased contact angle and increased moisture content), but these parameters did not vary linearly with changes in the content of crosslinked starch in the blend (DPBAT:Cm). The microscopic images show an inhomogeneous distribution of Cm granules in the DPBAT matrix. Thus, the films prepared with PBAT show a significant decrease in their mechanical parameters and heat resistance after long-term storage. However, the preparation of blends of degraded DPBAT with crosslinked starch promoted changes in the properties of the films prepared by thermocompression, which could be useful for disposable packaging.

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The cellulose from agroindustrial waste can be treated and converted into nanocrystals or nanofibers. It could be used to produce biodegradable and edible films, contributing to the circular economy and being environmentally friendly. This research aimed to develop an edible film elaborated with activated cellulose nanocrystals, native potato starch, and glycerin. The activated cellulose nanocrystals were obtained by basic/acid digestion and esterification with citric acid from corn husks. The starch was extracted from the native potato cultivated at 3500 m of altitude. Four film formulations were elaborated with potato starch (2.6 to 4.4%), cellulose nanocrystals (0.0 to 0.12%), and glycerin (3.0 to 4.2%), by thermoforming at 60 °C. It was observed that the cellulose nanocrystals reported an average size of 676.0 nm. The films mainly present hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups that stabilize the polymeric matrix. It was observed that the addition of cellulose nanocrystals in the films significantly increased (p-value < 0.05) water activity (0.409 to 0.447), whiteness index (96.92 to 97.27), and organic carbon content. In opposition to gelatinization temperature (156.7 to 150.1 °C), transparency (6.69 to 6.17), resistance to traction (22.29 to 14.33 N/mm), and solubility in acidic, basic, ethanol, and water media decreased. However, no significant differences were observed in the thermal decomposition of the films evaluated through TGA analysis. The addition of cellulose nanocrystals in the films gives it good mechanical and thermal resistance qualities, with low solubility, making it a potential food-coating material.

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The increasing morbidity and mortality of patients due to post-surgery complications of coronary artery bypass grafts (CABPG) are related to blood-material interactions. Thus, the characterization of the thrombogenicity of the biomaterial for cardiovascular devices is of particular interest. This research evaluated the anti-thrombogenic activity of polyurethanes-starch composites. We previously synthesized polyurethane matrices that were obtained from polycaprolactone diol (PCL), polyethylene glycol (PEG), pentaerythritol (PE), and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI). In addition, potato starch (AL-N) and zwitterionic starch (AL-Z) were added as fillers. The anti-thrombogenic property was characterized by the clot formation time, platelet adhesion, protein absorption, TAT complex levels, and hemolysis. Additionally, we evaluated the cell viability of the endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Statically significant differences among the polyurethane matrices (P1, P2, and P3) were found for protein absorption and the blood clotting time without fillers. The polyurethanes composites with AL-Z presented an improvement in the anti-thrombogenic property. On the other hand, the composites with AL-Z reduced the viability of the endothelial cells and did not significantly affect the AoSCM (except for P1, which increased). These results classify these biomaterials as inert; therefore, they can be used for cardiovascular applications.

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Improvements in the antithrombogenicity activity of biomaterials for cardiovascular applications are necessary to meet the demand for vascular grafts in the world. Zwitterionic compounds tend to be used due to their anti-fouling properties, which reduce platelet adhesions and protein absorptions. Therefore, in this research, potato starch (AL-N) and zwitterionic starch (AL-Z) (obtained by Williamson etherification) were included as fillers in polyurethane (PU) matrices from polycaprolactone diol (PCL), polyethylene glycol (PEG), pentaerythritol (PE) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) in order to study their effect in terms of their physicochemical, mechanical and thermal properties. We conducted our evaluation using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), contact angle analysis, swelling behavior, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile/strain analysis, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), dynamic mechanic analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that AL-N and AL-Z modified these properties, where AL-N improved tensile strength, and AL-Z increased the hydrophilicity of polyurethanes matrices; additionally, AL-N had interactions with the soft segments, and AL-Z had interactions with the hard segments. Finally, both fillers reduced the degree of crystallinity and did not affect the thermal stability of polyurethanes.

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The effects of microwave alone (MA) and microwave-assisted L-malic acid (MLA) on the physicochemical properties, structural and digestibility of sweet potato starch were investigated. The results showed that the swelling power, lightness (L⁎) and whiteness index (WI), gelatinization enthalpy of starch decreased by MA and MLA treatment. The starch treated by MLA showed a new characteristic absorption peak at near 1735 cm-1 in the measurement of FT-IR, while the starch treated with MA showed no new characteristic peak. The relative crystallinity of starch modified by MSE and MA decreased, but it still retained A-type crystal structure. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the surface destruction of MSE-modified starch was greater than that of starch modified by MA. MLA increased the content of resistant starch (RS), while MA reduced the content of resistant starch (RS). The relative crystallinity and gelatinization enthalpy of continuous 60 s treatment were lower than those of discontinuous 60 s treatment. These results indicated that MLA had a greater effect on the physicochemical properties, structural and digestibility of starch than MA. Starch modified by MLA can be added to foods as a low-carbohydrate ingredient, and the starch treated by MA is suitable for foods with low swelling, such as noodles.

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Edible films prepared from biological materials are being massively used. This study aimed to prepare edible films from native potato starch of the Allcca sipas variety (Solanum tuberosum subsp. Andigena), nopal mucilage (Opuntia ficus indica), and glycerol. Twelve edible films were prepared with starch, mucilage, and glycerin in different proportions by thermosynthesis. It was observed that mucilage and glycerol have a significant direct effect on film solubility and an inverse effect on aw, while the effect of starch is the opposite. The aw ranged from 0.562 to 0.639. The FTIR analysis showed the interaction of the components in the films being considerably influenced by the addition of mucilage. The TGA/DTA analysis reported low thermal stability in the films, retaining water around 100 °C, and showing a tendency to lose weight when the content of starch is high, while the opposite occurred with the addition of mucilage; it was also observed that around 310 °C, the maximum weight loss was observed between 53.6 and 86.1%. SEM images showed uniform films without cracks. The results are promising and show the possibility of preparing edible films from native potato starch and mucilage.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: la papa es el tubérculo más importante producido a nivel mundial como producto alimenticio. Una de las formas ancestrales de conservación de la papa en los países andinos es la obtención de un producto llamado chuño, obtenido a partir de las denominadas papas amargas. Existen pocos datos respecto a la composición química y nutricional del chuño y sobre los cambios producidos en el almidón durante su elaboración en el proceso de congelado-secado en condiciones específicas de temperatura y exposición a rayos ultravioleta. OBJETIVO: el objetivo del trabajo fue realizar una revisión bibliográfica respecto a cambios producidos en la relación de amilosa y amilopectina, la composición de almidón aislado de papa y la modificación de las características de este almidón en el proceso de elaboración de chuño. METODOLOGÍA: La revisión bibliográfica se ha realizado con la recopilación de tres fuentes referenciales de estudios realizados sobre el chuño y su proceso de elaboración, artículos sobre la estructura del almidón de papa y otros tubérculos del mismo género, artículos de otros productos alimenticios del Altiplano boliviano y peruano, y finalmente la influencia de los cambios de la estructura del almidón en el incremento de la formación de almidón retrogradado. RESULTADOS: la revisión bibliográfica realizada, señala que el proceso de elaboración de chuño eleva el porcentaje de amilosa en el contenido total de almidón, lo cual está relacionado a procesos de exposición a radiación UV y a cambios de temperaturas muy drásticos, que van entre -13,5 ºC y 16 ºC. Este proceso llevaría a la activación de enzimas, como amilasas, para la catálisis de reacciones de ruptura de enlaces como principal ruta del proceso; sin embargo, se podrían evaluar otras causas. CONCLUSIONES: el mayor porcentaje de amilosa permitiría la obtención de altos porcentajes de almidón retrogradado.

INTRODUCTION: the potato is the most important tuber produced worldwide as a food product. One of the ancestral ways of preserving pootatoes in the Andean countries is a product called chuño (traditional Andean freeze and sun-dried potato), obtained from the so-called bitter potatoes. There are few data regarding the chemical and nutritional composition of chuño and the changes produced in the starch during its preparation in the freeze-drying process under specific conditions of temperature and exposure to ultraviolet rays. OBJECTIVE: the objective of this article was to do a bibliographic review regarding changes produced in the amylose and amylopectin ratio, the composition of isolated potato starch and the modification of the characteristics of this starch in the process of making chuño. METHODOLOGY: the literature review methodology has the compilation of three reference sources of studies carried out on chuño and its production process, articles about the structure of potato starch and other tubers, research on other food products from the Bolivian and Peruvian of Altiplano and finally the influence of the changes in starch structure in relation to the increasing of retrograde starch formation. RESULTS: the results show that the process of making chuño increases the percentage of amylose in the total starch content, which is related to the processes of exposure to UV radiation and very drastic temperature changes, ranging between -13, 5 ºC and 16 ºC. This process would lead to the activation of enzymes, such as amylases, for the catalysis of bond breaking reactions as the main route of the process; however, other causes could be evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: the higher percentage of amylose would allow the obtaining of high percentages of retrograded starch.

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Pure potato starch has been modified by high-energy-ball-milling as a function of energy supplied, aiming to obtain products for different possibilities of industrial application. Burgios's equation has been used to calculate the energy supplied. The effect of the milling has been followed by a characterization of the starch morphology, crystallinity, solubility, swelling, retrogradation, viscosity, apparent viscosity, functional groups, and reducing sugar concentration. The high-energy-ball-milling not only changes the physical properties but also induces the mechanolysis of potato starch, breaking the glycosidic linkages of the starch molecules. A representation of the possible mechanism of starch mechanolysis is proposed. Three stages of the transformation of potato starch through high-energy ball-milling can be identified. Each of these stages generates starch with properties that can be used in different industrial applications.

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Ten native potato varieties grown in Cusco (at 3,672 m above sea level) were used for starches extraction (at a pilot scale), and their physicochemical, functional, morphological, and structural characteristics were assessed. The content of protein, apparent amylose and phosphorus ranged from 0.1% to 0.44%, 23.42% to 35.5%, and 0.07 to 0.10%, respectively. Starch granules revealed smooth surface, with ellipsoidal and spherical shapes, particle size analysis exhibited bimodal or multimodal distribution, while the averaged crystallinity was 27.7% assessed by XRD. Gelatinization temperatures of the starches ranged from 57.4 to 60.1 °C, 60.8 to 64.3 °C, and 68.4 to 71.1°C for To, Tp, and Tc, respectively; and the gelatinization enthalpies ranged from 15.4 to 17.1 J/g. Respect to pasting properties, the peak viscosity and setback viscosity ranged from 12,970 to 16,970 mPa⋅s and from 968 to 2498 mPa⋅s, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed no significant relationship between apparent amylose content and thermal stability. Therefore, the results reveal subtle differences in the functional characteristics of the starches from the native varieties of potato studied, which can be recommended for food industry applications. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study contributes to show several varieties of native potatoes from Cusco and their valorization as nonconventional starch source. Describing the physicochemical, functional, and structural characteristics of these starches could be useful for food industry applications.

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Starch was isolated from three Andean-native crops - arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza), oca (Oxalis tuberosa), and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) - for use as a raw material for the production of foam trays. The starches were characterized in their proximal composition, crystallinity, microstructure and thermal properties. The sweet potato starch showed the highest amylose content (42.65%) and the lowest protein content (0.30%). The oca starch granules were larger (10-30 µm) than sweet potato and arracacha starch. The highest crystallinity of sweet potato starch caused larger values of onset temperature (To), peak temperature (Tp), conclusion temperature (Tc) (67.64 °C, 72.83 °C, and 81.20 °C, respectively) than arracacha and oca starch. The novel foam trays showed good appearance, adequate expansion, and low density; however, all foam trays showed a water absorption capacity >50%, which was related to their porosity and low density. Also, sweet potato and oca starch trays showed high tensile strength (0.67 and 0.65 MPa, respectively) compared with arracacha starch trays (0.52 MPa).

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BACKGROUND: Starch is an alternative material for the production of biodegradable plastics; however, native starches have drawbacks due to their hydrophilic nature. Chemical modifications such as acetylation and crosslinking are used to broaden the potential end-uses of starch. Dual modification of starches increases their functionality compared to that of starches with similar single modifications. In this study, a dual-modified potato starch (acetylated and crosslinked) was used to produce films by casting. RESULTS: Changes in the arrangement of the amylopectin double helices of dual-modified starch were evident from X-ray diffraction patterns, pasting profiles and thermal properties. The degree of substitution for acetyl groups was low (0.058 ± 0.006) because crosslinking dominated acetylation. Modified starch film had higher elongation percentage (82.81%) than its native counterpart (57.4%), but lower tensile strength (3.51 MPa for native and 2.17 MPa for dual-modified) and lower crystallinity in fresh and stored films. The sorption isotherms indicated that the dual modification decreased the number of reactive sites for binding water, resulting in a reduction in the monolayer value and a decrease in the solubility and water vapor permeability. CONCLUSIONS: Dual modification of starch may be a feasible option for improving the properties of biodegradable starch films. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

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The envisaged ubiquitous sensing and biosensing for varied applications has motivated materials development toward low cost, biocompatible platforms. In this paper, we demonstrate that carbon nanodiamonds (NDs) can be combined with potato starch (PS) and be deposited on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in the form of a homogeneous, rough film, with electroanalytical performance tuned by varying the relative ND-PS concentration. As a proof of concept, the ND/PS film served as matrix to immobilize tyrosinase (Tyr) and the resulting Tyr-ND-PS/GCE biosensor was suitable to detect catechol using differential pulse voltammetry with detection limit of 3.9 × 10-7 mol L-1 in the range between 5.0 × 10-6 and 7.4 × 10-4 mol L-1. Catechol could also be detected in river and tap water samples. This high sensitivity, competitive with biosensors made with more sophisticated procedures and materials in the literature, is attributed to the large surface area and conductivity imparted by the small NDs (<5 nm). In addition, the ND-PS matrix may have its use extended to immobilize other enzymes and biomolecules, thus representing a potential biocompatible platform for ubiquitous biosensing.

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The objective of our study was to evaluate paste clarity, retrogradation (syneresis %), thermal characteristics and kinetics of glucose release during in vitro gastro-small intestinal digestion of freshly cooked and refrigerated potato starch. Freshly cooked starch pastes had a paste clarity of 71%, which decreased to 35.4% whereas syneresis (%) increased after 7days of refrigerated storage. The X-ray and thermal characteristics of native, retrograded and microwave reheated starch samples differed significantly from each other. For the freshly cooked starch pastes, ∼88% starch hydrolysis was observed at the end (150min) of digestion under simulated gastro-small intestinal conditions that decreased to ∼70% for the 7day stored pastes. The hydrolysis (%) of refrigerated pastes increased to 86% and 92% after one and two cycles of microwave reheating, respectively. These results contribute to the understanding of starch retrogradation in relation to starch digestion.

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Pullulan is a natural exopolysaccharide with many useful characteristics. However, pullulan is more costly than other exopolysaccharides, which limits its effective application. The purpose of this study was to adopt a novel mixed-sugar strategy for maximizing pullulan production, mainly using potato starch hydrolysate as a low-cost substrate for liquid-state fermentation by Aureobasidium pullulans. Based on fermentation kinetics evaluation of pullulan production by A. pullulans 201253, the pullulan production rate of A. pullulans with mixtures of potato starch hydrolysate and sucrose (potato starch hydrolysate:sucrose = 80:20) was 0.212 h-¹, which was significantly higher than those of potato starch hydrolysate alone (0.146 h-¹) and mixtures of potato starch hydrolysate, glucose, and fructose (potato starch hydrolysate:glucose:fructose = 80:10:10, 0.166 h-¹) with 100 g L-¹ total carbon source. The results suggest that mixtures of potato starch hydrolysate and sucrose could promote pullulan synthesis and possibly that a small amount of sucrose stimulated the enzyme responsible for pullulan synthesis and promoted effective potato starch hydrolysate conversion effectively. Thus, mixed sugars in potato starch hydrolysate and sucrose fermentation might be a promising alternative for the economical production of pullulan.(AU)

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Abstract Pullulan is a natural exopolysaccharide with many useful characteristics. However, pullulan is more costly than other exopolysaccharides, which limits its effective application. The purpose of this study was to adopt a novel mixed-sugar strategy for maximizing pullulan production, mainly using potato starch hydrolysate as a low-cost substrate for liquid-state fermentation by Aureobasidium pullulans. Based on fermentation kinetics evaluation of pullulan production by A. pullulans 201253, the pullulan production rate of A. pullulans with mixtures of potato starch hydrolysate and sucrose (potato starch hydrolysate:sucrose = 80:20) was 0.212 h−1, which was significantly higher than those of potato starch hydrolysate alone (0.146 h−1) and mixtures of potato starch hydrolysate, glucose, and fructose (potato starch hydrolysate:glucose:fructose = 80:10:10, 0.166 h−1) with 100 g L−1 total carbon source. The results suggest that mixtures of potato starch hydrolysate and sucrose could promote pullulan synthesis and possibly that a small amount of sucrose stimulated the enzyme responsible for pullulan synthesis and promoted effective potato starch hydrolysate conversion effectively. Thus, mixed sugars in potato starch hydrolysate and sucrose fermentation might be a promising alternative for the economical production of pullulan.

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Pullulan is a natural exopolysaccharide with many useful characteristics. However, pullulan is more costly than other exopolysaccharides, which limits its effective application. The purpose of this study was to adopt a novel mixed-sugar strategy for maximizing pullulan production, mainly using potato starch hydrolysate as a low-cost substrate for liquid-state fermentation by Aureobasidium pullulans. Based on fermentation kinetics evaluation of pullulan production by A. pullulans 201253, the pullulan production rate of A. pullulans with mixtures of potato starch hydrolysate and sucrose (potato starch hydrolysate:sucrose=80:20) was 0.212h-1, which was significantly higher than those of potato starch hydrolysate alone (0.146h-1) and mixtures of potato starch hydrolysate, glucose, and fructose (potato starch hydrolysate:glucose:fructose=80:10:10, 0.166h-1) with 100gL-1 total carbon source. The results suggest that mixtures of potato starch hydrolysate and sucrose could promote pullulan synthesis and possibly that a small amount of sucrose stimulated the enzyme responsible for pullulan synthesis and promoted effective potato starch hydrolysate conversion effectively. Thus, mixed sugars in potato starch hydrolysate and sucrose fermentation might be a promising alternative for the economical production of pullulan.

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BACKGROUND: Native potato starch was subjected to heat-moisture treatment (HMT) at 12%, 15%, 18%, 21%, and 24% of moisture content at 110 °C for 1 h, and the effects on morphology, structure, and thermal and physicochemical properties were investigated. To reveal the internal structure, 30% and 50% of the granular surface were removed by chemical surface gelatinization in concentrated LiCl solution. RESULTS: At moisture contents of 12% and 15%, HTM reduced the gelatinization temperatures and relative crystallinity of the starches, while at moisture contents of 21% and 24 % both increased. The alterations on morphology, X-ray pattern, physicochemical properties, and increase of amylose content were more intense with the increase of moisture content of HMT. CONCLUSION: The removal of granular layers showed that the changes promoted by HMT occur throughout the whole granule and were pronounced at the core or peripheral region, depending of the moisture content applied during HMT. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

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